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Vaccines
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A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases
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A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines Against Tropical and Other Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 10862

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jose Camilla Sammartino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Interests: infectious diseases; emerging and re-emerging pathogens; immune response; cellular virology; clinical microbiology; immunofluorescence

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Various factors, including climate change, overpopulation, migration, and globalization, have increased the spread of pandemic potential. Vaccination is the primary method for achieving herd immunity, protecting vulnerable populations, and controlling and eradicating infectious agents. While vaccination requires time to mount a durable response, therapeutic options can bridge the vaccine gap. Monoclonal antibodies provide immediate protection, especially when there are no therapeutic options. We are pleased to invite you to contribute to our Special Issue, entitled “A One-Health Perspective on Immunization against Infectious Diseases”. This Special Issue explores the various factors involved in developing immunization strategies against emerging and well-known infectious microorganisms. We encourage the submission of original research articles, methodological papers, and reviews focusing on the interplay between human, animal, and environmental factors, as well as how these interactions affect population immunization. Additionally, we welcome discussions on when active or passive immunization strategies may be favorable.

The scope of this Special Issue is to promote knowledge at the One-Health level, encompassing the medical, veterinary, and environmental sciences. Research areas may include, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Vaccine and therapeutic antibody development;
  • Characterization of immune-escaping mechanisms;
  • Identification of disease resistance;
  • Methodologies for sustainable immunization strategies;
  • Preclinical and clinical studies that evaluate innate and/or adaptive immunity, therapeutics and vaccination, and immunization strategies for immunocompromised individuals;
  • The human–animal–environment interface.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Jose Camilla Sammartino
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • One-Health vaccinology
  • immunization
  • vaccine
  • antibody
  • infectious disease
  • emerging pathogens
  • climate change
  • sustainability

