Rabies—Global Challenges, Societal Perspectives, and Case Studies

A special issue of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ISSN 2414-6366). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 3787

Special Issue Editor

Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
Interests: global health; infectious diseases epidemiology; environmental health; rabies elimination; health education
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Rabies remains one of the deadliest zoonotic diseases globally, with an almost 100% case fatality rate once symptoms appear. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, rabies continues to claim tens of thousands of lives each year, particularly in low-resource settings. To date, rabies research has yielded significant findings in areas such as diagnostics, treatment, virology, and vaccine strategies through numerous studies. However, relatively few research collections have focused on topics such as international efforts and policies for rabies elimination, socioeconomic aspects, or case studies from each country and region. Such information is valuable not only to academic researchers but also to a wide range of stakeholders, including frontline rabies healthcare providers involved in prevention and treatment, policymakers responsible for public health and rabies elimination strategy, and donors and NGO personnel supporting countries with limited resources. The dissemination of this knowledge can thus have a substantial societal impact. Therefore, we welcome the submission of original research articles, reviews, and case reports from the following three areas:

  1. Global Overview and Public Health Challenges: Submissions should explore the current epidemiology of rabies worldwide, including barriers to elimination and the effectiveness of global health strategies, such as those promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies, as well as policy analyses.
  2. Societal, Ethical, and Educational Dimensions: Rabies prevention and control efforts are deeply embedded in social, economic, and ethical contexts; therefore, papers that examine public awareness, health education, community engagement, and the ethical dilemmas associated with animal control measures are desirable. Studies on misinformation, stigma, and cultural perceptions are also highly relevant.
  3. Field-Based and Regional Case Studies: Detailed case studies from the field—whether urban or rural, or endemic or newly affected areas—are highly beneficial. Reports on outbreaks, successful intervention programs, and community-driven prevention strategies are particularly encouraged. These contributions will help bridge the gap between theory and practice.

Through this collection, we aim to shed light on the multifaceted nature of rabies and promote interdisciplinary dialog toward its global elimination.

Dr. Koji Kanda
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • epidemiology
  • policy analyses
  • surveillance
  • public awareness
  • health education
  • community engagement
  • ethical dilemmas

