Water

Research

26 pages, 4870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upstream River Erosion vis-a-vis Sediments Variability in Hugli Estuary, India: A Geospatial Approach

by Anirban Mukhopadhyay, Rituparna Acharyya, Michał Habel, Indrajit Pal, Niloy Pramanick, Jyoti Prakash Hati, Manas Kumar Sanyal and Tuhin Ghosh

Water 2023, 15(7), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071285 - 24 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2520

Abstract

Satellite data shows that the Bhagirathi-Hugli River’s riverbank has faced severe erosion during the last decades (1990 to 2020), with the middle stretch of the river being more prone to erosion. This huge sediment load derived from upstream erosion is coming to the [...] Read more.

Satellite data shows that the Bhagirathi-Hugli River’s riverbank has faced severe erosion during the last decades (1990 to 2020), with the middle stretch of the river being more prone to erosion. This huge sediment load derived from upstream erosion is coming to the estuary. The suspended sediment concentration dynamics of the Hugli estuary were calculated using in-situ data and remote sensing reflectance by establishing a linear regression. A continuous huge sediment load is found in the estuarine water. The sediment concentration was higher pre-monsoon than post-monsoon as the region is highly influenced by monsoonal rainfall and runoff. The sediment concentration was also higher in the estuary’s southwestern section than in the northern part. The impact of this high sediment load contributes to the deposition. This depositional area assessment was performed using an object-based classification approach called Support Vector Machine utilizing Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix to create cluster textural indices. Despite the impact of continuous sea level rise in the estuary, the result shows that effective island and Chars areas have increased in the past decade due to the upstream erosion-driven sediments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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19 pages, 5475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Gamma Law for Settling Velocity and Trapping Capacity Analysis of Suspended Particles in a Dam Reservoir (Lobo River in Côte d’Ivoire)

by Bérenger Koffi, Martin Sanchez, Zilé Alex Kouadio, Michal Habel, Jules Sekedoua Kouadio, Kouamé Olivier Jean Kouadio, Dibi Brou and Kouakou Lazare Kouassi

Water 2023, 15(5), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050840 - 21 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1837

Abstract

Human activities and climate change are currently dominant processes that affect hydrological processes, resulting in alterations in water and sediment flows. Evaluation of the settling velocity of suspended solids is a critical parameter in modelling sediment transport. In this study, we investigated seasonal [...] Read more.

Human activities and climate change are currently dominant processes that affect hydrological processes, resulting in alterations in water and sediment flows. Evaluation of the settling velocity of suspended solids is a critical parameter in modelling sediment transport. In this study, we investigated seasonal changes in suspended solids’ settling velocity and trapping capacity in the presence and absence of water turbulence on a dam reservoir. Using key parameters such as flow rate, mean settling velocity (

\bar{V}

), critical velocity (

v_{c}

), suspended solids concentration, ratio

\bar{V} / v_{c}

, and shape parameter ‘r’, the trapping capacity on the dam reservoir on the Lobo River in a tropical region was estimated. The results show that, considering the settling velocity of suspended solids, following the Gamma distribution law remains an innovative solution proposed to evaluate the trapping capacity in water reservoirs. The results show that the mean suspended solids settling velocity

\bar{V}

is well above the median rate V_50%. For a parameter

\bar{V} / v_{c}

≥ 4, there is an increase in the trapping capacity of the water retention. As established, a large proportion of the sediment is trapped. Furthermore, for a parameter

\bar{V} / v_{c}

≤ 4, a decrease in the trapping capacity of the Lobo River water reservoir is observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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22 pages, 9079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sand Transport with Cohesive Admixtures…—Laboratory Tests and Modeling

by Jerzy Zawisza, Iwona Radosz, Jarosław Biegowski and Leszek M. Kaczmarek

Water 2023, 15(4), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040804 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1830

Abstract

The paper presents results of experimental and theoretical studies on transport of water-sand mixtures in steady flow with small amounts of cohesive fractions. The experiments were carried out for sand alone and with cohesive admixtures in the form of clay in the amount [...] Read more.

The paper presents results of experimental and theoretical studies on transport of water-sand mixtures in steady flow with small amounts of cohesive fractions. The experiments were carried out for sand alone and with cohesive admixtures in the form of clay in the amount of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight. The amount of sand fractions retained in the trap and along the control area was measured. The experimental results were compared with the calculation results for transport rate of sand fractions. An intended model of the vertical structure of both sand velocity and concentration as well as vertical mixing and sorting is proposed here in order to determine the influence of cohesive admixtures on the transport of sand fractions. Hence the reduction of sand fractions transport due to cohesion forces is included. The agreement of sand transport calculations according to the extended model with measured results and experimental data from literature was achieved within plus/minus a factor of 2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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20 pages, 6118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Pressure Types Impacted on Sediment Supply to Dam Reservoirs: Selected Examples of the Outer Western Carpathians Catchments Area

by Damian Absalon, Magdalena Matysik and Łukasz Pieron

Water 2023, 15(3), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030597 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

The proper characteristics of the catchment area of dammed reservoirs is of great importance when managing their capacity in the context of enabling proper functioning, including retention of the planned amount of water and counteracting the effects of drought. Therefore, detailed analyses covered [...] Read more.

