Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, 88250 Weingarten, Germany
Interests: autonomous vehicles; vehicle interior; vehicle ergonomics; vehicle seating systems; vehicle design processes; fault-tolerant control and design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Production Management, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20099 Hamburg, Germany
Interests: system theory; technical ethics; interdisciplinary design processes; functional modelling; environmental protection; digitalisation and artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, 88250 Weingarten, Germany
Interests: simulation; digital design processes; vehicle design processes; mechanisms for convertibles; multi-body analysis; finite lement analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Design processes for vehicles are a promising research topic since vehicle design remains one of the most challenging tasks in engineering. This is due in part to the enormous consumer expectations and the intensive global competition, which combine to ensure that cost-driven design is a necessity and that vehicles need to be economical in terms of their production, operation, and recycling. Indeed, sustainable design is also imperative for ecological vehicles. All aspects of vehicle dynamics have to be considered in the design of every component and light-weight design is of fundamental importance. Moreover, consumers expect convincing functional performance, high product quality, engaging appearance, consistent reliability, and interconnected functionality as well as comprehensible and appealing user interfaces. Increasingly, additional services are being packaged with vehicles. These enormous requirements lead to complex and multi-domain design processes, because most of the important decisions are made in the design phase. Production optimization and intelligent operation are important topics, but flaws and insufficiencies in the design stage can lead to enormous expenditures in later stages and less-than-perfect products. Design processes for vehicles involve thousands of engineers spread globally and need to consider multiple product versions and variants as well as multi-company product platforms. Very often, testing necessities and legal issues play an important role in these processes and the economic and ecological quality of the product has to be monitored throughout the process. Even in the early stages, vehicle safety and ergonomic quality need to be considered. Needless to say, only digital support makes these processes feasible—for all domains, powerful computer tools for synthesis, analysis, evaluation, and optimization have been created and numerous attempts have been undertaken to try to sensibly link the data used by all of these tools. However, many domain-specific and generic data formats, as well as the sheer size of the datasets, continue create serious problems. It is important to note that design is also connected with scheduling and project management, because certain design decisions can lead to long-term testing and production preparation processes. The listed challenges concerning the multi-domain processes of vehicle design have led to a salient need for research activities that support designers in these endeavors. This Special Issue intends to present the current state of the art of these research activities including application-oriented attempts to improve certain design tools, attempts to fully integrate digital processes, and novel approaches such as big data and artificial intelligence. We are looking forward to your excellent research papers.

Prof. Dr. Ralf Stetter
Prof. Dr. Udo Pulm
Prof. Dr. Markus Till
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vehicles is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • design processes
  • vehicle design
  • design engineering
  • digital design
  • robotics
  • product data management
  • multi-domain design processes
  • vehicle dynamics
  • vehicle safety
  • vehicle ergonomics

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

16 pages, 2218 KB  
Article
Investigating the Correlation Between Front and Rear Roll Center Heights to Achieve Neutral Handling: An Iterative Design Approach Based on Experimental Tire Data
by Mădălina Boțu, Gabriel George Ursescu, Ciprian Dumitru Ciofu and Edward Rakosi
Vehicles 2026, 8(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8040092 - 17 Apr 2026
Viewed by 321
Abstract
This paper presents an iterative graph-analytical procedure for determining the roll center height, one of the most critical design parameters influencing vehicle dynamic behavior during cornering. The conventional approaches generally determine roll center locations from suspension kinematics and then evaluate vehicle behavior using [...] Read more.
