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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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16 pages, 2502 KiB  
Article
Environmental Considerations and Sustainable Solutions for Outdoor Advertising Banners
by Sunhilde Cuc and Cristina Secan
Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5366; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135366 - 24 Jun 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4314
Abstract
Despite advancements in digital technology, outdoor advertising remains a robust communication tool with broad audience appeal. However, heightened environmental awareness necessitates proactive measures within the industry. This study examines the environmental impact of banners and proposes sustainable strategies. Market analysis underscores the widespread [...] Read more.
Despite advancements in digital technology, outdoor advertising remains a robust communication tool with broad audience appeal. However, heightened environmental awareness necessitates proactive measures within the industry. This study examines the environmental impact of banners and proposes sustainable strategies. Market analysis underscores the widespread use of banners despite alternative advertising methods, prompting an investigation into their environmental implications and mitigation solutions. The research specifically focuses on prolonging banner lifespan and campaign duration through innovative recycling approaches aligned with circular economy principles. A comprehensive literature review informs these models and strategies, identifying opportunities for sustainable banner management. A case study approach is employed to present the transformation of banners into functional raincoats using Gemini X20 Pattern Designer software. The study emphasizes the optimization of resources and adherence to copyright regulations. This practical example demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of recycling in outdoor advertising. Collaborations with tailoring workshops facilitate community engagement and contribute to economic benefits. The implementation of these practices by companies serves to enhance their sustainability credentials and leadership in environmental responsibility within the outdoor advertising sector. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into sustainable practices that mitigate environmental impacts while fostering economic and social benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)
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22 pages, 1929 KiB  
Review
Understanding Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions of Shared Electric Micro-Mobility: A Systematic Review
by Carlos Calan, Natalia Sobrino and Jose Manuel Vassallo
Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5277; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135277 - 21 Jun 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4504
Abstract
In recent years, the implementation of shared electric micro-mobility services (SEMMS) enables short rentals of light electric vehicles for short-distance travel. The fast expansion of SEMMS worldwide, promoted as a green mobility service, has raised a debate about its role in urban mobility, [...] Read more.
In recent years, the implementation of shared electric micro-mobility services (SEMMS) enables short rentals of light electric vehicles for short-distance travel. The fast expansion of SEMMS worldwide, promoted as a green mobility service, has raised a debate about its role in urban mobility, especially in terms of environmental impacts such as climate change. This article presents a systematic review of the current knowledge on the environmental impacts of SEMMS, with a special focus on the use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) methods. The study offers a detailed analysis of the global warming potential of SEMMS and its critical phases. It is found that shared e-scooters have the greatest greenhouse-gas emissions during their life cycle, while emissions from shared e-mopeds and shared e-bikes tend to be lower. The literature reveals that the materials and manufacturing phase is the most important one for the environmental impact of shared e-scooters, followed by the daily collection of vehicles for charging. The article also identifies influential factors in the sensitivity analysis and the potential for net-impact reduction accounted for mode substitution. Finally, the article identifies further research areas aimed at contributing to the adoption of environmentally responsible practices in the rapidly expanding field of shared services in cities. Full article
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18 pages, 2549 KiB  
Article
The Use of a Composition of Bacterial Consortia and Living Mulch to Reduce Weeds in Organic Spring Barley Cultivation as an Element of Sustainable Plant Production
by Rafał Górski, Robert Rosa, Alicja Niewiadomska, Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka, Katarzyna Głuchowska and Anna Płaza
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5268; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125268 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1601
Abstract
Weed infestation of cereal crops in organic farming is becoming a serious problem in agriculture. Sustainable agriculture requires the search for and implementation of crop management techniques that will reduce weeds without negatively impacting the environment. This research refers to the principles of [...] Read more.
