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Vaccines
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Infectious Disease Immunotherapy Research
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Infectious Disease Immunotherapy Research

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 15069

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ravi S. Misra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
Interests: vaccine responses; infectious diseases; inflammatory lung diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The immune response to infectious diseases is a complex process. A balance must exist between generating an inflammatory response for eliminating pathogens and controlling inflammation to minimize collateral damage of normal tissue. If a sufficient inflammatory response is not generated, then the pathogen could overrun the host defense and the infection could spread. This situation can occur in immunosuppressed individuals. If an overexuberant immune response is mounted, then increased morbidity could occur. This is highlighted by respiratory disease associated with pathogens such as sudden acute respiratory virus 2 or highly pathogenic influenza virus infections.

The ability to modulate the immune response has received a great deal of research focus recently. Examples include the use of adjuvants to increase immunogenicity of vaccines, nanoparticles to deliver SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, the use of recombinant cytokines to boost antiviral responses, and checkpoint inhibitors to enhance immune responses against infectious agents in immunocompromised individuals. Other factors can be used to control and overexuberant or misguided immune response. Examples include the use of cytokine-neutralizing antibodies, steroids, and inhibitors of targeted pathways (e.g., inflammasomes, toll-like receptors, cytokine receptors). Advances in research technologies allow for a granular and in-depth understanding of cell and molecular biology. Researchers are now well positioned to utilize these methods to better understand the mechanisms behind maintaining a fine balance between controlling pathogens and limiting collateral damage. This will allow for the more rapid development of immunomodulatory therapeutics that will advance human health. This Special Issue of Vaccines is dedicated to highlighting studies that focus on modulating the immune response against infectious agents.

Dr. Ravi S. Misra
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hyperinflammation
  • immunosuppression
  • immune Modulation
  • infectious Disease
  • inflammation
  • therapeutics
  • immunotherapy
  • vaccines
  • adjuvants
  • nanoparticles

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 5958 KiB  
Article
Oral Administration with Recombinant Attenuated Regulated Delayed Lysis Salmonella Vaccines Protecting against Staphylococcus aureus Kidney Abscess Formation
by Yanchen Liang, Haochi Zhang, Na Pan, Yang Liu, Shouxin Sheng, Haotian Li, Xuemei Bao and Xiao Wang
Vaccines 2022, 10(7), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071073 - 04 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1480
Abstract
Abscess formation is one of the main symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus infection. It is very important to inhibit abscess formation for preventing S. aureus persistent infection. To find a feasible solution, the live oral vaccines delivering S. aureus antigens, rEsxAB and rHlam [...] Read more.
Abscess formation is one of the main symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus infection. It is very important to inhibit abscess formation for preventing S. aureus persistent infection. To find a feasible solution, the live oral vaccines delivering S. aureus antigens, rEsxAB and rHlam, were constructed, which were based on the attenuated regulated delayed lysis Salmonella enterica subspecies Serovar Typhimurium strain χ11802, and the inhibiting effect on abscess formation was evaluated in mice kidneys. As the results showed, after oral administration, humoral immunity was induced via the mucosal route as the antigen-specific IgG in the serum and IgA in the intestinal mucus both showed significant increases. Meanwhile, the production of IFN-γ and IL-17 in the kidney tissue suggested that Th1/Th17-biased cellular immunity played a role in varying degrees. After challenged intravenously (i.v.) with S. aureus USA300, the χ11802(pYA3681−esxAB)-vaccinated group showed obvious inhibition in kidney abscess formation among the vaccinated group, as the kidney abscess incidence rate and the staphylococcal load significantly reduced, and the kidney pathological injury was improved significantly. In conclusion, this study provided experimental data and showed great potential for live oral vaccine development with the attenuated regulated delayed lysis Salmonella Typhimurium strains against S. aureus infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease Immunotherapy Research)
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Review

