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A special issue of Vehicles (ISSN 2624-8921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 29166

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Prof. Dr. Mohammed Chadli

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Univ Evry Department UFR Sciences and Technologies, Université Paris-Saclay, 91020 Evry, France
Interests: control theory and applications; multi-agent systems; singular systems; fault detection; fault tolerant control; fuzzy control; linear matrix inequalities; automotive control; intelligent vehicle; renewable energy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to publish high-quality complete review papers on automotive engineering and transportation engineering. The Special Issue will highlight a diverse set of topics related to vehicles (motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, trains, trams, UAVs, drones, etc.) and transportation with regards to the design, modelling and simulation, manufacture, testing, operation and modification of those vehicles and their engineering systems.

The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, the following topics:

Vehicle components and subsystems;
Vehicle and driveline dynamics;
Vehicle electrical systems;
Internal combustion engines;
Fuel and energy system;
Simulation and modelling;
Vehicle safety (automotive safety);
Terra mechanics including the study of tires and roads;
Vehicle materials;
Intelligent and autonomous driving/control;
Vehicle fault diagnostics/diagnosis;
Transport electrification;
Intelligent transportation systems;
V2X communication;
Interaction between vehicles and the environment;
Driver assistance.

Review papers should provide syntheses of ideas and have the potential to challenge the existing paradigms and create new frameworks that will advance our understanding of all aspects of automotive engineering and transportation engineering.

Review manuscripts should comprise the front matter, literature review sections, and the back matter. You may use the template file to prepare the front and back matter of your review manuscript; it is not necessary to follow the remaining structure. Structured reviews and meta-analyses should use the same structure as research articles, and ensure that they conform to the PRISMA guidelines.

Prof. Dr. Mohammed Chadli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vehicles is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

vehicle components and subsystems
vehicle and driveline dynamics
vehicle electrical systems
internal combustion engines
fuel and energy system
vehicle safety
terra mechanics
intelligent and autonomous driving/control
vehicle fault diagnostics/diagnosis
transport electrification
intelligent transportation systems
V2X communication
driver assistance

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Autonomous Emergency Braking: A Robust Approach Using Phenomenological Sensor Models

by Jan Enno Maschke, Victor Preu, Malte Plenter and Stefan Schoenawa

Vehicles 2024, 6(4), 1704-1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6040082 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 878

Abstract

The assessment of driver assistance system effectiveness in crash scenarios can be conducted through simulations. This approach allows for system improvements and contributes to overall road safety. However, it is important to recognize that simulations are an approximation of reality. Specifically, simulation models can significantly impact the results. In our work, we focus on sensor models that provide environmental information to driver assistance systems. Real-world sensor data differ from idealized simulation data due to measurement errors and environmental influences. We evaluate various sensor models for their applicability in simulating effectiveness assessments. Our research is implemented using the open-source platform openPASS. We investigate the impact of inaccurate sensor data on the effectiveness of an autonomous emergency braking system based on longitudinal traffic crashes from the German In-Depth Accident Study database. To achieve this, we compare stochastic phenomenological models with ideal sensor models. In the evaluation of the modeled autonomous emergency braking, we observed a major influence on the effectiveness due to the less accurate, more realistic sensor data. This evaluation approach enables early optimization of the considered driver assistance system’s robustness against inaccuracies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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14 pages, 3706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Tire Parameters on Contact Patch and Axle Force Generation against Short Obstacles Using DOE Approach

by Vikas Birajdar, Seyed Jamaleddin Mostafavi Yazdi, Madhu Kandampadath, Mohammad Behroozi and Javad Baqersad

Vehicles 2024, 6(4), 1690-1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6040081 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 769