This paper presents an iterative graph-analytical procedure for determining the roll center height, one of the most critical design parameters influencing vehicle dynamic behavior during cornering. The conventional approaches generally determine roll center locations from suspension kinematics and then evaluate vehicle behavior using multibody or numerical vehicle dynamics models. By contrast, the proposed method is intended for the preliminary design stage and provides a direct correlation between front and rear target roll center heights using tire test data, load transfer and axle-level equilibrium conditions. The main advantage of the method is that it helps define a feasible design space before detailed geometry optimization or MBD validation is performed. The objective is to achieve stable and neutral handling (avoiding intrinsic understeer or oversteer tendencies) during steady-state cornering at a predefined target lateral acceleration. The methodology integrates (i) lateral force equilibrium at the axle level, (ii) a dynamic load transfer model based on axle roll stiffness and roll center heights, and (iii) experimental tire grip characteristics (lateral force–slip angle curves under varying vertical loads), processed through numerical interpolation. The procedure is demonstrated using a vehicle model with specific geometric and mass parameters. The results indicate that the methodology does not yield a single unique solution, but rather a set of correlated roll center heights, allowing the designer to select the most feasible geometric configuration while maintaining neutral handling. As an example, the paper presents a convergent solution for the front and rear roll center heights that satisfy neutrality conditions at a slip angle of approximately 4°. This study provides a fundamental framework for the geometric design of suspension systems and serves as a basis for subsequent numerical and experimental validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 1249 KB  
Article
Frequency-Based Examination of Tire-Specific Slips and Wheelbase Impact on Lateral Guidance Performance
by Gaël Atheupe, Gordan Kongue Meli, Valentin Carvalho and Anton Van Wyk
Vehicles 2026, 8(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8040078 - 3 Apr 2026
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Contemporary vehicle development, particularly for overactuated platforms, demands design methodologies that bridge the gap between high-level performance targets and hardware selection. Existing physics-based models, while essential, offer limited utility for this systems-level design task. This paper introduces a novel analytical framework for vehicle [...] Read more.
Contemporary vehicle development, particularly for overactuated platforms, demands design methodologies that bridge the gap between high-level performance targets and hardware selection. Existing physics-based models, while essential, offer limited utility for this systems-level design task. This paper introduces a novel analytical framework for vehicle lateral dynamics, predicated on a reformulated single-track model that integrates the concept of tire-specific slip. The derived specific slip-based bicycle model enables a comprehensive frequency-domain analysis of handling characteristics, articulated through three fundamental metrics: the front and rear axle specific slips and the vehicle wheelbase. Our results quantify the influence of these parameters on key handling attributes, including stability, responsiveness, and roll susceptibility. This work provides a constitutive tool for the model-based design of next-generation vehicles, enabling the a priori selection and optimization of chassis hardware to meet predefined performance objectives and informing the synthesis of advanced motion control systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4722 KB  
Article
Managing Design Variants in Formula Student Race Cars: A Digital Engineering Approach Across Multiple Teams
by Julian Borowski, Hinrich Emsmann, Jannis Kneule, Rico Ruess and Stephan Rudolph
Vehicles 2026, 8(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8020043 - 23 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 724
Abstract
Increasing product complexity, shorter development cycles and cross-domain integration demands pose significant challenges for modern race car engineering teams. In Formula Student teams, heterogeneous toolchains, manual data exchange, late system integration, and high personnel turnover hinder efficient collaborative development and lead to repeated [...] Read more.
Increasing product complexity, shorter development cycles and cross-domain integration demands pose significant challenges for modern race car engineering teams. In Formula Student teams, heterogeneous toolchains, manual data exchange, late system integration, and high personnel turnover hinder efficient collaborative development and lead to repeated knowledge loss. This paper presents an integrated digital-engineering framework combining graph-based design languages (GBDL), model-to-text transformations, natural-language interactions via Large Language Models (LLMs), and Git-based version control to address these issues. By formalizing design knowledge and storing it in a centralized design graph, the framework ensures digital consistency of data and models, supports automated vehicle design variant generation, and enables seamless cross-domain integration. Through case studies of three Formula Student teams, the methodology demonstrates quantifiable reductions in design iteration time, enabling the evaluation of more than 104 suspension variants within days instead of a few dozen manually created variants, while reducing hands-on engineering effort from minutes per variant to a largely unattended optimization process. The results indicate that the approach not only enhances efficiency and collaboration but also preserves design knowledge for long-term knowledge management and reuse. Looking forward, this methodology provides a scalable route toward further engineering automation, systematic variant-driven development, and early-stage design optimization supported by design languages and integrated downstream toolchains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5745 KB  
Article
Graph-Based Design Languages for Engineering Automation: A Formula Student Race Car Case Study
by Julian Borowski and Stephan Rudolph
Vehicles 2026, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8010024 - 22 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 928
Abstract
The development of modern vehicles faces an increase in complexity, as well as a need for shorter development cycles and a seamless cross-domain integration. In order to meet these challenges, a graph-based design language which formalizes and automates engineering workflows is presented and [...] Read more.