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12 pages, 417 KiB  
Review
Improving Protection to Prevent Bacterial Infections: Preliminary Applications of Reverse Vaccinology against the Main Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens
by Mario Cocorullo, Laurent R. Chiarelli and Giovanni Stelitano
Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071221 - 09 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2853
Abstract
Reverse vaccinology is a powerful tool that was recently used to develop vaccines starting from a pathogen genome. Some bacterial infections have the necessity to be prevented then treated. For example, individuals with chronic pulmonary diseases, such as Cystic Fibrosis, are prone to [...] Read more.
Reverse vaccinology is a powerful tool that was recently used to develop vaccines starting from a pathogen genome. Some bacterial infections have the necessity to be prevented then treated. For example, individuals with chronic pulmonary diseases, such as Cystic Fibrosis, are prone to develop infections and biofilms in the thick mucus that covers their lungs, mainly caused by Burkholderia cepacia complex, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium abscessus complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. These infections are complicated to treat and prevention remains the best strategy. Despite the availability of vaccines against some strains of those pathogens, it is necessary to improve the immunization of people with Cystic Fibrosis against all of them. An effective approach is to develop a broad-spectrum vaccine to utilize proteins that are well conserved across different species. In this context, reverse vaccinology, a method based on computational analysis of the genome of various microorganisms, appears as one of the most promising tools for the identification of putative targets for broad-spectrum vaccine development. This review provides an overview of the vaccines that are under development by reverse vaccinology against the aforementioned pathogens, as well as the progress made so far. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease Immunotherapy Research)
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9 pages, 271 KiB  
Review
Institutional Factors Associated with Infection Prevention and Control Practices Globally during the Infectious Pandemics in Resource-Limited Settings
by Adil Abalkhail and Thamer Alslamah
Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111811 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections lead to considerable morbidity, a prolonged hospital stay, antibiotic resistance, long-term disability, mortality and increased healthcare costs. Based on the literature, some individual and socio-demographic factors including knowledge, age and length of service or work experience, gender and type of profession [...] Read more.
Healthcare-associated infections lead to considerable morbidity, a prolonged hospital stay, antibiotic resistance, long-term disability, mortality and increased healthcare costs. Based on the literature, some individual and socio-demographic factors including knowledge, age and length of service or work experience, gender and type of profession influence compliance with infection prevention and control procedures. In addition, organizational culture, which refers to the assumptions, values, and norms shared among colleagues, can influence an individual’s thinking and healthcare workers’ behavior, either positively or negatively. Infection control practices based on the perspective of patients, hospital management and healthcare workers may help develop a better understanding of the factors influencing compliance with infection prevention and control policies and guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease Immunotherapy Research)
8 pages, 427 KiB  
Review
The National Strategies for and Challenges in Infection Prevention and Control of the Healthcare System in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Review Study)
by Thamer Alslamah and Adil Abalkhail
Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081302 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1869
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) lead to considerable morbidity. Prolonged hospital HAIs, also known as hospital infections or nosocomial infections, refer to infectious diseases that occur within 48 h of hospital admission, within three days of discharge or 30 days after having received healthcare. A [...] Read more.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) lead to considerable morbidity. Prolonged hospital HAIs, also known as hospital infections or nosocomial infections, refer to infectious diseases that occur within 48 h of hospital admission, within three days of discharge or 30 days after having received healthcare. A total of 39 government-owned hospitals with a total of 10,822 beds providing the majority (59.9%) of Saudi Arabian healthcare were analyzed. Medicare and Medicaid use hospital data to track hospital performance on matters pertaining to IPC. In addition, many hospitals have limited capacity with which to develop the core components required to build an effective IPC programme. Hajj has been associated with the increased prevalence and spread of infectious diseases. These factors include changes in human demographics and behaviour, the effect of new technologies and industries, an increase in international travel and commerce, and breakdown resulting from public health measures. Overall public health service expenditure originates from the administration and services that are provided free of charge to all Saudi citizens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease Immunotherapy Research)
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15 pages, 674 KiB  
Review
Mosquirix™ RTS, S/AS01 Vaccine Development, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy
by Aroosa Younis Nadeem, Adeeb Shehzad, Salman Ul Islam, Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi and Young Sup Lee
Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050713 - 30 Apr 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5598
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by bites from Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)-infected mosquitoes with a present scale of symptoms ranging from moderate fever to neurological disorders. P. falciparum is the most lethal of the five strains of malaria, and [...] Read more.
Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by bites from Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)-infected mosquitoes with a present scale of symptoms ranging from moderate fever to neurological disorders. P. falciparum is the most lethal of the five strains of malaria, and is a major case of morbidity and mortality in endemic regions. Recent advancements in malaria diagnostic tools and prevention strategies have improved conjugation antimalarial therapies using fumigation and long-lasting insecticidal sprays, thus lowering malarial infections. Declines in the total number of infected individuals have been correlated with antimalarial drugs. Despite this, malaria remains a major health threat, affecting more than 30 million men, women, and children around the globe, and 20 percent of all children around the globe have malaria parasites in their blood. To overcome this life-threatening condition, novel therapeutic strategies, including immunization, are urgently needed to tackle this infection around the world. In line with this, the development of the RTS, S vaccine was a significant step forward in the fight against malaria. RTS, S is a vaccine for P. falciparum in which R specifies central repeat units, T the T-cell epitopes, and S indicates surface antigen. The RTS, S/AS01 malarial vaccine was synthesized and screened in several clinical trials between 2009 and 2014, involving thousands of young children in seven African countries, showing that children who received the vaccine did not suffer from severe malaria. Mosquirix™ was approved by the World Health Organization in 2021, indicating it to be safe and advocating its integration into routine immunization programs and existing malaria control measures. This paper examines the various stages of the vaccine’s development, including the evaluation of its immunogenicity and efficacy on the basis of a total of 2.3 million administered doses through a routine immunization program. The protection and effectiveness provided by the vaccine are strong, and evidence shows that it can be effectively delivered through the routine child immunization platform. The economic cost of the vaccine remains to be considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease Immunotherapy Research)
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