Weed infestation of cereal crops in organic farming is becoming a serious problem in agriculture. Sustainable agriculture requires the search for and implementation of crop management techniques that will reduce weeds without negatively impacting the environment. This research refers to the principles of integrated plant protection in sustainable agriculture, allowing the use of chemical plant protection products to be limited to the absolute minimum. Technology for growing spring barley based on the use of bacterial consortia in combination with living mulch (LM) can be an interesting approach to this problem. The aim of this three-year field research was to determine the effects of bacterial consortia and LM on the level of weed infestation in the organic spring barley crop. Two factors were tested in the experiment: bacterial consortia factors: control (without bacterial consortia); 1—Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum and Arthrobacter agilis; 2—Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens; and LM: control (without LM); red clover; red clover + Italian ryegrass; and Italian ryegrass. This research demonstrated that the bacterial consortia tested significantly reduced both the biomass and number of weeds, including the following dominant weeds: Chenopodium album, Sinapis arvensis, Elymus repens, and Tripleurospermum inodorum. The use of LM also significantly reduced the weed infestation of spring barley stands. The lowest biomass and number of weeds, with the exception of Elymus repens, were recorded on objects with LM Italian ryegrass in spring barley in combination with bacterial consortium 2. The introduction of cultivation with LM Italian ryegrass or its mixture with red clover and the use of bacteria should be recommended for the practice of sustainable agriculture, which will reduce weeds through an ecological method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weeds Management in Sustainable Agriculture System)
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20 pages, 5880 KiB  
Article
Sinkhole Risk-Based Sensor Placement for Leakage Localization in Water Distribution Networks with a Data-Driven Approach
by Gabriele Medio, Giada Varra, Çağrı Alperen İnan, Luca Cozzolino and Renata Della Morte
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5246; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125246 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2191
Abstract
Leakages from damaged or deteriorated buried pipes in urban water distribution networks may cause significant socio-economic and environmental impacts, such as depletion of water resources and sinkhole events. Sinkholes are often caused by internal erosion and fluidization of the soil surrounding leaking pipes, [...] Read more.
Leakages from damaged or deteriorated buried pipes in urban water distribution networks may cause significant socio-economic and environmental impacts, such as depletion of water resources and sinkhole events. Sinkholes are often caused by internal erosion and fluidization of the soil surrounding leaking pipes, with the formation of soil cavities that may eventually collapse. This in turn causes road disruption and building foundation damage, with possible victims. While the loss of precious water resources is a well-known problem, less attention has been paid to anthropogenic sinkhole events generated by leakages in water distribution systems. With a view to improving urban smart resilience and sustainability of urban areas, this study introduces an innovative framework to localize leakages based on a Machine learning model (for the training and evaluation of candidate sets of pressure sensors) and a Genetic algorithm (for the optimal sensor set positioning) with the goal of detecting and mitigating potential hydrogeological urban disruption due to water leakage in the most sensitive/critical locations. The application of the methodology on a synthetic case study from literature and a real-world case scenario shows that the methodology also contributes to reducing the depletion of water resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Flood Resilience Integrating AI and Hydraulic and Horologic Modeling)
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14 pages, 4549 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Climate Anxiety and Pro-Environment Behaviours
by Zac Coates, Michelle Kelly and Scott Brown
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125211 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4341
Abstract
Previous studies examining psychological distress associated with climate change have found cognitive, affective and behavioural influences. This distress, termed climate anxiety, is thought to be chronic in nature, and may result in long-lasting and significant negative impacts on mental health. The present study [...] Read more.
Previous studies examining psychological distress associated with climate change have found cognitive, affective and behavioural influences. This distress, termed climate anxiety, is thought to be chronic in nature, and may result in long-lasting and significant negative impacts on mental health. The present study examined how climate anxiety may be impacting people’s frequency of pro-environment behaviours. To effectively measure participants’ behavioural frequency and preferences, we used a discrete choice experiment, which simulated a transport scenario where participants would have to make trade-offs between cost, time and eco-friendliness. A total of 256 participants (95 male, 161 female) completed the study. It was found that participants with moderate levels of climate anxiety had a higher frequency of pro-environment behaviours than participants with low or high levels of climate anxiety. Furthermore, participants with low or high levels of climate anxiety gave a higher preference for options that cost less or take less time. This evidence supports the hypothesis that moderate levels of climate anxiety may be optimal for pro-environmental behavioural response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)
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26 pages, 11702 KiB  
Article
Principles and Sustainable Perspectives in the Preservation of Earthen Architecture from the Past Societies of the Iberian Peninsula
by Sergio Manzano-Fernández, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Camilla Mileto and Valentina Cristini
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5172; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125172 - 18 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1956
Abstract
In recent years, special attention has been paid to the lessons in sustainability offered by traditional and vernacular architecture, especially with regards to the promotion of both material and technical production in earthen construction. However, these systems were already widely found in past [...] Read more.
