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Vaccines
Special Issues
Research in Innate and Adaptive Immunity
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Research in Innate and Adaptive Immunity

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines, Clinical Advancement, and Associated Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2025) | Viewed by 10233

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jose Moisés Laparra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), 28049 Madrid, Spain
Interests: immunonutrition; macrophages; trained immunity; gut-liver axis; microbiota
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Food and Helath, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
Interests: polyphenols; in vitro; in vivo; pharmacology; eicosanoids; inflammation; cardiovascular; health; bioactive molecules
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The intricate immune signals between both innate and adaptive branches of the immune system not only represent our first line of defense but also allow us to normally develop during ontogeny. These interactions take place sequentially to establish adequate metabolic and microbial commensal response(s), offering protection to exogenous biological entities and to an exaggerated inflammation. Complex cellular and humoral networks of adaptive immune cells and metabolic products are well known. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered about the interconnexion between innate and adaptive immune response(s) to immunoevasion. These will improve our knowledge on immunometabolic diseases, cancer, virus clearance, and recovery of immunocompetence. Identification and development of those with a concerted perspective will overcome the usually fragmented and compartmentalized approach to addressing the underlying immune alterations. Integrating both components in the context of its relationship to exposures (i.e., diet, environment, microbiota) and the host’s intrinsic and modifiable factors and disease outcomes will contribute toward vaccine and immunotherapeutic design and evaluation. 

Dr. Jose Moisés Laparra
Dr. Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • innate immunity
  • adaptive immunity
  • trained immunity
  • cancer
  • virus
  • neuroimmunology