Abstract

Understanding the behavior of tires on uneven and varied road surfaces poses a substantial challenge for vehicle ride engineers. To accurately predict road load forces on the axle, various numerical ride models must be utilized to incorporate a realistic road enveloping algorithm. This algorithm filters the geometries of uneven surfaces and must be seamlessly integrated with a rigid ring model. The complexity of predicting and calculating dynamic tire response increases with varying obstacle dimensions. A two-dimensional, five-degree-of-freedom rigid ring ride model based on Short Wavelength Intermediate Frequency (SWIFT) has been developed, employing a tandem cam enveloping algorithm to filter short wavelength road obstacles. Selecting generalized cam parameters to ensure high accuracy and an enhanced runtime performance poses a challenge in specific ride simulations. A design of experiments (DOE) approach is used to identify key control factors related to the quasi-static tandem cam enveloping model and dynamic rigid ring model, which significantly affect the enveloping response. DOE findings suggest optimization strategies for selecting tire parameters to achieve a high test-to-simulation correlation with improved computational efficiency. Additionally, the study confirms the robustness of these predictions against external noise factors, including variations in tires and road conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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11 pages, 3565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Thermomechanical Analysis of Tires and Brakes for Vehicle Dynamics and Safety

by Andrea Stefanelli, Marco Aprea, Fabio Carbone, Fabio Romagnuolo, Pietro Caresia and Raffaele Suero

Vehicles 2024, 6(3), 1637-1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6030077 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 4172

Abstract

The accurate prediction of tire and brake thermomechanical behavior is crucial for various applications in the automotive industry, including vehicle dynamics analysis, racing performance optimization, and driver assistance system development. The temperature of the brakes plays a crucial role in determining the performance of rubber by altering its temperature. This change impacts the rim and the air within the tire, leading to variations in temperature and tire pressure, which consequently affect the vehicle’s overall performance. Traditionally, these components have been modeled separately, neglecting the crucial thermal interaction between them, thereby losing a lot of important information from the outside that influences the tire. This paper presents a novel method that overcomes this limitation by coupling the thermomechanical models of the tire and brake, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of their combined behavior. Therefore, the present work could be an interesting starting point to understand how a control system can be influenced by the thermodynamic of the wheel–brake system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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19 pages, 13369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Vehicle Technology Exploration with an Open-Source Simulink Model Featuring Commercial Truck Solutions

by Chi-Jui Peng, Yi-Ting Liu and Kuei-Yuan Chan

Vehicles 2024, 6(2), 1008-1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6020048 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

In response to the EU’s stringent zero-carbon emission standards for 2035 and global initiatives to phase out fossil-fuel-powered vehicles, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions in vehicle propulsion systems. While much of the current research focuses on electric passenger cars, commercial vehicles remain relatively underexplored despite their significant potential impact on carbon neutrality goals. This study presents an open-source Simulink model specifically tailored for the analysis of electric commercial trucks, concentrating on the 6.5-ton category. Developed to assess the influence of various power components and control strategies on driving range, the model incorporates three validated powertrain configurations and features such as regenerative braking and one-pedal drive. Simulations are conducted under two real-world driving scenarios in the city of Taipei in Taiwan to evaluate different configurations’ effects on energy consumption and efficiency. Results indicate that optimizing the vehicle configuration can reduce power consumption by 26.3% and extend driving range by an additional 25.1 km on a single battery charge. By making the model and its source code publicly available, this research not only fills a critical gap in specialized evaluation tools for electric commercial vehicles but also serves as a valuable resource for both industrial assessments and educational purposes in the field of vehicle electrification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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16 pages, 1040 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Mixed Learning- and Model-Based Mass Estimation of Heavy Vehicles

by Abdurrahman İşbitirici, Laura Giarré and Paolo Falcone

Vehicles 2024, 6(2), 765-780; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6020036 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1153

Abstract

This research utilized long short-term memory (LSTM) to oversee an RLS-based mass estimator based on longitudinal vehicle dynamics for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) instead of using the predefined rules. A multilayer LSTM network that analyzed parameters such as vehicle speed, longitudinal acceleration, engine torque, engine speed, and estimated mass from the RLS mass estimator was employed as the supervision method. The supervisory LSTM network was trained offline to recognize when the vehicle was operated so that the RLS estimator gave an estimate with the desired accuracy and the network was used as a reliability flag. High-fidelity simulation software was employed to collect data used to train and test the network. A threshold on the error percentage of the RLS mass estimator was used by the network to check the reliability of the algorithm. The preliminary findings indicate that the reliability of the RLS mass estimator could be predicted by using the LSTM network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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19 pages, 8078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Energy Equivalent Speed of Car Damage Using a Finite Element Model

by Paweł Droździel, Tomas Pasaulis, Robertas Pečeliūnas and Saugirdas Pukalskas

Vehicles 2024, 6(2), 632-650; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6020029 - 30 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1649

