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Advances and Innovations in Technologies for Treatment and Toxicity Assessment of Conventional and Emerging Contaminant in Industrial Wastewater

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2026) | Viewed by 4421

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Interests: emerging pollutants; antibiotics; microplastics; treatment; risk; industrial parks

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Guest Editor
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
Interests: water emerging contaminants control; biological nitrogen removal; biofilm; heavy metal control and recovery; advanced oxidation process
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Industrial wastewater contains large amounts of toxic and harmful substances. If not effectively treated, it will pose a serious threat to the water environment and human health. Therefore, countries around the world are highly concerned about the treatment of industrial water pollution. Overall, industrial wastewater faces issues of the coexistence of conventional and emerging contaminants, high toxicity, salinity, difficult-to-degrade organic pollutants, and heavy metal pollution. These pose great challenges for pollution removal, wastewater reuse, and reducing greenhouse gas carbon emissions. Therefore, it is particularly important to research new biochemical and physicochemical treatments for industrial wastewater. At the same time, conducting environmental and human health risk assessments before and after industrial wastewater treatment is also crucial for the regeneration and utilization of wastewater. Especially in recent years, new technologies such as machine learning, intelligent regulation, molecular computing, and Life Cycle Assessment have been developed.

This Special Issue aims to investigate the advances and innovations in technologies for the treatment and toxicity assessment of conventional and emerging contaminants in industrial wastewater. Researchers are encouraged to establish a strict research protocol to contribute to this field. Research topics of particular interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • The treatment of conventional and emerging contaminants in industrial wastewater;
  • The toxicity and risk assessment of industrial wastewater before and after treatment.

Dr. Yongkui Yang
Dr. Yingxin Zhao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • industrial wastewater treatment
  • wastewater reuse
  • conventional and emerging contaminants
  • toxicity and risk assessment
  • AI
  • intelligent control
  • LCA

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1821 KB  
Article
Impact of Food Processing Industry Wastewater on Root Growth and DNA Damage in Allium cepa L. as Assessed by the Comet Assay
by Matiba Tufail, Muhammad Luqman, Zahid Mehmood, Wasim Abbas, Maryam Iqbal, Harma Shah, Imran Farooq Awan, Noor Sana, Arooba John, Samra Rafiq, Awais Riaz, Adeel Ahmad, Anum Tahir and Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan
Water 2026, 18(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030435 - 6 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 785
Abstract
Wastewater from food processing industries contains synthetic dyes and preservatives that may pose phytotoxic and genotoxic risks. The present work represents an exploratory study based on a wastewater source and sampling period. Wastewater was characterized by physicochemical analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [...] Read more.
Wastewater from food processing industries contains synthetic dyes and preservatives that may pose phytotoxic and genotoxic risks. The present work represents an exploratory study based on a wastewater source and sampling period. Wastewater was characterized by physicochemical analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Onion seeds and bulbs were exposed to 0% (control), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% wastewater dilution. DNA was extracted from root cells using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The DNA damage was analyzed by the comet assay. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of sorbic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) by showing corresponding peaks. The mean root length in wastewater was significantly reduced by 55%, 50%, and 65% on days 3, 5, and 7, respectively, relative to the control. On day 3, the highest genotoxicity at 100% wastewater was indicated by 96.69% tail DNA, a tail moment of 108.3 a.u., an Olive tail moment of 58.01 a.u., and a comet length of 136 µm. Enhanced DNA damage persisted on days 5 and 7, with comet lengths reaching 127–149 µm and 111–182 µm, respectively. Although the observed effects may reflect general cytotoxicity arising from a complex wastewater mixture and showed that untreated food processing wastewater presents a significant genotoxic risk and requires effective treatment prior to reuse. Full article
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13 pages, 4015 KB  
Article
Gravity-Driven Operation Mitigates Inorganic Fouling and Enables Low-Pressure Filtration in a Pilot-Scale Dynamic Membrane Bioreactor
by Xuechun Liu, Dezheng Lv, Lugao Jiang and Guoqiang Liu
Water 2025, 17(19), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17192799 - 23 Sep 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 911
Abstract
The filtration behaviors of dynamic membrane (DM) under gravity-driven and pump-driven modes were investigated in a pilot-scale DM bioreactor (DMBR) for domestic wastewater treatment. After DM formation, both modes achieved effective solid–liquid separation, producing effluent with turbidity below 1 NTU, with the gravity-driven [...] Read more.
The filtration behaviors of dynamic membrane (DM) under gravity-driven and pump-driven modes were investigated in a pilot-scale DM bioreactor (DMBR) for domestic wastewater treatment. After DM formation, both modes achieved effective solid–liquid separation, producing effluent with turbidity below 1 NTU, with the gravity-driven module exhibiting marginally lower turbidity than the pump-driven system. Although the flux in the gravity-driven mode (30–48 L/m2·h) was approximately half that of the pump-driven mode, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) required was only 10–20% of that under the pump-driven operation. The DM formed under pump-driven conditions was thicker and more compact, leading to more frequent and rapid TMP increases. Inorganic content accounted for 85% of the pump-driven DM mass, significantly higher than that in the gravity-driven DM (50%) and activated sludge (15%), indicating a pronounced accumulation of inorganic solids on the mesh filter surface, particularly under the pump-driven operation. This accumulation increased filtration resistance and elevated TMP. Therefore, enhancing the removal of inorganic solids prior to the DMBR can improve system stability and facilitate broader application of the DMBR technology. Full article
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17 pages, 3850 KB  
Article
Glucose as a Metabolic Enhancer: Promoting Nonylphenol Detoxification by Chlorella pyrenoidosa
by Jinrui Yuan, Lin Zhao, Yanting Li, Guodong Xing, Danning Chen and Yongkui Yang
Water 2025, 17(2), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020244 - 16 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1481
Abstract
The environmental treatment of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) has attracted significant attention. Nonylphenol (NP), a highly toxic EDC with widespread distribution, presents an urgent challenge requiring effective removal strategies. Although microalgae-based treatments offer environmentally friendly and cost-effective solutions, the high toxicity level of NP [...] Read more.
The environmental treatment of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) has attracted significant attention. Nonylphenol (NP), a highly toxic EDC with widespread distribution, presents an urgent challenge requiring effective removal strategies. Although microalgae-based treatments offer environmentally friendly and cost-effective solutions, the high toxicity level of NP impedes this process. Analysis was conducted on cell biomass, cell morphology, extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), and the degradation of nonylphenol in Chlorella pyrenoidosa treated with nonylphenol and glucose. Glucose restored the algal biomass to 2.23 times its original level, reduced cellular damage, and maintained normal physiological activities. Glucose also stimulated algal metabolism and promoted the secretion of EPSs. The polysaccharide content of soluble EPSs (S-EPSs) increased by 32.7%, whereas that of the bound EPSs (B-EPSs) increased by 55.5%. The three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of B-EPS indicated that glucose enhanced tryptophan secretion. Glucose showed great potential as a biostimulant to enhance NP bioremediation efficiency in aquatic ecosystems. This finding indicates that the nonylphenol remediation of wastewater can be integrated with microalgal biomass recovery, creating opportunities for revenue generation. Full article
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Review

