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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccination Against Major Respiratory Pathogens in Livestock Farming
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Vaccination Against Major Respiratory Pathogens in Livestock Farming

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2026 | Viewed by 1564

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Enrico Brugnera

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department for Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Interests: transcription; immunology; porcine circovirus; vaccine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Respiratory pathogens are a serious problem for the livestock industry, causing economic losses. Vaccinations for sows and piglets can help control some respiratory disorders, but they do not work well against viral pathogens like porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRSSV), porcine circoviruses, and some bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus suis. Several factors can affect vaccine efficacy, including pathogen diversity, antigen matching between vaccine and field strains, diversity of maternal antibodies, and timing and route of vaccination. This Special Issue aims to review recent progress in analyzing the effectiveness of current and new vaccines against respiratory infections in animals caused by viral and bacterial pathogens. We welcome original articles, review articles, and research reports for this Special Issue. Research areas may include recent developments in vaccine generation against respiratory diseases, vaccination trials in controlled and natural conditions, immune responses to vaccines, coverage and safety issues, and vaccination strategies. We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Enrico Brugnera
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • respiratory tract infections
  • innate and adaptive immune responses
  • vaccines
  • safety issues
  • risks and benefits studies

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2146 KiB  
Article
Development of an Effective Single-Dose PCV2/CSFV Bivalent Subunit Vaccine Against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2
by Yu-Chieh Chen, Wen-Bin Chung, Hso-Chi Chaung, Yen-Li Huang, Chi-Chih Chen and Guan-Ming Ke
Vaccines 2025, 13(7), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070736 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) impairs pigs’ immune systems and increases susceptibility to co-infections, including Classical Swine Fever (CSF), a highly contagious disease listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) as notifiable. Therefore, swine operations in CSF-endemic regions are [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) impairs pigs’ immune systems and increases susceptibility to co-infections, including Classical Swine Fever (CSF), a highly contagious disease listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) as notifiable. Therefore, swine operations in CSF-endemic regions are encouraged to immunize piglets with both PCV2 and CSFV vaccinations. Currently, there is no commercially available bivalent vaccine for PCV2/CSFV. Methods: In this study, a total of twenty 4-week-old SPF pigs were administered our formulated PCV2/CSFV bivalent subunit vaccine, containing soluble CSFV-E2 (50 µg) and PCV2-ORF2 (100 µg) antigens with a porcine-specific CpG adjuvant. After 4 weeks of vaccination, all pigs were evaluated for efficacy against PCV2 and CSFV. Results: Pigs were only immunized once and showed significantly increased neutralizing or ELISA antibody titers against both viruses four weeks post-vaccination. After viral challenges, vaccinated pigs displayed no clinical signs or lesions and had markedly reduced CSFV and PCV2 viral loads in the serum and tissues compared to controls. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that a single dose of the PCV2/CSFV bivalent subunit vaccine is safe and effective in young pigs, induces strong antibody responses, and suppresses viral replication, making it a promising tool for swine disease control and cost-effective vaccination strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination Against Major Respiratory Pathogens in Livestock Farming)
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13 pages, 1552 KiB  
Article
Intranasal Administration of Cold-Adapted Live-Attenuated Eurasian Avian-like H1N1 Vaccine Candidate Confers Protection Against Different-Lineage H1N1 Viruses in Mice
by Qiu Zhong, Zuchen Song, Fei Meng, Yanwen Wang, Yijie Zhang, Zijian Feng, Yali Zhang, Yujia Zhai, Yan Chen, Chuanling Qiao, Hualan Chen and Huanliang Yang
Vaccines 2025, 13(6), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13060596 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 677
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 swine influenza viruses, with their persistent evolution and zoonotic potential, seriously threaten both swine and human health. The objective was to develop an effective vaccine against these viruses. Methods: A cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidate, GX18 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 swine influenza viruses, with their persistent evolution and zoonotic potential, seriously threaten both swine and human health. The objective was to develop an effective vaccine against these viruses. Methods: A cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidate, GX18ca, was developed. It was derived from the wild-type EA H1N1 strain A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 (GX18) through serial passaging in embryonated eggs at temperatures decreasing from 33 °C to 25 °C. Its characteristics were studied in mice, including attenuation, immune responses (mucosal IgA, serum IgG, IFN-γ+ CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses), and protective efficacy against homologous (GX18), heterologous EA H1N1 (LN972), and human 2009/H1N1 (SC1) viruses. Results: GX18ca showed cold-adapted and temperature-sensitive phenotypes. In mice, it was attenuated, with viral titers in the nasal turbinates and lungs reduced 1000–10,000-fold compared to the wild-type strain, and it cleared by day 5 post infection. Intranasal immunization elicited strong cross-reactive immune responses. Mucosal IgA had broad reactivity, and serum IgG titers reached high levels. IFN-γ+ CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses were detected against all the tested viruses. A single dose of GX18ca fully protected against GX18 and LN972 challenges, and two doses significantly reduced SC1 lung viral loads, preventing mortality and weight loss. Conclusions: GX18ca is a promising LAIV candidate. It can induce broad immunity, addressing the cross-protection gaps against evolving EA H1N1 SIVs and zoonotic H1N1 variants, which is crucial for swine influenza control and pandemic preparedness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination Against Major Respiratory Pathogens in Livestock Farming)
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