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2139 KB  
Article
A Multiplex Serological Assay to Evaluate the Antibody Responses to a Set of Plasmodium falciparum Antigens and Their Protective Role Against Malaria in Children Aged 1.5 to 12 Years Living in a Highly Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Burkina Faso
by Sem Ezinmegnon, Issa Nébié, Tegwen Marlais, Daouda Ouattara, Amidou Diarra, Catriona Patterson, Kevin Tetteh, Alphonse Ouédraogo, Chris Drakeley, Alfred B. Tiono and Sodiomon B. Sirima
Vaccines 2025, 13(11), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13111091 - 24 Oct 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Understanding the seroepidemiology of P. falciparum antibody responses is essential for assessing the acquisition of natural immunity and may guide interventions that impact the acquisition of immunity against malaria in endemic areas. This study assessed the association between antigen-specific IgG responses and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Understanding the seroepidemiology of P. falciparum antibody responses is essential for assessing the acquisition of natural immunity and may guide interventions that impact the acquisition of immunity against malaria in endemic areas. This study assessed the association between antigen-specific IgG responses and protection against P. falciparum infection in children from Burkina Faso. Methods: Children aged 1.5 to 12 years were followed using cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. IgG responses to 16 P. falciparum antigens were measured using a multiplex assay and analyzed by age group and malaria infection status. Associations between antibody levels and clinical malaria risk were assessed using incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and predictive performance of antibody combinations was evaluated using ROC analysis. Results: IgG responses to AMA1, CSP, and MSP2 CH150 showed weak but significant positive correlation with age. Children aged 5–12 years had higher antibody levels than younger children aged 1.5–5 years. Uninfected children had higher levels of antibodies to EBA181 RIII-V, Rh5.1, and SEA1, while infected children had elevated AMA1 and MSP2 CH150. Anti-GLURP R2 and anti-Rh5.1 antibodies were associated with reduced malaria risk (adjusted IRR = 0.52 and 0.40, respectively). The antibody combination of AMA1, GLURP R2, and Etramp5 Ag1 showed the best predictive performance (AUC = 0.70). Conclusions: This study underlines the value of less-studied antibodies (Etramp5 Ag1, Rh5.1, HSP40 Ag1) for diagnosing and protecting against malaria, opening up prospects for the development of more effective tests and targeted vaccine approaches. The variability of responses according to age and infection status calls for further studies to optimize prevention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Innate and Adaptive Immunity)
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25 pages, 4063 KB  
Article
First-in-Human Phase I Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Orf Virus-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Booster
by Meral Esen, Johanna Fischer-Herr, Julian Justin Gabor, Johanna Marika Gaile, Wim Alexander Fleischmann, Geerten Willem Smeenk, Roberta Allgayer de Moraes, Sabine Bélard, Carlos Lamsfus Calle, Tamirat Gebru Woldearegai, Diane Egger-Adam, Verena Haug, Carina Metz, Alena Reguzova, Markus W. Löffler, Baiba Balode, Lars C. Matthies, Michael Ramharter, Ralf Amann and Peter G. Kremsner
Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111288 - 18 Nov 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2065
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated the development of versatile vaccines capable of addressing evolving variants. Prime-2-CoV_Beta, a novel Orf virus-based COVID-19 vaccine, was developed to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens. This first-in-human, phase I, dose-finding clinical trial was conducted to [...] Read more.
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated the development of versatile vaccines capable of addressing evolving variants. Prime-2-CoV_Beta, a novel Orf virus-based COVID-19 vaccine, was developed to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens. This first-in-human, phase I, dose-finding clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of Prime-2-CoV_Beta as a booster in healthy adults. From June 2022 to June 2023, 60 participants in Germany received varying doses of Prime-2-CoV_Beta. The study demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with no serious adverse events (AEs) reported. All AEs were mild (107) or moderate (10), with the most common symptoms being pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. Immunogenicity assessments revealed robust vaccine-induced antigen-specific immune responses. High doses notably elicited significant increases in antibodies against the spike and nucleocapsid proteins as well as neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Additionally, the vaccine did not induce ORFV-neutralizing antibodies, indicating the potential for repeated administration. In conclusion, Prime-2-CoV_Beta was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic, demonstrating potential as a broadly protective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. These promising results support further evaluation of higher doses and additional studies to confirm efficacy and long-term protection. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials, NCT05389319. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Innate and Adaptive Immunity)
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18 pages, 5087 KB  
Article
DNA Vaccines Encoding HTNV GP-Derived Th Epitopes Benefited from a LAMP-Targeting Strategy and Established Cellular Immunoprotection
by Dongbo Jiang, Junqi Zhang, Wenyang Shen, Yubo Sun, Zhenjie Wang, Jiawei Wang, Jinpeng Zhang, Guanwen Zhang, Gefei Zhang, Yueyue Wang, Sirui Cai, Jiaxing Zhang, Yongkai Wang, Ruibo Liu, Tianyuan Bai, Yuanjie Sun, Shuya Yang, Zilu Ma, Zhikui Li, Jijin Li, Chenjin Ma, Linfeng Cheng, Baozeng Sun and Kun Yangadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080928 - 19 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2015
Abstract
Vaccines has long been the focus of antiviral immunotherapy research. Viral epitopes are thought to be useful biomarkers for immunotherapy (both antibody-based and cellular). In this study, we designed a novel vaccine molecule, the Hantaan virus (HTNV) glycoprotein (GP) tandem Th epitope molecule [...] Read more.
Vaccines has long been the focus of antiviral immunotherapy research. Viral epitopes are thought to be useful biomarkers for immunotherapy (both antibody-based and cellular). In this study, we designed a novel vaccine molecule, the Hantaan virus (HTNV) glycoprotein (GP) tandem Th epitope molecule (named the Gnc molecule), in silico. Subsequently, computer analysis was used to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of the various properties of the molecule and its effects as a vaccine molecule in the body. The Gnc molecule was designed for DNA vaccines and optimized with a lysosomal-targeting membrane protein (LAMP) strategy. The effects of GP-derived Th epitopes and multiepitope vaccines were initially verified in animals. Our research has resulted in the design of two vaccines based on effective antiviral immune targets. The effectiveness of molecular therapies has also been preliminarily demonstrated in silico and in laboratory animals, which lays a foundation for the application of a vaccines strategy in the field of antivirals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Innate and Adaptive Immunity)
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21 pages, 5285 KB  
Systematic Review
The Role of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Risk Stratification and Prognostication of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Sunag Padukudru, Sumalata Arunachal, Chetak Kadabasal Basavaraj, Mamidipudi Thirumala Krishna, Koustav Ganguly, Swapna Upadhyay and Mahesh Padukudru Anand
Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081233 - 1 Aug 2022
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4322
Abstract
Several studies have proposed that the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is one of the various biomarkers that can be useful in assessing COVID-19 disease-related outcomes. Our systematic review analyzes the relationship between on-admission NLR values and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Six different severity criteria [...] Read more.
Several studies have proposed that the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is one of the various biomarkers that can be useful in assessing COVID-19 disease-related outcomes. Our systematic review analyzes the relationship between on-admission NLR values and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Six different severity criteria were used. A search of the literature in various databases was conducted from 1 January 2020 to 1 May 2021. We calculated the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for the collected NLR values. A meta-regression analysis was performed, looking at the length of hospitalization and other probable confounders, such as age, gender, and comorbidities. A total of sixty-four studies were considered, which included a total of 15,683 patients. The meta-analysis showed an SMD of 3.12 (95% CI: 2.64–3.59) in NLR values between severe and non-severe patients. A difference of 3.93 (95% CI: 2.35–5.50) was found between survivors and non-survivors of the disease. Upon summary receiver operating characteristics analysis, NLR showed 80.2% (95% CI: 74.0–85.2%) sensitivity and 75.8% (95% CI: 71.3–79.9%) specificity for the prediction of severity and 78.8% (95% CI: 73.5–83.2%) sensitivity and 73.0% (95% CI: 68.4–77.1%) specificity for mortality, and was not influenced by age, gender, or co-morbid conditions. Conclusion: On admission, NLR predicts both severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, and an NLR > 6.5 is associated with significantly greater the odds of mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Innate and Adaptive Immunity)
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