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A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 October 2024 | Viewed by 5644

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Huixing Lin

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Guest Editor

College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Interests: preventive veterinary medicine; public health

Dr. Chunfu Zheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Interests: antiviral innate immunity; viral immune evasion mechanism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses may affect different systems of porcine, e.g., the gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, reproductive system, central nervous system, and heart, resulting in various porcine diseases. The virus causes serious losses to swine production every year, such as the African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine respiratory and reproductive dysfunction syndrome virus (PRRSV). It is an important measure for disease prevention to study the pathogenic mechanism of viruses and develop targeted vaccines. New immune adjuvants and optimization of administration routes may affect the immune effect of porcine vaccines. This Special Issue will gather the latest advances in porcine viruses and their vaccines.

Potential topics for this Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

Discovery and virulence identification of a new porcine virus;
Immunosuppressive or pathogenic mechanism of a porcine virus;
Development of a new porcine virus vaccine;
Immunological assessment of a porcine vaccine;
Immune adjuvants for a porcine vaccine;
Optimization of administration route and/or formula in a porcine vaccine.

Dr. Huixing Lin
Dr. Chunfu Zheng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

porcine
virus
vaccine
diarrhea
dyspnea
reproductive failure
adjuvant
attenuated vaccine
live vector vaccine
peptide vaccine

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 5985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Bivalent DNA Vaccines Expressing Fusion Capsid Proteins of Porcine Circovirus Genotypes 2a and 2b

by Sochanwattey Meas, Khuanjit Chaimongkolnukul, Jaraspim Narkpuk, Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng, Kanokwan Poomputsa, Nanchaya Wanasen and Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm

Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030324 - 18 Mar 2024

Viewed by 929

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) that profoundly impacts the swine industry worldwide. While most of the commercial PCV vaccines are developed based on PCV genotype 2a (PCV2a), PCV genotype 2b (PCV2b) has become predominant since 2003. In this study, we developed and evaluated DNA-based bivalent vaccines covering both PCV2a and PCV2b. We generated a new immunogen, PCV2b-2a, by combining consensus sequences of the PCV2a and PCV2b capsid proteins (Cap2a and Cap2b) in a form of fusion protein. We also examined whether modifications of the PCV2b-2a fusion protein with a signal sequence (SS) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fusing with interleukine-4 (IL-4) (GI) could further improve the vaccine immunogenicity. An immunogenicity study of BALB/cAJcl mice revealed that the DNA vector pVAX1 co-expressing PCV2b-2a and GI (pVAX1.PCV2b-2a-GI) was most potent at inducing both antibody and cellular immune responses against Cap2a and Cap2b. Interestingly, the vaccines skewed the immune response towards Th1 phenotype (IgG2a > IgG1). By performing ELISA and ELISpot with predicted epitope peptides, the three most immunogenic B cell epitopes and five putative T cell epitopes were identified on Cap2a and Cap2b. Importantly, our DNA vaccines elicited broad immune responses recognizing both genotype-specific and PCV2-conserved epitopes. Sera from mice immunized with the DNAs expressing PCV2b-2a and PCV2b-2a-GI significantly inhibited PCV2a cell entry at serum dilution 1:8. All these results suggest a great potential of our PCV2b-2a-based vaccines, which can be further developed for use in other vaccine platforms to achieve both vaccine efficacy and economical production cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)

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23 pages, 2991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PRRSV-Vaccinated, Seronegative Sows and Maternally Derived Antibodies (II): Impact on PRRSV-1 Vaccine Effectiveness and Challenge Outcomes in Piglets

by Jorian Fiers, Dominiek Maes, Ann-Brigitte Cay, Frank Vandenbussche, Laurent Mostin, Anna Parys and Marylène Tignon

Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030257 - 1 Mar 2024

Viewed by 902

Abstract

Vaccination against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is widely practiced in both sows and piglets. However, it has been shown that multivaccinated sows sometimes lack a detectable antibody response, testing seronegative in ELISA (non-responders). Moreover, PRRSV-vaccinated piglets can remain seronegative as well, which is mainly attributed to the interference of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). The current study investigated the impact of the sow’s immune status on the PRRSV vaccine effectiveness in the progeny. The experimental trial included forty-eight piglets (n = 48) originating from a commercial Belgian breeding herd, with twenty-four piglets born from PRRSV vaccinated responder sows (E+ piglets) and twenty-four piglets born from PRRSV vaccinated non-responder sows (E− piglets). Eight piglets in each group were either non-vaccinated (NoVac piglets; n = 8), intramuscularly vaccinated (IM piglets; n = 8), or intradermally vaccinated (ID piglets; n = 8), with the same PRRSV-1 vaccine as used in the sow population. Vaccination was performed at weaning at three weeks of age, and all study piglets were challenged with a high dose of the PRRSV-1 07V063 strain at 6 weeks of age. A clear interference of MDAs was observed in the E+ piglets: 66.7% of the vaccinated E+ piglets lacked an antibody response at 3 weeks post-vaccination (non-responders). Consequently, post-challenge, only the responding E+ piglets had a significantly reduced serum viremia compared to the E+ NoVac piglets. The observed viremia in the non-responding E+ piglets was similar to the viremia of the E+ NoVac piglets. In the vaccinated E− piglets, a lack of antibody response at 3 weeks post-vaccination was observed in 18.8% of the piglets. Interestingly, despite the lack of a vaccine antibody response, the non-responding E− piglets had a significantly reduced serum viremia compared to the NoVac E− piglets. In contrast, the viremia of the responding E− piglets was only numerically reduced compared to the NoVac E− piglets. Finally, some clear differences were observed in both the kinetics of infection and the immune responses post-challenge between the E+ and E− piglets. The results of this study confirm the consequences of the MDA interference on the induced partial protection of PRRSV vaccination in experimentally challenged piglets. More research is warranted to understand the immunological mechanisms behind MDA interference in PRRSV vaccination and to explain the observed differences between E+ and E− piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)

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16 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Formulation of Recombinant Porcine IL-18 Enhances the Onset of Immune Response in a New Lawsonia intracellularis Vaccine

by Angela Hidalgo-Gajardo, Nicolás Gutiérrez, Emilio Lamazares, Felipe Espinoza, Fernanda Escobar-Riquelme, María J. Leiva, Carla Villavicencio, Karel Mena-Ulecia, Raquel Montesino, Claudia Altamirano, Oliberto Sánchez, Coralia I. Rivas, Álvaro Ruíz and Jorge R. Toledo

Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121788 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1011

Abstract

Pig is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. One of the main conditions for pig production is Porcine Enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Among the effects of this disease is chronic mild diarrhea, which affects the weight gain of pigs, generating economic losses. Vaccines available to prevent this condition do not have the desired effect, but this limitation can be overcome using adjuvants. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 18 (IL-18), can improve an immune response, reducing the immune window of protection. In this study, recombinant porcine IL-18 was produced and expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. The protein’s biological activity was assessed in vitro and in vivo, and we determined that the P. pastoris protein had better immunostimulatory activity. A vaccine candidate against L. intracellularis, formulated with and without IL-18, was used to determine the pigs’ cellular and humoral immune responses. Animals injected with the candidate vaccine co-formulated with IL-18 showed a significant increase of Th1 immune response markers and an earlier increase of antibodies than those vaccinated without the cytokine. This suggests that IL-18 acts as an immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant to boost the immune response against the antigens, reducing the therapeutic window of recombinant protein-based vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)

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16 pages, 5516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PRRSV-Vaccinated, Seronegative Sows and Maternally Derived Antibodies (I): Impact on PRRSV-1 Challenge Outcomes in Piglets

by Jorian Fiers, Dominiek Maes, Ann-Brigitte Cay, Laurent Mostin, Anna Parys and Marylène Tignon

Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121745 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1168

Abstract

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) remains an infectious agent with high importance in the swine industry. In this study, the influence of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) on an experimental PRRSV-1 challenge is investigated. Piglets included in the study (n = 36) originated from a Belgian farrow-to-finish herd in which the sow population was routinely vaccinated with a modified live vaccine against PRRSV. Eighteen piglets were born from three PRRSV-seropositive sows (responders to vaccination) and had a clear presence of PRRSV-specific MDAs (E+ piglets). The other eighteen piglets were born from three PRRSV-seronegative sows (non-responders to vaccination) and did not have PRRSV-specific MDAs (E− piglets). In each group, twelve piglets were intranasally challenged with a high dose of the heterologous PRRSV-1 07V063 strain, the remaining piglets were mock-challenged (PBS) and served as controls. During the first days after infection, higher serum viremia and nasal shedding were observed in the challenged E− piglets compared to the challenged E+ piglets. However, at 10 days post-infection, the peak serum viremia was significantly higher in the E+ piglets in comparison to the E− piglets and serum viremia remained slightly higher in this group until the end of the study. Additionally, the two challenged groups had a different immune response to the PRRSV infection. The E− challenged piglets showed an earlier and more intense seroconversion, leading to significantly higher antibody titers at 10 dpi compared to the E+ challenged piglets. Furthermore, a trend towards both higher induction of serum IFN-γ and higher induction of IFN-γ secreting cells was observed in the E− challenged piglets. In contrast, a significantly higher induction of serum TNF-α at 7 dpi was seen in the E+ challenged piglets compared to the E− challenged piglets. The results gathered in this study suggest that PRRSV-specific MDAs induce partial protection during the early stages of infection but are not sufficient to protect against a high challenge dose. The presence of piglets lacking PRRSV-specific MDAs might pose a risk for PRRSV infection and enhanced transmission in pig farms in young piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)

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15 pages, 2332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety and Immunogenicity of Chimeric Pestivirus KD26_E2LOM in Piglets and Calves

by Gyu-Nam Park, Jihye Shin, SeEun Choe, Ki-Sun Kim, Jae-Jo Kim, Seong-In Lim, Byung-Hyun An, Bang-Hun Hyun and Dong-Jun An

Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101622 - 21 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1106

Abstract

A chimeric pestivirus (KD26_E2LOM) was prepared by inserting the E2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) LOM strain into the backbone of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) KD26 strain. KD26_E2LOM was obtained by transfecting the cDNA pACKD26_E2LOM into PK-15 cells. KD26_E2LOM chimeric pestivirus proliferated to titers of 10^6.5 TCID₅₀/mL and 10^8.0 TCID₅₀/mL at 96 h post-inoculation into PK-15 cells or MDBK cells, respectively. It also reacted with antibodies specific for CSFV E2 and BVDV E^rns, but not with an anti-BVDV E2 antibody. Piglets (55–60 days old) inoculated with a high dose (10^7.0 TCID₅₀/mL) of KD26_E2LOM produced high levels of CSFV E2 antibodies. In addition, no co-habiting pigs were infected with KD26_E2LOM; however, some inoculated pigs excreted the virus, and the virus was detected in some organs. When pregnant sows were inoculated during the first trimester (55–60 days) with a high dose (10^7.0 TCID₅₀/mL) of KD26_E2LOM, anti-CSFV E2 antibodies were produced at high levels; chimeric pestivirus was detected in one fetus and in the ileum of one sow. When 5-day-old calves that did not consume colostrum received a high dose (10^7.0 TCID₅₀/mL) of KD26_E2LOM, one calf secreted the virus in both feces and nasal fluid on Day 2. A high dose of KD26_E2LOM does not induce specific clinical signs in most animals, does not spread from animal to animal, and generates CSFV E2 antibodies with DVIA functions. Therefore, chimeric pestivirus KD26_E2LOM is a potential CSFV live marker vaccine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Virus and Vaccines)

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