The proper characteristics of the catchment area of dammed reservoirs is of great importance when managing their capacity in the context of enabling proper functioning, including retention of the planned amount of water and counteracting the effects of drought. Therefore, detailed analyses covered mountain reservoirs with varying degrees of capacity changes: Goczałkowice on the Vistula, Rożnów on the Dunajec and Tresna on the Soła, thanks to which reasons for the differences in these changes were determined. For this purpose, data on the volume of the suspended load was used. Diversity in its transport is mainly caused by the presence of damming structures. Correlation of morphological and hydraulic indicators was carried out, preceded by the identification and characteristics of all transverse and longitudinal structures located in catchments upstream of individual reservoirs. Analysis of the geological structure, as well as the structure of land use in the basins of the reservoirs, was also performed. The obtained results allowed for the preparation of recommendations for further work, allowing, among other things, an increase in water retention. The key factors for maintaining the capacity of retention reservoirs were defined, which may be useful in national plans or programs in the field of counteracting the effects of drought or flood protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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22 pages, 10730 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Integrated Approach to an Assessment of Bottlenecks for Navigation on Riverine Waterways

by Marta Schoeneich, Michał Habel, Dawid Szatten, Damian Absalon and Jakub Montewka

Water 2023, 15(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010141 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2148

Abstract

Water transport, both sea and inland, is the cheapest, least invasive, and safest option for non-standard loads; hence, it is important to increase the percentage share of inland waterway transport on the rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. Transporting cargo is particularly difficult [...] Read more.

Water transport, both sea and inland, is the cheapest, least invasive, and safest option for non-standard loads; hence, it is important to increase the percentage share of inland waterway transport on the rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. Transporting cargo is particularly difficult on shallow waterways because rivers overloaded with sediment determine the vertical parameters on inland waterways. A ship’s safe manoeuvrability depends on the available water depth of the navigational area concerning the vessel’s draught. The draught is related to channel depth and sediments. The paper presents a model assessment of a new tool for studying limitations for ships carrying oversized cargo and the shallow channel bed inland waterways. Our analysis was carried out on the Vistula River lowland reach for the winter hydrological conditions. The Lower Vistula River in Poland is a clear example of a sedimentation problem. This waterway is also a zone of active sediment transport of sandy material; a massive volume of sediment reaches 1 million cubic meters per year. The results of this research could be helpful for inland transport management, risk assessment of ships entering waterways with shallow channel beds such as the Vistula River, and analysis for a new waterway project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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22 pages, 4170 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Relationship between Suspended Solid Loads and Dissolved Material during Floods of Various Origin in Catchments of Different Use

by Tadeusz Ciupa and Roman Suligowski

Water 2023, 15(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010090 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1430

Abstract

The paper presents the results of stationary, detailed studies on the variability of the mutual share of two fluvial loads, i.e., suspended solids and dissolved material during floods caused by rainstorm, continuous rainfalls and snowmelt in selected rivers (Silnica, Sufraganiec) draining small catchments [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results of stationary, detailed studies on the variability of the mutual share of two fluvial loads, i.e., suspended solids and dissolved material during floods caused by rainstorm, continuous rainfalls and snowmelt in selected rivers (Silnica, Sufraganiec) draining small catchments in central Poland, including two characterized by a high level of urbanization. Irrespective of the origin of the flood, the share of suspended solids load did not exceed 80% in urbanized catchments, in suburban catchments—44%, and in forest catchments—32%. In the former, the gradient of the increase in the share of suspended solids and concentration time in the first phase of the flood was several times higher than in the other catchments. It was proved that statistically significant relationships exist between the share of sealed surfaces (roads, car parks, roofs, etc.) in the total catchment area and the average share of suspended solids, both in the rising and falling phase of the flood wave, regardless of their origin. Similar relationships were documented by analyzing: the density of the drainage network (storm sewers, roads, etc.)—the share of suspension. The obtained results have an interesting cognitive aspect and in practice are used for the development of hydrotechnical documentation related to water management in the city. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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25 pages, 5934 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Sedimentation and Erosion Patterns of the Lena River Anabranching Channel

by Sergey Chalov and Kristina Prokopeva

Water 2022, 14(23), 3845; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233845 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2376

Abstract

Lena River is one of the largest “pristine” undammed river systems in the World. In the middle and low (including delta) 1500 km course of the Lena main stem river forms complex anabranching patterns which are affected by continuous permafrost, degradation of the [...] Read more.

