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Vaccines
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Vaccines for Patients With Immunodeficiencies and Their Efficacy: An Overview...
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Vaccines for Patients With Immunodeficiencies and Their Efficacy: An Overview in Pandemic Era

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 15989

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Lo Presti Elena

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Council (CNR)—Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), 90146 Palermo, Italy
Interests: innate immunity and inflammation in autoimmune diseases and cancer
Dr. Trizzino Antonino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina and Benfratelli Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Interests: diagnosis and study of primary immunodeficiency in pediatric patients

Special Issue Information

Immunodeficiency disorders (ID) can be broadly classified into primary (genetic disorders that impair the immune system) and, secondary (e.g. HIV, lymphoma, drugs) disorders with different levels of infection susceptibility. Indeed, without a functional immune response, immunodeficiency patients risk to be not adequately immunized. For this reason, primary care clinicians usually have concerns regarding safety and/or efficacy and appropriate use of vaccination. Vulnerable patients are more than expected: most of them are pediatric patients or subjects treated with corticosteroid, chemotherapy, antimetabolite treatment, anti-CD20 or they have undergone an organ transplant.

The present Special Issue is devoted to gathering the current information about the types of vaccines in use for Immunocompromised patients until the latest use for SARS-CoV2 infection. Moreover, the Special Issue will focus on vaccines effectiveness considering the different types of defects of the immune response and the current approaches to vaccine efficacy forecasting based on machine learning and mathematical model. Finally, regarding the specificity of immunoassay or in immune-phenotyping investigations, it is important to exam which are the current techniques used to detect adequate immunization in these patients for example the analysis of the memory cells or the titration of immunoglobulin (in those patients whom this approach is applicable) or specific markers of immunogenicity.

Dear Colleagues,

Now more than ever, vaccination is the unique way to fight the current pandemic infection but, in general, as scientists specializing in clinical immunology, we observed the urgent need to make clear which are the available vaccines for Immunocompromised patients and the specific recommendations on the vaccination strategies for the vulnerable patients depending on the defects in their the immune response.

 

We are pleased to invite you to submit a contribution to this Special Issue

  • The aim is to have a comprehensive analysis of types of vaccines in current use for Immunocompromised patients until the latest use for SARS-CoV2 infection. Taking in consideration the advanced technologies rapidly expanded over the last years in computational analysis or the predictive models and in vitro immunoassay, this special issue wants to explore the effectiveness of the vaccines to optimize the development of safety and tolerable protocols for vulnerable patients.
  • This Special Issue will collect the following article types: Original research articles, Clinical Case reports, Reviews and Perspective analysis. The Research areas may include the following subjects (but not limited to): Clinical Immunology, Mathematical modeling, Machine learning analysis, Cellular Immunology. Allergology, Virology.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Lo Presti Elena
Dr. Trizzino Antonino
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccines
  • primary immunodeficiency
  • secondary immunodeficiency
  • vaccination strategies
  • machine learning
  • forecasting
  • predictive biomarkers
  • immunization
  • predictive model
  • SARS-CoV-2

