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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity: Mechanisms of Induction and Idiotypic Network Interactions
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Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity: Mechanisms of Induction and Idiotypic Network Interactions

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 1685

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jefferson Russo Victor

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Interests: IgG-mediated humoral responses and their impact on human pathophysiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to gather original research and comprehensive reviews that deepen our understanding of vaccine-induced humoral immunity across all antibody isotypes. We invite contributions exploring the mechanisms that drive effective antibody responses elicited by both conventional and next-generation vaccine platforms.

We place particular emphasis on studies examining idiotypic and anti-idiotypic interactions shaped by vaccination, as well as their potential roles in immune regulation, vaccine efficacy, and safety. Submissions based on in vitro experiments, animal models, human studies, and systematic reviews are welcome. Please note that case reports will not be considered.

We especially encourage innovative, cross-disciplinary approaches that offer novel perspectives or challenge existing paradigms, with the goal of fostering a dynamic and forward-looking discussion on the complexity of vaccine-induced humoral immunity. 

I look forward to your valuable contributions.

Dr. Jefferson Russo Victor
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccines
  • immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  • idiotypic network
  • humoral immunity
  • adaptive immune response

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 1292 KB  
Article
Polymorphism in IFNλ Can Impact the Immune/Inflammatory Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Older CMV-Seropositive Adults
by Ariane Nardy, Fernanda Rodrigues Monteiro, Brenda Rodrigues Silva, Jônatas Bussador do Amaral, Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira, Érika Donizetti de Oliveira Cândido, Edison Luiz Durigon, Andressa Simões Aguiar, Guilherme Pereira Scagion, Vanessa Nascimento Chalup, Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado, Marina Tiemi Shio, Carolina Nunes França, Luiz Henrique da Silva Nali and André Luis Lacerda Bachi
Vaccines 2025, 13(8), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080785 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 673
Abstract
Background: Chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may favor the development of immunosenescence and inflammation that impair vaccine responses, including COVID-19. In addition, the polymorphism of the interferon-lambda gene (IFNλ) affects COVID-19 immune responses in older adults. Objective: We aimed to investigate the impact of [...] Read more.
Background: Chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may favor the development of immunosenescence and inflammation that impair vaccine responses, including COVID-19. In addition, the polymorphism of the interferon-lambda gene (IFNλ) affects COVID-19 immune responses in older adults. Objective: We aimed to investigate the impact of IFNλ polymorphism (IL28B gene-rs12979860) on the immune/inflammatory response to vaccination with CoronaVac for COVID-19 in older adults who were CMV-seropositive. Methods: Blood samples from 42 CMV-seropositive older adults (73.7 ± 4.5 years) were collected before and 30 days after immunization with a second dose of the CoronaVac vaccine to evaluate the immune/inflammatory response. Results: At genotyping, 20 subjects were homozygous for the C/C alleles (Allele-1 group), 5 were homozygous for the T/T Alleles (Allele-2 group), and 17 were heterozygous (C/T, Alleles-1/2 group). The Allele-1 group showed higher IgG levels for COVID-19 (p = 0.0269) and intermediate monocyte percentage (p = 0.017), in contrast to a lower non-classical monocyte percentage (p = 0.0141) post-vaccination than pre-vaccination. Also, this group showed that IgG levels for CMV were positively associated with a systemic pro-inflammatory state and senescent T cells (CD4+ and CD8+). The Allele-2 group presented higher IFN-β levels at pre- (p = 0.0248) and post-vaccination (p = 0.0206) than the values in the Allele-1 and Alleles-1/2 groups, respectively. In addition, the Allele-2 and Alleles-1/2 groups showed that IgG levels for COVID-19 were positively associated with a balanced systemic inflammatory state. Conclusion: CMV-seropositivity in older adults who had Allele-1 could lead to an unbalanced systemic inflammatory state, which may impair their antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination compared to other volunteer groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity: Mechanisms of Induction and Idiotypic Network Interactions)
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17 pages, 5747 KB  
Article
Proteomic Profiling of Human Peripheral Blood Cell Targets of IgG Induced by SARS-CoV-2: Insights into Vaccine Safety
by Nicolle Rakanidis Machado, Lais Alves do Nascimento, Beatriz Oliveira Fagundes, João Vitor da Silva Borges, Fabio da Ressureição Sgnotto, Isabella Siuffi Bergamasco, Juliana Ruiz Fernandes, Thalyta Nery Carvalho Pinto, Anna Julia Pietrobon, Gil Benard, Maria Notomi Sato and Jefferson Russo Victor
Vaccines 2025, 13(7), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070694 - 27 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 708
Abstract
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 has been associated with a wide range of immune responses, including the production of autoantibodies, particularly in severe cases. This study investigates the IgG autoantibody responses in patients with varying severities of COVID-19 infection and compares these responses with vaccinated individuals. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 has been associated with a wide range of immune responses, including the production of autoantibodies, particularly in severe cases. This study investigates the IgG autoantibody responses in patients with varying severities of COVID-19 infection and compares these responses with vaccinated individuals. Methods: We utilized proteomic profiling to analyze autoantibody reactivity against a broad spectrum of proteins expressed in lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets in serum samples from severe and moderate COVID-19 patients, as well as vaccinated individuals who received the inactivated CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccine. Results: Our findings indicate a marked increase in the diversity and number of IgG autoantibodies targeting intracellular and membrane-associated proteins in severe COVID-19 cases, compared to those with moderate cases of the disease. The autoantibody response in severe cases was found to primarily target proteins involved in immune cell activation, signaling, and differentiation, suggesting potential pathways of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity. In contrast, vaccinated individuals did not exhibit similar autoantibody reactivity, pointing to a more controlled immune response post-vaccination. Notably, no significant autoimmune responses were detected in the vaccinated cohort, suggesting that the inactivated vaccine does not induce autoreactive IgG. These findings align with the established safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines, especially in comparison to the heightened immune dysregulation observed in severe COVID-19 patients. The absence of a significant autoantibody response in vaccinated individuals supports the notion that vaccines, while inducing robust immune activation, do not typically trigger autoimmunity in healthy individuals. Conclusions: Our study underscores the importance of distinguishing between the immune responses triggered by infection and vaccination and highlights the need for the continued monitoring of autoimmune responses in severe COVID-19 cases. Future research should focus on the long-term persistence and clinical relevance of these autoantibodies, particularly in individuals with pre-existing autoimmune conditions or genetic predispositions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity: Mechanisms of Induction and Idiotypic Network Interactions)
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