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50 pages, 6725 KB  
Review
Advances in Hybrid Photo-Fenton Processes for Treating Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Water and Wastewater Systems
by Enric Brillas and Juan M. Peralta-Hernández
Water 2026, 18(8), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18080920 - 13 Apr 2026
Viewed by 742
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes based on photo-Fenton chemistry have gained increasing attention as effective treatment alternatives for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water and wastewater systems. However, large-scale implementation remains constrained by operational requirements, limited mineralization efficiency, and challenges associated with process stability [...] Read more.
Advanced oxidation processes based on photo-Fenton chemistry have gained increasing attention as effective treatment alternatives for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water and wastewater systems. However, large-scale implementation remains constrained by operational requirements, limited mineralization efficiency, and challenges associated with process stability and selectivity. This review provides a critical assessment of recent advances (2022–2025) in conventional photo-Fenton and hybrid systems, including photocatalysis/photo-Fenton and sono-photo-Fenton processes, with emphasis on their performance in water and wastewater treatment applications. The removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, pharmaceutical mixtures, and real wastewater matrices is analyzed considering catalyst configuration, irradiation sources, oxidant utilization, and operating conditions relevant to practical treatment scenarios. Conventional homogeneous Fe2+/H2O2 systems enable rapid contaminant degradation but typically require acidic conditions and show limited mineralization efficiency. In contrast, iron-complexed and heterogeneous catalysts allow operation under near-neutral pH and visible-light irradiation, improving applicability in realistic water treatment systems. Hybrid photocatalysis/photo-Fenton processes enhance treatment efficiency through synergistic generation of reactive oxygen species, while ultrasound-assisted systems further intensify oxidation rates and contaminant removal. Special attention is given to oxidation mechanisms, catalyst stability, transformation products, and toxicity evolution to identify the key factors controlling treatment performance. Finally, current technological limitations, operational challenges, and design considerations for process integration, scale-up, and sustainable implementation in water and wastewater treatment are discussed. Full article
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