The development of modern vehicles faces an increase in complexity, as well as a need for shorter development cycles and a seamless cross-domain integration. In order to meet these challenges, a graph-based design language which formalizes and automates engineering workflows is presented and applied in a design case study to a Formula Student race car suspension system. The proposed method uses an ontology-based vocabulary definition and executable model transformations to compile design knowledge into a central and consistent design graph. This graph enables the automatic generation of consistent 3D CAD models, domain-specific simulations and suspension kinematic analyses, replacing manual and error-prone tool and data handover processes. The design language captures both the structural and dynamic behavior of the suspension, supports variant exploration and allows for integrated validation, such as 3D collision detection. The study illustrates how graph-based design languages can serve as ‘digital DNA’ for knowledge-based product development, offering a scalable, reusable platform for engineering automation. This approach enhances the digital consistency of data, the digital continuity of processes and the digital interoperability of tools across all relevant engineering disciplines in order to support the validation of early-stage designs and the optimization of complex systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 24229 KB  
Article
Bumper Impact Test Damage and Static Structural Characterization in Hybrid Composite Aided by Numerical Simulation and Machine Learning Analysis
by Sugiri Sugiri, Mochamad Bruri Triyono, Yosef Budiman, Yanuar Agung Fadlullah, Rizal Justian Setiawan and Muhamad Riyan Maulana
Vehicles 2025, 7(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7040133 - 20 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1864
Abstract
Modern automotive design has increasingly embraced plastics for bumper construction; however, it can lead to material degradation. To overcome these limitations, the automotive industry is turning to fiber–resin material, namely carbon–epoxy composites. Our research focuses on determining the effects of fiber orientation and [...] Read more.
Modern automotive design has increasingly embraced plastics for bumper construction; however, it can lead to material degradation. To overcome these limitations, the automotive industry is turning to fiber–resin material, namely carbon–epoxy composites. Our research focuses on determining the effects of fiber orientation and angle alignment on the structural stress of the car bumper, examining the hybrid material (carbon–epoxy reinforced by CFRP) in static structural tests, and performing dynamic impact tests at various speeds, applying the Tsai–Wu criterion as a basic failure model. However, Tsai–Wu’s failure in numerical analysis highlights the limitation of not being able to experimentally distinguish between failure modes and their interaction coefficients. To address this issue, we employ ANSYS® 2024 R1 with a Fortran program, which enables more accurate estimation of failure behavior, resulting in an average error of 13.19%. To identify research gaps, machine learning (ML) plays a vital role in predicting parameter values and assessing data normality using various algorithms. By combining ML and FEA simulations, the result shows strong data performance. Bridging from 2 mm mesh sizing of 50% carbon–epoxy woven/50% CFRP laminate in 6 mm thickness at 0° orientation shows the most distributed shear stresses and deformation, which converged toward stable values. For comprehensive research, total deformation was included in ML analysis as a second target to build a multivariate analysis. Overall, Random Forest (RF) is the best-performing model, indicating superior robustness for modeling shear stress and total deformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7157 KB  
Article
Redesign of a Lancia Beta HPE with Electric Propulsion Using IDeS and TRIZ Methods
by Francesca Giuliani, Leonardo Frizziero, Giampiero Donnici and Giulio Galiè
Vehicles 2025, 7(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7040131 - 18 Nov 2025
Viewed by 789
Abstract
This study proposes a methodological approach to the redesign of a 1980s vehicle, the Lancia Beta HPE, integrating the TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) and the Industrial Design Structure (IDeS) frameworks within the design process. The redesign process focused on both the [...] Read more.
This study proposes a methodological approach to the redesign of a 1980s vehicle, the Lancia Beta HPE, integrating the TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) and the Industrial Design Structure (IDeS) frameworks within the design process. The redesign process focused on both the external morphology of the vehicle and its propulsion system, aligning the outcome with contemporary trends in market evolution, societal shifts, and environmental considerations. The objective of the project was to reinterpret stylistic elements that were typical of 1980s automotive design through a contemporary lens, while incorporating characteristics of the current aesthetic of electric vehicles (EVs). A pivotal element of the research involved a comparative stylistic analysis of past and present vehicle design languages. This facilitated the identification of design guidelines for adapting formal and stylistic details to the electric mobility paradigm, with emphasis on contemporary aesthetics and energy efficiency. The transition from internal combustion to electric propulsion necessitated a comprehensive re-evaluation of the vehicle’s key exterior features, encompassing the front end, body shape, and lighting systems, in order to reflect a novel ecological identity and convey technological advancement. In order to inform stylistic choices, an in-depth exploration of electric propulsion principles was conducted, leveraging AI-based tools such as GPT to support TRIZ-guided problem-solving. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Design Processes, 3rd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop