Lie Theory and Its Applications

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2015) | Viewed by 64708

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Institute of Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3, Tereshchenkivs'ka Street, 01004 Kyiv, Ukraine
Interests: non-linear pdes: lie and conditional symmetries, exact solutions and their properties; application of symmetry-based methods for analytical solving nonlinear initial and boundary value problems arising in mathematical physics and mathematical biology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the end of 19th century when the prominent Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie created the theory of Lie algebras and Lie groups and developed the method of their applications for solving differential equations, his theory and method have continuously been in focus of research of many well-known mathematicians and physicists. This Special Issue of the journal Symmetry is devoted to recent development of Lie theory and its applications for solving physically and biologically motivated equations and models. In particular, the issue welcomes articles devoted to analysis and classification of Lie algebras, which are invariance algebras of real word models; Lie and conditional symmetry classification problems of nonlinear PDEs; the application of symmetry based methods for finding new exact solutions of nonlinear PDEs (especially reaction-diffusion equations) arising in applications; the application of Lie method for solving nonlinear initial and boundary-value problems (especially those for modelling processes with diffusion, heat transfer, and chemotaxis).

Prof. Dr. Roman M. Cherniha
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Lie algebra/group
  • representation of Lie algebra
  • Lie symmetry
  • conditional symmetry
  • invariance algebra of PDE
  • nonlinear boundary-value problem
  • symmetry of boundary-value problem
  • invariant solution
  • non-Lie solution

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

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310 KiB  
Article
Centrally Extended Conformal Galilei Algebras and Invariant Nonlinear PDEs
by Naruhiko Aizawa and Tadanori Kato
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 1989-2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7041989 - 03 Nov 2015
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4672
Abstract
We construct, for any given \( \ell = \frac{1}{2} + {\mathbb N}_0, \) second-order \textit{nonlinear} partial differential equations (PDEs) which are invariant under the transformations generated by the centrally extended conformal Galilei algebras. This is done for a particular realization of the algebras [...] Read more.
We construct, for any given \( \ell = \frac{1}{2} + {\mathbb N}_0, \) second-order \textit{nonlinear} partial differential equations (PDEs) which are invariant under the transformations generated by the centrally extended conformal Galilei algebras. This is done for a particular realization of the algebras obtained by coset construction and we employ the standard Lie point symmetry technique for the construction of PDEs. It is observed that the invariant PDEs have significant difference for \( \ell > \frac{1}{3}. \) Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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204 KiB  
Article
An Application of Equivalence Transformations to Reaction Diffusion Equations
by Mariano Torrisi and Rita Tracinà
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 1929-1944; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7041929 - 23 Oct 2015
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3722
Abstract
In this paper, we consider a quite general class of advection reaction diffusion systems. By using an equivalence generator, derived in a previous paper, the authors apply a projection theorem to determine some special forms of the constitutive functions that allow the extension [...] Read more.
In this paper, we consider a quite general class of advection reaction diffusion systems. By using an equivalence generator, derived in a previous paper, the authors apply a projection theorem to determine some special forms of the constitutive functions that allow the extension by one of the two-dimensional principal Lie algebra. As an example, a special case is discussed at the end of the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
2151 KiB  
Article
Q-Conditional Symmetries and Exact Solutions of Nonlinear Reaction–Diffusion Systems
by Oleksii Pliukhin
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 1841-1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7041841 - 16 Oct 2015
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3795
Abstract
A wide range of reaction–diffusion systems with constant diffusivities that are invariant under Q-conditional operators is found. Using the symmetries obtained, the reductions of the corresponding systems to the systems of ODEs are conducted in order to find exact solutions. In particular, [...] Read more.
A wide range of reaction–diffusion systems with constant diffusivities that are invariant under Q-conditional operators is found. Using the symmetries obtained, the reductions of the corresponding systems to the systems of ODEs are conducted in order to find exact solutions. In particular, the solutions of some reaction–diffusion systems of the Lotka–Volterra type in an explicit form and satisfying Dirichlet boundary conditions are obtained. An biological interpretation is presented in order to show that two different types of interaction between biological species can be described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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857 KiB  
Article
Lie Group Method for Solving the Generalized Burgers’, Burgers’–KdV and KdV Equations with Time-Dependent Variable Coefficients
by Mina B. Abd-el-Malek and Amr M. Amin
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 1816-1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7041816 - 13 Oct 2015
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4580
Abstract
In this study, the Lie group method for constructing exact and numerical solutions of the generalized time-dependent variable coefficients Burgers’, Burgers’–KdV, and KdV equations with initial and boundary conditions is presented. Lie group theory is applied to determine symmetry reductions which reduce the [...] Read more.
In this study, the Lie group method for constructing exact and numerical solutions of the generalized time-dependent variable coefficients Burgers’, Burgers’–KdV, and KdV equations with initial and boundary conditions is presented. Lie group theory is applied to determine symmetry reductions which reduce the nonlinear partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. The obtained ordinary differential equations were solved analytically and the solutions are obtained in closed form for some specific choices of parameters, while others are solved numerically. In the obtained results we studied effects of both the time t and the index of nonlinearity on the behavior of the velocity, and the solutions are graphically presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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217 KiB  
Article
Classical and Quantum Burgers Fluids: A Challenge for Group Analysis
by Philip Broadbridge
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 1803-1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7041803 - 09 Oct 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4293
Abstract
The most general second order irrotational vector field evolution equation is constructed, that can be transformed to a single equation for the Cole–Hopf potential. The exact solution to the radial Burgers equation, with constant mass influx through a spherical supply surface, is constructed. [...] Read more.
The most general second order irrotational vector field evolution equation is constructed, that can be transformed to a single equation for the Cole–Hopf potential. The exact solution to the radial Burgers equation, with constant mass influx through a spherical supply surface, is constructed. The complex linear Schrödinger equation is equivalent to an integrable system of two coupled real vector equations of Burgers type. The first velocity field is the particle current divided by particle probability density. The second vector field gives a complex valued correction to the velocity that results in the correct quantum mechanical correction to the kinetic energy density of the Madelung fluid. It is proposed how to use symmetry analysis to systematically search for other constrained potential systems that generate a closed system of vector component evolution equations with constraints other than irrotationality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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304 KiB  
Article
Symbolic and Iterative Computation of Quasi-Filiform Nilpotent Lie Algebras of Dimension Nine
by Mercedes Pérez, Francisco Pérez and Emilio Jiménez
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 1788-1802; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7041788 - 01 Oct 2015
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4143
Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of computing the family of two-filiform Lie algebra laws of dimension nine using three Lie algebra properties converted into matrix form properties: Jacobi identity, nilpotence and quasi-filiform property. The interest in this family is broad, both within the [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the problem of computing the family of two-filiform Lie algebra laws of dimension nine using three Lie algebra properties converted into matrix form properties: Jacobi identity, nilpotence and quasi-filiform property. The interest in this family is broad, both within the academic community and the industrial engineering community, since nilpotent Lie algebras are applied in traditional mechanical dynamic problems and current scientific disciplines. The conditions of being quasi-filiform and nilpotent are applied carefully and in several stages, and appropriate changes of the basis are achieved in an iterative and interactive process of simplification. This has been implemented by means of the development of more than thirty Maple modules. The process has led from the first family formulation, with 64 parameters and 215 constraints, to a family of 16 parameters and 17 constraints. This structure theorem permits the exhaustive classification of the quasi-filiform nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension nine with current computational methodologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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228 KiB  
Article
New Nonlocal Symmetries of Diffusion-Convection Equations and Their Connection with Generalized Hodograph Transformation
by Valentyn Tychynin
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 1751-1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7041751 - 29 Sep 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3539
Abstract
Additional nonlocal symmetries of diffusion-convection equations and the Burgers equation are obtained. It is shown that these equations are connected via a generalized hodograph transformation and appropriate nonlocal symmetries arise from additional Lie symmetries of intermediate equations. Two entirely different techniques are used [...] Read more.
Additional nonlocal symmetries of diffusion-convection equations and the Burgers equation are obtained. It is shown that these equations are connected via a generalized hodograph transformation and appropriate nonlocal symmetries arise from additional Lie symmetries of intermediate equations. Two entirely different techniques are used to search nonlocal symmetry of a given equation: the first is based on usage of the characteristic equations generated by additional operators, another technique assumes the reconstruction of a parametrical Lie group transformation from such operator. Some of them are based on the nonlocal transformations that contain new independent variable determined by an auxiliary differential equation and allow the interpretation as a nonlocal transformation with additional variables. The formulae derived for construction of exact solutions are used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
255 KiB  
Article
An Elementary Derivation of the Matrix Elements of Real Irreducible Representations of so(3)
by Rutwig Campoamor-Stursberg
Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1655-1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031655 - 14 Sep 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3702
Abstract
Using elementary techniques, an algorithmic procedure to construct skew-symmetric matrices realizing the real irreducible representations of so(3) is developed. We further give a simple criterion that enables one to deduce the decomposition of an arbitrary real representation R of so(3) into real irreducible [...] Read more.
Using elementary techniques, an algorithmic procedure to construct skew-symmetric matrices realizing the real irreducible representations of so(3) is developed. We further give a simple criterion that enables one to deduce the decomposition of an arbitrary real representation R of so(3) into real irreducible components from the characteristic polynomial of an arbitrary representation matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
297 KiB  
Article
Symmetries, Lagrangians and Conservation Laws of an Easter Island Population Model
by M.C. Nucci and G. Sanchini
Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1613-1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031613 - 08 Sep 2015
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4828
Abstract
Basener and Ross (2005) proposed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of growth and sudden decrease in the population of Easter Island. We have applied Lie group analysis to this system and found that it can be integrated by quadrature if the [...] Read more.
Basener and Ross (2005) proposed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of growth and sudden decrease in the population of Easter Island. We have applied Lie group analysis to this system and found that it can be integrated by quadrature if the involved parameters satisfy certain relationships. We have also discerned hidden linearity. Moreover, we have determined a Jacobi last multiplier and, consequently, a Lagrangian for the general system and have found other cases independently and dependently on symmetry considerations in order to construct a corresponding variational problem, thus enabling us to find conservation laws by means of Noether’s theorem. A comparison with the qualitative analysis given by Basener and Ross is provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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256 KiB  
Article
From Conformal Invariance towards Dynamical Symmetries of the Collisionless Boltzmann Equation
by Stoimen Stoimenov and Malte Henkel
Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1595-1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031595 - 07 Sep 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3767
Abstract
Dynamical symmetries of the collisionless Boltzmann transport equation, or Vlasov equation, but under the influence of an external driving force, are derived from non-standard representations of the 2D conformal algebra. In the case without external forces, the symmetry of the conformally-invariant transport equation [...] Read more.
Dynamical symmetries of the collisionless Boltzmann transport equation, or Vlasov equation, but under the influence of an external driving force, are derived from non-standard representations of the 2D conformal algebra. In the case without external forces, the symmetry of the conformally-invariant transport equation is first generalized by considering the particle momentum as an independent variable. This new conformal representation can be further extended to include an external force. The construction and possible physical applications are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
298 KiB  
Article
A (1+2)-Dimensional Simplified Keller–Segel Model: Lie Symmetry and Exact Solutions
by Maksym Didovych
Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1463-1474; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031463 - 24 Aug 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3886
Abstract
This research is a natural continuation of the recent paper “Exact solutions of the simplified Keller–Segel model” (Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 2013, 18, 2960–2971). It is shown that a (1+2)-dimensional Keller–Segel type system is invariant with respect infinite-dimensional Lie algebra. All possible [...] Read more.