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 950 KiB  
Article
Humoral Immune Response of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac Vaccinations in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort
by Rene Clavero, Alfredo Parra-Lucares, Gabriel Méndez-Valdés, Eduardo Villa, Karin Bravo, Evelyn Mondaca, Josseline Aranda, Rose Brignardello, Cynthia Gajardo, Angelica Ordenes, Evelyn Colombo, Jessica Tapia, Andoni Etcheverry, José Zúñiga and Luis Toro
Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091542 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2327
Abstract
The CoronaVac vaccine is the most used anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine worldwide. Previous data indicate that this vaccine produces a lower immune response than RNA vaccines such as BNT162b2. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have an increased rate of COVID-19 and a reduced immune response [...] Read more.
The CoronaVac vaccine is the most used anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine worldwide. Previous data indicate that this vaccine produces a lower immune response than RNA vaccines such as BNT162b2. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have an increased rate of COVID-19 and a reduced immune response to vaccinations. Currently, there is little data on this population’s immune response induced by CoronaVac. Methods: This study involved a prospective cohort of ESRD patients in chronic hemodialysis who received a two-dose immunization scheme of either CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech) or BNT162b2 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech). We measured the plasma levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. We determined antibody titers before immunization, 2 and 4 months after two doses, plus 4 months after a booster dose. Results: We evaluated 208 patients in three hemodialysis centers. The mean age was 62.6 ± 15.6 years, of whom 91 were female (41.75%). Eighty-one patients (38.94%) received the BNT162b2 vaccine and 127 (61.06%) received the CoronaVac vaccine. Patients who received the BNT162b2 vaccine had a higher humoral response compared to those who received the CoronaVac vaccine (4 months after the second dose: BNT162b2: 88.89%, CoronaVac: 51.97%, p < 0.001; 4 months after the booster: BNT162b2: 98.77%, CoronaVac: 86.61%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the CoronaVac vaccine induced a lower humoral response than the BNT162b2 vaccine in ESRD patients on hemodialysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines for Patients With Immunodeficiencies and Their Efficacy: An Overview in Pandemic Era)
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9 pages, 1483 KiB  
Article
Impact of Moderna mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccine on Fully Vaccinated High-Risk Chronic Dialysis Patients after Loss of Humoral Response
by Sammy Patyna, Timon Eckes, Benjamin F. Koch, Stephan Sudowe, Anke Oftring, Niko Kohmer, Holger F. Rabenau, Sandra Ciesek, Despina Avaniadi, Rahel Steiner, Ingeborg A. Hauser, Josef M. Pfeilschifter and Christoph Betz
Vaccines 2022, 10(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040585 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5704
Abstract
The long-term effect of protection by two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving chronic intermittent hemodialysis (CIHD) is an urging question. We investigated the humoral and cellular immune response of 42 CIHD patients who had received two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and [...] Read more.
The long-term effect of protection by two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving chronic intermittent hemodialysis (CIHD) is an urging question. We investigated the humoral and cellular immune response of 42 CIHD patients who had received two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and again after a booster vaccine with mRNA-1273 six months later. We measured antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific surrogate neutralizing antibodies (SNA). Functional T cell immune response to vaccination was assessed by quantifying interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-2 secreting T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 using an ELISpot assay. Our data reveal a moderate immune response after the second dose of vaccination, with significantly decreasing SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels and less than half of the study group showed neutralizing antibodies six months afterwards. Booster vaccines increased the humoral response dramatically and led to a response rate of 89.2% for antibody levels and a response rate of 94.6% for SNA. Measurement in a no response/low response (NR/LR) subgroup of our cohort, which differed from the whole group in age and rate of immunosuppressive drugs, indicated failure of a corresponding T cell response after the booster vaccine. We strongly argue in favor of a regular testing of surrogate neutralizing antibodies and consecutive booster vaccinations for CIHD patients to provide a stronger and persistent immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines for Patients With Immunodeficiencies and Their Efficacy: An Overview in Pandemic Era)
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Review

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17 pages, 285 KiB  
Review
Vaccination for the Prevention of Infection among Immunocompromised Patients: A Concise Review of Recent Systematic Reviews
by Kay Choong See
Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050800 - 18 May 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4122
Abstract
Vaccination is crucial for avoiding infection-associated morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. However, immunocompromised patients respond less well to vaccinations compared to healthy people, and little is known about the relative efficacy of various vaccines among different immunocompromised states. A total of 54 [...] Read more.
Vaccination is crucial for avoiding infection-associated morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. However, immunocompromised patients respond less well to vaccinations compared to healthy people, and little is known about the relative efficacy of various vaccines among different immunocompromised states. A total of 54 systematic reviews (22 COVID-19; 32 non-COVID-19) published within the last 5 years in Pubmed® were reviewed. They demonstrated similar patterns within three seroconversion response categories: good (about >60% when compared to healthy controls), intermediate (~40–60%), and poor (about <40%). Good vaccine responses would be expected for patients with chronic kidney disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection (normal CD4 counts), immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, post-splenectomy states, and solid tumors. Intermediate vaccine responses would be expected for patients with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 therapy, hematologic cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus infection (low CD4 counts). Poor vaccine responses would be expected for patients with B-cell-depleting agents (e.g., anti-CD20 therapy), hematopoietic stem-cell transplant, solid organ transplant, and liver cirrhosis. For all vaccine response categories, vaccination should be timed when patients are least immunosuppressed. For the intermediate and poor vaccine response categories, high-dose vaccine, revaccination when patients are less immunosuppressed, checking for seroconversion, additional booster doses, and long-acting monoclonal antibodies may be considered, supplemented by shielding measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines for Patients With Immunodeficiencies and Their Efficacy: An Overview in Pandemic Era)
18 pages, 371 KiB  
Review
Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Disease Modifying Therapies: Impact on Immune Responses against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
by Maryam Golshani and Jiří Hrdý
Vaccines 2022, 10(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020279 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3247
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and multiple sclerosis (MS). The first part of the paper focuses on the current data on immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 and leading vaccines produced against COVID-19 infection. In the second part of the article, we discuss [...] Read more.
This article reviews the literature on SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and multiple sclerosis (MS). The first part of the paper focuses on the current data on immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 and leading vaccines produced against COVID-19 infection. In the second part of the article, we discuss the effect of Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs) on COVID-19 infection severity or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in MS patients plus safety profile of different vaccine platforms in MS patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines for Patients With Immunodeficiencies and Their Efficacy: An Overview in Pandemic Era)
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