Mycotoxin Co-Contamination:Cooccurrence, Interaction, Toxicological Mechanisms and, Risk Assessment in Agri-Products, Food and Feed

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2026) | Viewed by 2104

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Interests: co-occurrence of muti-contaminants; toxic interaction; molecular mechanisms of toxicity

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Interests: contamination and occurrence; metabolism and biotransformation; molecular toxicology and health mechanisms
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins are among the most concerning contaminants in agricultural products, food, and feed. These toxic secondary metabolites, produced by various toxigenic fungi, frequently co-occur with other chemical and biological contaminants, such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, and microbial pathogens, during production and storage. Such complex contamination scenarios not only reduce crop quality and yield but also pose serious risks to human and animal health.

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the co-contamination of mycotoxins with other pollutants, particularly regarding their potential interactions and combined toxicological effects. While the toxicity of individual mycotoxins has been extensively studied, far less is known about the synergistic or antagonistic effects arising from their co-existence with other contaminants. Gaining deeper insights into these interactions is essential for accurate health risk assessment and the development of effective mitigation strategies.

This Special Issue addresses the co-occurrence of mycotoxins with other contaminants in agri-food systems, with a particular focus on their interactions, toxicological mechanisms, and combined health risks. We invite original research articles and reviews that examine, among other topics, co-contamination patterns, toxicokinetics, molecular mechanisms of combined toxicity, and integrated risk assessment models.

Dr. Junhua Yang
Dr. Zhiqi Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • co-contanmination
  • toxicology
  • safety assessment
  • prevention and control

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3909 KB  
Article
Analysis of the Combined Toxic Effects of AFB1, DON, and OTA Complex Contamination in Caco-2, HK-2, SK-N-SH and HepG2 Cells
by Hanke Zhao, Xiaohu Zhai, Weihua He, Zheng Jing, Dengyan Wang and Junhua Yang
Toxins 2026, 18(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18010041 - 12 Jan 2026
Viewed by 713
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A (OTA) are common mycotoxins that frequently co-occur in cereals and pose potential risks to animal and human health. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of AFB1, DON, and OTA, individually and in binary and ternary [...] Read more.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A (OTA) are common mycotoxins that frequently co-occur in cereals and pose potential risks to animal and human health. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of AFB1, DON, and OTA, individually and in binary and ternary combinations, in four human-derived cell lines representing major target organs (Caco-2, HepG2, HK-2, and SK-N-SH). Individual toxin exposure revealed cell type–dependent sensitivity, with DON generally exhibiting the strongest cytostatic effect. Combined exposure analysis showed distinct interaction patterns across cell models, including antagonistic effects of AFB1 + OTA in most cell lines, dose-dependent interactions of DON + OTA, and low-dose synergistic effects in specific combinations. Overall, the results demonstrate that mycotoxin interactions are highly dependent on dose and target cell type, and that low-dose co-contamination may enhance toxicological risks, underscoring the importance of considering combined mycotoxin exposure in health risk assessment. Full article
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17 pages, 6436 KB  
Article
Cytotoxic Effects Induced by Combined Exposure of the Patulin, Ochratoxin A, and Acetamiprid to HK-2 and SK-N-SH Cell Lines
by Zuoyin Zhu, Hanke Zhao, Xianli Yang, Dongxia Nie, Junhua Yang and Zheng Han
Toxins 2025, 17(11), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17110563 - 18 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1033
Abstract
Patulin (PAT), ochratoxin A (OTA), and acetamiprid (ACM) are common food contaminants that frequently co-occur in agricultural products, raising concerns over their cumulative health risks. This study is the first to systematically assess the combined cytotoxic effects of PAT, OTA, and ACM using [...] Read more.
Patulin (PAT), ochratoxin A (OTA), and acetamiprid (ACM) are common food contaminants that frequently co-occur in agricultural products, raising concerns over their cumulative health risks. This study is the first to systematically assess the combined cytotoxic effects of PAT, OTA, and ACM using combination index (CI) and dose reduction index (DRI) models in HK-2 and SK-N-SH cells. All three compounds exhibited dose-dependent toxicity, with potency ranked as PAT > OTA > ACM. In HK-2 cells, PAT+OTA and OTA+ACM showed primarily antagonistic interactions, with synergism observed at low doses. PAT+ACM displayed exposure time-dependent additive effects, while the ternary mixture was mostly antagonistic, with OTA being the dominant contributor. In SK-N-SH cells, most combinations were antagonistic; however, OTA+ACM showed dose-dependent shifts, and the triple mixture transitioned from antagonism to synergism at higher concentrations. OTA and ACM were identified as the main toxicity drivers in all combinations. These findings highlight dose- and cell-specific interactions and underscore the importance of cumulative risk assessment of co-occurring mycotoxins and pesticides in food safety regulation. Full article
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