This research is a natural continuation of the recent paper “Exact solutions of the simplified Keller–Segel model” (Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 2013, 18, 2960–2971). It is shown that a (1+2)-dimensional Keller–Segel type system is invariant with respect infinite-dimensional Lie algebra. All possible maximal algebras of invariance of the Neumann boundary value problems based on the Keller–Segel system in question were found. Lie symmetry operators are used for constructing exact solutions of some boundary value problems. Moreover, it is proved that the boundary value problem for the (1+1)-dimensional Keller–Segel system with specific boundary conditions can be linearized and solved in an explicit form. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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588 KiB  
Article
Lie and Conditional Symmetries of a Class of Nonlinear (1 + 2)-Dimensional Boundary Value Problems
by Roman Cherniha and John R. King
Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1410-1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031410 - 17 Aug 2015
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4695
Abstract
A new definition of conditional invariance for boundary value problems involving a wide range of boundary conditions (including initial value problems as a special case) is proposed. It is shown that other definitions worked out in order to find Lie symmetries of boundary [...] Read more.
A new definition of conditional invariance for boundary value problems involving a wide range of boundary conditions (including initial value problems as a special case) is proposed. It is shown that other definitions worked out in order to find Lie symmetries of boundary value problems with standard boundary conditions, followed as particular cases from our definition. Simple examples of direct applicability to the nonlinear problems arising in applications are demonstrated. Moreover, the successful application of the definition for the Lie and conditional symmetry classification of a class of (1 + 2)-dimensional nonlinear boundary value problems governed by the nonlinear diffusion equation in a semi-infinite domain is realised. In particular, it is proven that there is a special exponent, k ≠ -2, for the power diffusivity uk when the problem in question with non-vanishing flux on the boundary admits additional Lie symmetry operators compared to the case k ≠ -2. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the symmetries derived, they are used for reducing the nonlinear problems with power diffusivity uk and a constant non-zero flux on the boundary (such problems are common in applications and describing a wide range of phenomena) to (1 + 1)-dimensional problems. The structure and properties of the problems obtained are briefly analysed. Finally, some results demonstrating how Lie invariance of the boundary value problem in question depends on the geometry of the domain are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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252 KiB  
Article
Bäcklund Transformations for Integrable Geometric Curve Flows
by Changzheng Qu, Jingwei Han and Jing Kang
Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1376-1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031376 - 03 Aug 2015
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4502
Abstract
We study the Bäcklund transformations of integrable geometric curve flows in certain geometries. These curve flows include the KdV and Camassa-Holm flows in the two-dimensional centro-equiaffine geometry, the mKdV and modified Camassa-Holm flows in the two-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the Schrödinger and extended Harry-Dym [...] Read more.
We study the Bäcklund transformations of integrable geometric curve flows in certain geometries. These curve flows include the KdV and Camassa-Holm flows in the two-dimensional centro-equiaffine geometry, the mKdV and modified Camassa-Holm flows in the two-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the Schrödinger and extended Harry-Dym flows in the three-dimensional Euclidean geometry and the Sawada-Kotera flow in the affine geometry, etc. Using the fact that two different curves in a given geometry are governed by the same integrable equation, we obtain Bäcklund transformations relating to these two integrable geometric flows. Some special solutions of the integrable systems are used to obtain the explicit Bäcklund transformations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
216 KiB  
Article
Conservation Laws of Discrete Evolution Equations by Symmetries and Adjoint Symmetries
by Wen-Xiu Ma
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 714-725; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020714 - 22 May 2015
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 4687
Abstract
A direct approach is proposed for constructing conservation laws of discrete evolution equations, regardless of the existence of a Lagrangian. The approach utilizes pairs of symmetries and adjoint symmetries, in which adjoint symmetries make up for the disadvantage of non-Lagrangian structures in presenting [...] Read more.
A direct approach is proposed for constructing conservation laws of discrete evolution equations, regardless of the existence of a Lagrangian. The approach utilizes pairs of symmetries and adjoint symmetries, in which adjoint symmetries make up for the disadvantage of non-Lagrangian structures in presenting a correspondence between symmetries and conservation laws. Applications are made for the construction of conservation laws of the Volterra lattice equation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)

Review

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365 KiB  
Review
Dynamical Symmetries and Causality in Non-Equilibrium Phase Transitions
by Malte Henkel
Symmetry 2015, 7(4), 2108-2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7042108 - 13 Nov 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4436
Abstract
Dynamical symmetries are of considerable importance in elucidating the complex behaviour of strongly interacting systems with many degrees of freedom. Paradigmatic examples are cooperative phenomena as they arise in phase transitions, where conformal invariance has led to enormous progress in equilibrium phase transitions, [...] Read more.
Dynamical symmetries are of considerable importance in elucidating the complex behaviour of strongly interacting systems with many degrees of freedom. Paradigmatic examples are cooperative phenomena as they arise in phase transitions, where conformal invariance has led to enormous progress in equilibrium phase transitions, especially in two dimensions. Non-equilibrium phase transitions can arise in much larger portions of the parameter space than equilibrium phase transitions. The state of the art of recent attempts to generalise conformal invariance to a new generic symmetry, taking into account the different scaling behaviour of space and time, will be reviewed. Particular attention will be given to the causality properties as they follow for co-variant n-point functions. These are important for the physical identification of n-point functions as responses or correlators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
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