Abstract

To determine the speed of a vehicle in a collision with body deformation, the kinetic energy input of the vehicle to cause body damage must be estimated. This paper analyzes the methods for estimating the energy equivalent of vehicle damage. A finite element model of a Toyota Yaris developed by the National Crash Analysis Center (NCAC) for use in the LS DYNA R.11.0.0 software environment is used for the simulation. The simulations include tests of the vehicle hitting a non-deformable wall, an object simulating a pole or a tree. The residual deformations obtained are used to determine the energy equivalent speed (EES) values using the “Crash 3—EBS Calculation 12.0” software and a visual comparison with the EES catalog database, where the EES parameter value is recalculated to take into account the difference in the mass of the vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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12 pages, 3996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybridisation Concept of Light Vehicles Utilising an Electrified Planetary Gear Set

by Michael Engels, Moritz Jakoby, Timm Fahrbach and Jakob Andert

Vehicles 2023, 5(4), 1622-1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040088 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1474

Abstract

Climate change and air pollution are two significant challenges facing our society and represent a major driver for new developments in the transport sector. As a consequence, automotive manufacturers have focused on the electrification of vehicle propulsion systems and offer a wide range of hybrid and full-electric vehicles in different classes. However, in the world’s most densely populated metropolitan areas, small and lightweight vehicles are key for the mobility of millions. Traditionally these vehicles have provided cost-effective transportation which is difficult to preserve with vehicle electrification. Many of these light vehicles, such as scooters and all-terrain vehicles, use internal combustion engines in combination with a continuously variable rubber belt transmission which provides a simple, comfortable and cost-effective transmission technology but with poor efficiency and high maintenance costs. In this contribution, a novel full hybrid powertrain concept is proposed that offers a similar driving experience to conventional continuously variable transmissions while providing significantly improved performance and fuel economy combined with low system complexity. In its basic configuration, the hybrid powertrain can operate without active actuators and even with mechanical throttle control of the internal combustion engine. This minimalist approach reduces system costs and helps to create a competitive solution for price-sensitive markets. The hybrid system is based on a planetary gear set that combines the internal combustion engine and an electric motor. It is complemented by a centrifugal clutch and one-way clutch, resulting in different operating modes for low and high speeds as well as for electric driving. This paper describes the mechanical design and control approach of the proposed hybrid powertrain layout. In order to evaluate the basic functionalities, a prototype vehicle was built and tested. This contribution shows the integration of the hybrid powertrain concept in a prototype vehicle and proves the fulfilment of all required full hybrid functionalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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15 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany

by Christopher Hecht, Jan Figgener and Dirk Uwe Sauer

Vehicles 2023, 5(4), 1452-1466; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040079 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4555

Abstract

Vehicle-to-grid means that electric vehicles are charged when electricity is plentiful and discharged when it is scarce. New battery-electric vehicles have an energy capacity above 60 kWh installed and practically always have a DC connector. With over 1 million of such vehicles in Germany alone already, the flexibility potential to balance out fluctuating renewable generation or compensate for grid constraints is large. While many actors are working to enable this market, the readiness of hardware and regulations as well as the potential volume are hard to grasp. This paper provides an overview of these factors for Europe with a special focus on Germany. We find that some countries started to implement regulatory frameworks but none are ready yet. Issues include taxation, the fulfillment of grid codes, and the lack of smart meters. In terms of vehicles, 25 manufacturers with bidirectional charging ability were identified, but most vehicles were only used in field tests or operate in island mode. In terms of charging infrastructure, the picture is brighter with at least 20 manufacturers that offer DC bidirectional charging stations and 2 offering an AC variant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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14 pages, 10688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of Automated Driving Function Based on the Apollo Platform: A Milestone for Simulation with Vehicle-in-the-Loop Testbed

by Hexuan Li, Vamsi Prakash Makkapati, Li Wan, Ernst Tomasch, Heinz Hoschopf and Arno Eichberger

Vehicles 2023, 5(2), 718-731; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5020039 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3307

Abstract

With the increasing complexity of automated driving features, it is crucial to adopt innovative approaches that combine hardware and software to validate prototype vehicles in the early stages of development. This article demonstrates the effectiveness of a Vehicle-in-the-Loop (ViL) testbed in conducting dynamic tests of vehicles equipped with highly automated driving functions. The tests are designed to replicate critical driving scenarios from real-world environments on the ViL testbed. In this study, the Apollo platform is utilized to develop an automated driving function that can perceive the surrounding traffic in a virtual environment and generate feasible trajectories. This is achieved with the help of a multibody simulation platform. The control commands from the simulated driving function are then transmitted to the real vehicle to execute the planned action. The results demonstrate that critical traffic scenarios can be replicated more safely and repeatedly on the ViL testbed. Meanwhile, the Apollo-based driving function can effectively and comfortably cope with critical scenarios. Importantly, this study marks a significant milestone for the Apollo platform as it is implemented in a real-time system and tested on a ViL testbed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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32 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessReview

Urban Air Mobility for Last-Mile Transportation: A Review

by Nima Moradi, Chun Wang and Fereshteh Mafakheri

Vehicles 2024, 6(3), 1383-1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6030066 - 12 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3514

Abstract

Urban air mobility (UAM) is a revolutionary approach to transportation in densely populated cities. UAM involves using small, highly automated aircraft to transport passengers and goods at lower altitudes within urban and suburban areas, aiming to transform how people and parcels move within these environments. On average, UAM can reduce travel times by 30% to 40% for point-to-point journeys, with even greater reductions of 40% to 50% in major cities in the United States and China, compared to land transport. UAM includes advanced airborne transportation options like electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones). These technologies offer the potential to ease traffic congestion, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and substantially cut travel times in urban areas. Studying the applications of eVTOLs and UAVs in parcel delivery and passenger transportation poses intricate challenges when examined through the lens of operations research (OR). By OR approaches, we mean mathematical programming, models, and solution methods addressing eVTOL- and UAV-aided parcel/people transportation problems. Despite the academic and practical importance, there is no review paper on eVTOL- and UAV-based optimization problems in the UAM sector. The present paper, applying a systematic literature review, develops a classification scheme for these problems, dividing them into routing and scheduling of eVTOLs and UAVs, infrastructure planning, safety and security, and the trade-off between efficiency and sustainability. The OR methodologies and the characteristics of the solution methods proposed for each problem are discussed. Finally, the study gaps and future research directions are presented alongside the concluding remarks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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18 pages, 1299 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Security in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: A Comprehensive Review of Protocols and Techniques

by Muhana Magboul Ali Muslam

Vehicles 2024, 6(1), 450-467; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6010020 - 27 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5166

Abstract

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has played a pivotal role in modern intelligent transportation systems, enabling seamless information exchange among vehicles to enhance road safety, traffic efficiency, and overall driving experience. However, the secure transmission of sensitive data between vehicles remains a critical concern due to potential security threats and vulnerabilities. This research focused on investigating the security protocols that have been employed in vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems. A comprehensive review and analysis of relevant literature and research papers was conducted to gather information on existing V2V communication security protocols and techniques. The analysis encompassed key areas, including authentication mechanisms, encryption algorithms, key management protocols, and intrusion detection systems specifically applicable to V2V communication networks. Within the context of real-world V2V environments, this study delved into the challenges and limitations associated with implementing these protocols. The research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the current V2V communication security protocols. Furthermore, based on the findings, this paper proposes improvements and recommendations to enhance the security measures of the V2V communication protocol. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of more secure and reliable V2V communication systems, propelling the advancement of intelligent transportation technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Advanced Vehicle Technologies)

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