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 533 KB  
Article
Community Knowledge, Risk Perception and Health-Seeking Behaviour Toward Rabies in Ghana: One Health Implications
by Prince Kyere Dwaah, Nana Yaa Awua-Boateng, Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Ernest Osei, David Kando, Rogermilla Enam Dunu, Daniel Nartey, Helen Djang-Fordjour and Patience Edze
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2026, 11(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed11030063 - 26 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Rabies remains a zoonotic public health problem in Ghana despite the availability of effective preventive measures, including mass dog vaccination and timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). We conducted a community-based cross-sectional mixed-methods study between June and December 2025 to assess rabies-related knowledge, risk perception, [...] Read more.
Rabies remains a zoonotic public health problem in Ghana despite the availability of effective preventive measures, including mass dog vaccination and timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). We conducted a community-based cross-sectional mixed-methods study between June and December 2025 to assess rabies-related knowledge, risk perception, health-seeking behaviour following dog bites, and dog vaccination practices within a One Health framework. Structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 450 adults from selected urban and rural communities in the Greater Accra, Ashanti, and Bono East regions, supplemented by focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression. Overall, 68% of respondents had heard of rabies; however, detailed knowledge of transmission and prevention was limited, with 189 (42.0%) correctly identifying dogs as the main source of transmission. Following suspected exposure, 162 (36.0%) reported using home remedies or traditional treatments. Dog vaccination coverage was 31.1%, below the level required to interrupt transmission. Educational level, place of residence, and prior dog-bite exposure were significantly associated with rabies knowledge, health-seeking behaviour, and vaccination practices (p < 0.05). This study provides updated evidence on community rabies knowledge, risk perception, and preventive practices, highlighting behavioural and structural gaps that may hinder effective control in Ghana. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies—Global Challenges, Societal Perspectives, and Case Studies)
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17 pages, 718 KB  
Article
A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Rabies in Saudi Arabia
by Ebtisam Bakhsh, Rasha Doumi, Najd Alqahtani, Shahad Althubiti, Jana Hagr, Abeer Alnujide, Shouq Alobaid, Jana Allaboon, Shatha Alotaibi, Duaa Aljuhaymi, Maha Alotaibi and Abdullah Assiri
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2026, 11(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed11020055 - 17 Feb 2026
Viewed by 810
Abstract
Rabies remains a fatal yet preventable zoonotic disease, and understanding population-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is essential to guide national elimination strategies. This nationwide cross-sectional study assessed rabies-related KAP among 2116 residents across all major regions of Saudi Arabia. An online validated [...] Read more.
Rabies remains a fatal yet preventable zoonotic disease, and understanding population-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is essential to guide national elimination strategies. This nationwide cross-sectional study assessed rabies-related KAP among 2116 residents across all major regions of Saudi Arabia. An online validated questionnaire measured sociodemographic characteristics and KAP indicators. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including logistic regression, were used to identify predictors of good KAP outcomes. Overall, more than half of participants demonstrated poor knowledge (54.9%), particularly regarding rabies etiology, transmission, and essential post-exposure wound care, while attitudes toward prevention were overwhelmingly positive (92%). Despite this, several unsafe practices persisted, including interaction with stray animals and use of traditional remedies. Good knowledge was significantly associated with higher income, pet ownership, and residency in the Central region, whereas younger age and Northern residency predicted poorer practices. Mediation analysis suggested that knowledge may partly explain (mediate) the association between sociodemographic characteristics and reported preventive practices; however, causal inference is limited by the cross-sectional design. These findings demonstrate substantial knowledge and behavioral gaps despite favorable attitudes and highlight the need for culturally tailored educational interventions, improved access to post-exposure prophylaxis, and strengthened One Health strategies to support rabies elimination in Saudi Arabia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies—Global Challenges, Societal Perspectives, and Case Studies)
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12 pages, 809 KB  
Article
Public Awareness of Rabies and Post-Bite Practices in Makkah Region of Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study
by Nahla H. Hariri, Khalid S. Alrougi, Abdullah A. Almogbil, Mona H. Kassar, Reman G. Alharbi, Abdullah O. Krenshi, Jory M. Altayyar, Abdullah S. Alibrahim, Maher N. Alandiyjany, Fozya B. Bashal, Nizar S. Bawahab, Saleh A. K. Saleh and Heba M. Adly
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120337 - 29 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1889
Abstract
Background: Rabies is a fatal yet preventable zoonosis. In Saudi Arabia, uneven surveillance and limited public awareness may delay post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In Makkah, where residents regularly encounter free-roaming dogs, knowledge gaps could elevate exposure risks. Objectives: This study aims to assess public [...] Read more.
Background: Rabies is a fatal yet preventable zoonosis. In Saudi Arabia, uneven surveillance and limited public awareness may delay post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In Makkah, where residents regularly encounter free-roaming dogs, knowledge gaps could elevate exposure risks. Objectives: This study aims to assess public knowledge, attitudes, and post-bite practices regarding rabies, including wound washing and access to PEP among adult residents of the Makkah Region, and to examine associations with pet dog ownership. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Makkah Region (March–June 2025). An online validated bilingual questionnaire targeted residents ≥ 18 years via social media. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, 95% confidence intervals, and binomial logistic regression were applied in IBM SPSS v26; p < 0.05 was significant. Results: Of 523 respondents, 91.8% lived in Makkah city, 52.8% were female, and the age distribution was 18–24 years (44.2%), 25–34 years (35.6%), 35–44 years (12.0%), and ≥45 years (8.2%). Pet dog ownership was rare (1.9%), yet 39.4% reported stray dogs in their communities. Overall, 60.6% knew what rabies is and 63.7% knew it is vaccine-preventable, but 52.2% wrongly believed that transmission occurs only via dog bites. Hospitals (79.7%) and health centers (79.2%) were the most cited vaccination sites; social media was the dominant information source (74.6%). No significant association was found between pet ownership and rabies awareness (all p > 0.05). In multivariable regression (n = 509), adequate rabies knowledge increased the odds of an appropriate intended response (AOR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.27–2.68). Participants aged 30–40 years and those >50 years had significantly lower odds (AOR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24–0.85 and AOR 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09–0.56, respectively). Conclusions: Despite moderate awareness, critical misconceptions and inconsistent first aid intentions persist. Priority actions include clear, locally adapted education on immediate wound washing and prompt PEP, standardized bite management pathways across facilities, reliable access to vaccines and immunoglobulin, and targeted social media micro-campaigns. By identifying public misconceptions, knowledge gaps, and preferred communication channels, this study provides baseline evidence to guide community awareness programs, intersectoral collaboration, and One Health-based surveillance essential for Saudi Arabia’s progress toward the global “Zero rabies by 2030” goal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies—Global Challenges, Societal Perspectives, and Case Studies)
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