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 248 KB  
Article
Safety Evaluation of Large-Scale Administration of a Novel Human Diploid (SV-1) Cell Line-Derived Varicella Attenuated Live Vaccine in Children 7–12 Years Old
by Yuanyuan Zhu, Yurong Li, Jing Yu, Borong Xu, Xun Li, Ran Hu, Xiaozhe Song, Yonghong Sun, Dongsheng Liu, Yuan Ren, Xiang Sun and Zhiguo Wang
Vaccines 2026, 14(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010019 - 23 Dec 2025
Viewed by 189
Abstract
Objectives: Varicella is a highly contagious viral disease affecting children. The SV-1 cell line-based varicella attenuated live vaccine (SV-1VarV) is the first vaccine produced using the human diploid SV-1 cell substrate. This study evaluated the real-world safety of SV-1VarV among school-aged children [...] Read more.
Objectives: Varicella is a highly contagious viral disease affecting children. The SV-1 cell line-based varicella attenuated live vaccine (SV-1VarV) is the first vaccine produced using the human diploid SV-1 cell substrate. This study evaluated the real-world safety of SV-1VarV among school-aged children in Jiangsu Province, China. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using data from the Jiangsu Provincial Immunization Program Information System and the Chinese National Adverse Event Following Immunization Information System (CNAEFIS). Children aged 7–12 years who received SV-1VarV between July 2024 and March 2025 were included. The incidence, clinical characteristics, and demographic patterns of Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) were analyzed. Reporting rates were calculated per 100,000 doses. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, Cochran–Armitage trend tests, and Poisson regression analyses (α = 0.05). Results: A total of 366 AEFI cases were reported following 1,096,117 administered doses (33.4/100,000 doses), of which 364 were adverse reactions (33.2/100,000). General reactions accounted for 97.8% (mainly fever and local reactions), and abnormal reactions accounted for 2.2% (0.73/100,000). No serious adverse events or vaccine quality-related events occurred. Adverse reaction reporting rates declined with increasing age (p < 0.001) and were higher in males than females (36.7 vs. 29.2/100,000; p = 0.001). Poisson regression indicated that older age was independently associated with a lower risk of adverse reaction reporting, whereas sex and dose number were not significantly associated. Conclusions: SV-1VarV demonstrated a favorable safety profile during large-scale use in children aged 7–12 years. Most reactions were mild, self-limiting, and consistent with expected post-vaccination responses. These findings provide robust real-world evidence supporting the continued and expanded use of SV-1VarV in school-aged children to optimize varicella immunization strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)
13 pages, 310 KB  
Article
Incidence, Clinical Features and Vaccination Coverage of Pneumococcal Disease in People Living with HIV: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2015–2024)
by Pere Medina, Elisa de Lazzari, Mateu Espasa, Lorena de la Mora, María Martínez-Rebollar, Ana González-Cordón, Montserrat Laguno, Alexy Inciarte, Juan Ambrosioni, Júlia Calvo, Alberto Foncillas, Abiu Sempere, Ivan Chivite, Leire Berrocal, Jose Luis Blanco, Esteban Martínez, José M. Miró, Josep Mallolas and Berta Torres
Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121240 - 13 Dec 2025
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence of pneumococcal disease (PD) in people living with HIV (PLWH) is higher than in the general population; therefore, this study aimed to analyze its incidence, clinical characteristics and vaccination coverage in PLWH. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study between [...] Read more.
Introduction: The incidence of pneumococcal disease (PD) in people living with HIV (PLWH) is higher than in the general population; therefore, this study aimed to analyze its incidence, clinical characteristics and vaccination coverage in PLWH. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study between 2015 and 2024 in Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, involving HIV patients who presented with PD during the study period (any patient with a microbiologically confirmed result). A descriptive analysis of cases was carried out and compared with patients who did not present PD during the study period. Results: A total of 177 episodes of PD were identified in 148 individuals, with a cumulative incidence of 1.7% (95% CI: 1.4–2.0). The median age at PD diagnosis was 45.9 (36–53) years; 64% of patients were Spanish-born; 50% of patients were men who have sex with men (MSM); the HIV transmission mode was intravenous drug use in 28% of cases; the median CD4 nadir was 181 (58–324) cells/mm3; the median CD4 prior to PD was 429 (240–663) cells/mm3; and the median peak HIV viral load (VL) was 176,839 (20,900–502,000) copies/mL. Intravenous drug use (OR 3.43; 95% CI 2.19–5.36; p < 0.001), peak HIV VL (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02–1.21; p = 0.011), and CD4 nadir (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87–0.98; p = 0.005) were independently associated with PD, and fifty-one percent of patients had not received any vaccination prior to their PD episode. Conclusion: PD incidence was high in our study and associated with poor immunological status. Research on new strategies to improve vaccination coverage and immunogenicity in PLWH is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)
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17 pages, 1008 KB  
Article
Impact of COVID-19 on Mucosal Immunity and Antibody Responses in COVID Vaccinees
by Priya Kannian, Muruganantham Lillimary Eniya, Pasuvaraj Mahanathi, Arul Gracemary, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy and Stephen J. Challacombe
Vaccines 2025, 13(9), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13090967 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1535
Abstract
Background and Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates at mucosal surfaces, and mucosal immunity may influence the nature and severity of infection. Little is known about the induction of mucosal immunity by vaccination in COVID-19 convalescents. Methods: Sera from 205 healthcare workers were [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates at mucosal surfaces, and mucosal immunity may influence the nature and severity of infection. Little is known about the induction of mucosal immunity by vaccination in COVID-19 convalescents. Methods: Sera from 205 healthcare workers were collected one month after the first Covishield vaccination and 1/3/6 months after the second vaccination, while paired sera and stimulated whole-mouth fluid (SWMF) was collected 1/3/6 months after the third vaccination (N = 10) and at 0/30/90 days after a COVID-19 episode (N = 8). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody detection by ECLIA/ELISA and cytokine detection by ELISA/CBA were performed. Results: One month post-second vaccination, serum antibodies had increased significantly (6-fold) in the COVID-19-naïve group (CNG) but declined (1.5-fold) in the previously COVID-19-exposed group (CEG), who already had high antibody titres. The serum regulatory cytokine IL-10 levels were higher after three antigen exposures (p = 0.0002). New infections (breakthrough infections—BTIs) or reinfections (RIs) with asymptomatic/mild disease occurred in 44% of the CNG and 27% of the CEG (p < 0.01). The mucosal cytokine IL-17 levels were significantly higher in the CEG. Salivary IgG/IgA and secretory IgA antibodies were detectable both after vaccination and COVID-19. Innate cytokines (MIG, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-1β) were higher and sustained in SWMF in contrast to serum. Conclusions: Two vaccinations in the CNG resulted in an antibody boost, but the second vaccination in the CEG induced antibody anergy. Serum/mucosal antibodies declined by six months after vaccination, but the rapid increase at subsequent exposures were indicative of a good T cell/B cell memory response to SARS-CoV-2. A higher percentage of BTI among the CNG than RI among the CEG may indicate better protection due to higher antibody responses in the latter group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)
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14 pages, 2109 KB  
Article
Safety and Immunogenicity of the Attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccine in Several Neotropical Primate Species
by Nayara Ferreira de Paula, André Duarte Vieira, Daniel Oliveira dos Santos, Lucas dos Reis de Souza, Carlyle Mendes Coelho, Herlandes Penha Tinoco, Paula Cristina Senra Lima, Rafael Otávio Cançado Motta, Valéria do Socorro Pereira, Marcelo Pires Nogueira de Carvalho, Camilla Bayma Fernandes, Adriana de Souza Azevedo, Matheus Soares Arruda, Thais Alkifeles Costa, Betania Paiva Drumond, Fabiola de Oliveira Paes Leme, Marcos da Silva Freire, Tatiane Alves da Paixão, Ayisa Rodrigues Oliveira and Renato Lima Santos
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050487 - 30 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1602
Abstract
Background/Objective: Yellow fever (YF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Neotropical primates are susceptible to infection, which is often presented as epizootic outbreaks. The aim was to evaluate and characterize the immune response [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Yellow fever (YF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Neotropical primates are susceptible to infection, which is often presented as epizootic outbreaks. The aim was to evaluate and characterize the immune response against YF in different species of neotropical primates from the Belo Horizonte Zoo. Methods: Vaccine 17DD was administered to 24 neotropical primates, with a single subcutaneous dose. Clinical exams, RNAemia, and detection of IgG and neutralizing antibodies against YFV were performed. In addition, an ethogram was performed to assess clinical changes and animal welfare. Results: At 4 days post-vaccination, RNAemia was detected in nine animals. There was seroconversion and persistence of immune response in Alouatta guariba clamitans, Sapajus xanthosternos, Saguinus imperator and Aotus infulatus. However, the vaccine was not immunogenic for Lagothrix cana. In Pithecia irrorata seroconversion did not persist long term, while the Ateles sp. had a transient immune response. No significant clinical manifestations were observed in any of the vaccinated animals. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a safe, immunogenic and persistent immune response induced by the attenuated 17DD vaccine strain in A. guariba clamitans, S. xanthosternos, S. imperator, and A. infulatus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)
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17 pages, 3795 KB  
Article
Cell-Free Screening, Production and Animal Testing of a STI-Related Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein Supported in Nanolipoproteins
by Mariam Mohagheghi, Abisola Abisoye-Ogunniyan, Angela C. Evans, Alexander E. Peterson, Gregory A. Bude, Steven Hoang-Phou, Byron Dillon Vannest, Dominique Hall, Amy Rasley, Dina R. Weilhammer, Nicholas O. Fischer, Wei He, Beverly V. Robinson, Sukumar Pal, Anatoli Slepenkin, Luis de la Maza and Matthew A. Coleman
Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111246 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1884
Abstract
Background: Vaccine development against Chlamydia, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI), is imperative due to its global public health impact. However, significant challenges arise in the production of effective subunit vaccines based on recombinant protein antigens, particularly with membrane proteins like the Major [...] Read more.
Background: Vaccine development against Chlamydia, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI), is imperative due to its global public health impact. However, significant challenges arise in the production of effective subunit vaccines based on recombinant protein antigens, particularly with membrane proteins like the Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP). Methods: Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) technology is an attractive approach to address these challenges as a method of high-throughput membrane protein and protein complex production coupled with nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs). NLPs provide a supporting scaffold while allowing easy adjuvant addition during formulation. Over the last decade, we have been working toward the production and characterization of MOMP-NLP complexes for vaccine testing. Results: The work presented here highlights the expression and biophysical analyses, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), which confirm the formation and functionality of MOMP-NLP complexes for use in animal studies. Moreover, immunization studies in preclinical models compare the past and present protective efficacy of MOMP-NLP formulations, particularly when co-adjuvanted with CpG and FSL1. Conclusion: Ex vivo assessments further highlight the immunomodulatory effects of MOMP-NLP vaccinations, emphasizing their potential to elicit robust immune responses. However, further research is warranted to optimize vaccine formulations further, validate efficacy against Chlamydia trachomatis, and better understand the underlying mechanisms of immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)
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Review