Lena River is one of the largest “pristine” undammed river systems in the World. In the middle and low (including delta) 1500 km course of the Lena main stem river forms complex anabranching patterns which are affected by continuous permafrost, degradation of the frozen ground and changes in vegetation (taiga and tundra). This study provides a high-resolution assessment of sediment behavior along this reach. Comprehensive hydrological field studies along the anabranching channel located in the middle, low and delta courses of the Lena River were performed from 2016 to 2022 including acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) discharge measurements and sediment transport estimates by gravimetric analyses of sediment concentration data and surrogate measurements (optical by turbidity meters and acoustic by ADCP techniques). These data were used to construct regional relationships between suspended sediment concentrations (SSC, mg/L), turbidity (T, NTU) and backscatter intensity (BI, dB) values applicable for the conditions of the Lena River. Further, field data sets were used to calibrate the seasonal relationships between Landsat reflectance intensities and field surface sediment concentration data. Robust empirical models were derived between the field surface sediment concentration and surface reflectance data for various hydrological seasons. Based on the integration of in situ monitoring and remote sensing data we revealed significant discrepancies in the spatial and seasonal patterns of the suspended sediment transport between various anabranching reaches of the river system. In the middle course of the Lena River, due to inundation of vegetated banks and islands, a downward decrease in sediment concentrations is observed along the anabranching channel during peak flows. Bed and lateral scour during low water seasons effects average increase in sediment load along the anabranching channels, even though a significant (up to 30%) decline in SSC occurs within the particular reaches of the main channel. Deposition patterns are typical for the secondary channels. The anabranching channel that was influenced by the largest tributaries (Aldan and Viluy) is characterized by the sediment plumes which dominate the spatial and temporal sediment distribution. Finally, in the distributary system of the Lena delta, sediment transport is mostly increased downwards, predominantly under higher discharges and along main distributary channels due to permafrost-dominated bank degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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16 pages, 9161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Sediment Delivery from Two Small Catchments within the Lena River, Siberia

by Kirill Maltsev and Maxim Ivanov

Water 2022, 14(19), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193055 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1419

Abstract

This paper studies the possibility of using the WaTEM/SEDEM model to assess sediment yield from the catchment area within the Lena River catchment. The study was carried out based on a comparison of predicted data and measured data of the suspended sediment yield [...] Read more.

This paper studies the possibility of using the WaTEM/SEDEM model to assess sediment yield from the catchment area within the Lena River catchment. The study was carried out based on a comparison of predicted data and measured data of the suspended sediment yield at the gauging stations of the state monitoring network of Russia. The study was performed within two areas, with plain and mountainous relief. The first site is located within the catchment area of the river Chara with an area of 4150 km². The second site rests on the catchment area of the Lena River between the Tabaginskiy and Kangalassky capes near Yakutsk city. The catchment area of this site is 15,740 km². The values of sediment yield from the “Yakutsk” catchment area are in much better agreement with the values of the measured sediment yield values than in the “Chara” catchment area. The predicted sediment yield from the study area remained almost unchanged from the period 1986–2019 and amounted to 3.5 t/km², while the suspended sediment yield in the Lena at the Tabaga gauging station slightly increased from 7 to 9.45 t/km² per year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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20 pages, 4720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Net Erosion and Suspended Sediments Yield within River Basins of the Agricultural Belt of Russia

by Kirill Maltsev, Valentin Golosov, Oleg Yermolaev, Maxim Ivanov and Nelli Chizhikova

Water 2022, 14(18), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182781 - 7 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1588

Abstract

The SEA/Balance (soil erosion–accumulation balance) model and the WATEM/SEDEM model both mapping the erosion–accumulation budget of sediment within river basins were tested for 11 river basins of the eastern Russian Plain. The dynamics of river sediment yield were evaluated within one of the [...] Read more.

The SEA/Balance (soil erosion–accumulation balance) model and the WATEM/SEDEM model both mapping the erosion–accumulation budget of sediment within river basins were tested for 11 river basins of the eastern Russian Plain. The dynamics of river sediment yield were evaluated within one of the river basins. The analysis is based on observations of suspended sediment yield in test river basins with an area ranging from 100 to 1500 km². The maps of the average annual erosion–accumulative budget of sediment were constructed using two methods, making it possible to quantitatively assess the amount of sediment yield from the catchment area for the river basins under study. The WATEM/SEDEM model and the author’s SEA/Balance model were used for sediment yield estimation. The results of calculation using the WATEM/SEDEM model have an average bias of +11% compared to observed suspended sediment yield. The corresponding value in the case of the SEA/Balance model application is −29%. SEA/Balance model assessment sediment yield dynamics for the Sterlya river basin show an 11 percent reduction. It is possible to conclude that the proposed method of SEA/Balance can be applied to river basins of the agricultural zone of the east Russian Plain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport, Budgets and Quality in Riverine Environments)

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