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36 pages, 3120 KB  
Review
Viral Infections in Elderly Individuals: A Comprehensive Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Susceptibility, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Treatment Strategies
by Yanhao Huang, Shumin Li, Wenjie Ye, Haoyun Wang, Jun Su, Lijuan Gao, Ruohu Shi, Xinyi Mou, Sean Xiao Leng, Chanchan Xiao and Guobing Chen
Vaccines 2025, 13(4), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040431 - 21 Apr 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4382
Abstract
As age increases, the immune function of elderly individuals gradually decreases, increasing their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Therefore, further research on common viral infections in the elderly population, especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses, is crucial for scientific [...] Read more.
As age increases, the immune function of elderly individuals gradually decreases, increasing their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Therefore, further research on common viral infections in the elderly population, especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses, is crucial for scientific progress. This review delves into the genetic structure, infection mechanisms, and impact of coinfections with these two viruses and provides a detailed analysis of the reasons for the increased susceptibility of elderly individuals to dual viral infections. We evaluated the clinical manifestations in elderly individuals following coinfections, including complications in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Ultimately, we have summarized the current strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza coinfections in older adults. Through these studies, we aim to reduce the risk of dual infections in elderly individuals and provide a scientific basis for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of age-related viral diseases, thereby improving their health status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One-Health Perspective on Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)
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