In recent years, special attention has been paid to the lessons in sustainability offered by traditional and vernacular architecture, especially with regards to the promotion of both material and technical production in earthen construction. However, these systems were already widely found in past societies, whose legacy in terms of construction is presented through the complex cultural framework of archaeological sites, which require highly variable work that lacks professional consensus, usually transcending the adaptive and sustainable nature originally observed. This dual nature aids the social operation of these scenarios and can prematurely hinder earthen construction’s life cycle and didactic quality, cementing its status as a necessary reflection for the identification and prevention of future problems. In terms of sustainability, the aim of this study is to analyze the spectrum of architectural interventions used for the preservation of earthen structures in archaeological sites in the Iberian Peninsula, in natural, social, and economic terms, while examining their capacity to adapt in the face of adverse phenomena. For this reason, following bibliographical review and fieldwork collection, a database was established combining a series of architectural characteristics and a history of interventions in 85 selected archaeological sites conserved in situ. Following reflection on these sites, maps were drawn up to show the geographical scope of these principles and offer a general overview of perspectives, highlighting the aspects deserving of varying levels of attention, as well as proposing strategies for sustainable preservation which will allow its transmission over time for the scientific and cultural enjoyment of coming generations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivating Diverse Perspectives on Cultural and Heritage in Sustainable Tourism)
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23 pages, 1623 KiB  
Review
From Waste to Renewables: Challenges and Opportunities in Recycling Glass Fibre Composite Products from Wind Turbine Blades for Sustainable Cement Production
by Sandra Bulińska, Agnieszka Sujak and Michał Pyzalski
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5150; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125150 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4645
Abstract
The progress of civilization, driven significantly by the widespread adoption of electricity, has impacted various aspects of life, from household operations to industrial activities. Consequently, there has been a notable increase in waste production across different sectors of the economy. Among used materials, [...] Read more.
The progress of civilization, driven significantly by the widespread adoption of electricity, has impacted various aspects of life, from household operations to industrial activities. Consequently, there has been a notable increase in waste production across different sectors of the economy. Among used materials, composite products reinforced with glass fibres stand out due to their prevalent use in numerous industries. While offering strength and durability, they pose disposal challenges due to their complex composition, making recycling difficult and contributing to waste accumulation in landfills or to environmental contamination. Industrialised nations wrestle with balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability, aiming to reduce the ecological footprint of industrial activities. Efforts to promote recycling, develop alternative materials, and improve waste management practices are crucial for mitigating the environmental impact of civilisation’s progress. This article presents methods of disposing of post-operation wind turbine blades, focusing on recycling glass and glass fibre as secondary raw materials. We discuss technological, normative, and economic challenges and emphasise the need for ongoing research and innovation in waste management practices. We examine the use of glass and glass fibres in cement production and advocate for sustainable principles in the renewable energy industry, aligning industrial endeavours with ecological sustainability for a greener future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction and Demolition Waste Management for a Sustainable Future)
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20 pages, 8445 KiB  
Article
Advancements in Soil Organic Carbon Mapping and Interpolation Techniques: A Case Study from Lithuania’s Moraine Plains
by Jonas Volungevicius, Renaldas Žydelis and Kristina Amaleviciute-Volunge
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5157; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125157 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1645
Abstract
Monitoring soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for assessing the sustainability of soil usage. This study explores the spatial variability and mapping of SOC in Lithuania’s Nevėžis Plain using various interpolation methods, with an emphasis on understanding the impacts of soil typological units, [...] Read more.
Monitoring soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for assessing the sustainability of soil usage. This study explores the spatial variability and mapping of SOC in Lithuania’s Nevėžis Plain using various interpolation methods, with an emphasis on understanding the impacts of soil typological units, moisture regimes, and erosion on SOC distribution. A total of 275 soil samples were collected from agricultural croplands at depths of 0–10 cm, supplemented by 38 samples from previous studies. The SOC map was created based on the contours of the Lithuanian soil geodatabase. Statistical analysis revealed that the distribution of SOC in the studied area was significantly influenced by soil moisture and the degree of erosion. Based on these findings, SOC mapping was conducted according to the contours of Lithuanian soils. Comparing the interpolation methods that were analyzed, it was found that the kriging, RBF, and EBK methods fail to adequately capture the minimum and maximum values of SOC, while the IDW fails to adequately capture only the minimum values. In summary, the integrated geographical approach is complex but applicable to SOC mapping. This method facilitates the creation of adaptable SOC maps that are both geographically and pedologically informed. Key principles to apply this approach for future research and practical application should include establishing a statistically reliable data foundation, categorizing samples based on contrasting soil moisture regime, degrees of erosion, and land use patterns, and developing contouring principles along with a criteria algorithm that enables accurate spatial interpolation of average SOC values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Research on Soil Sustainable Management in Different Agroecosystems: Management of Agriculture–Ecology–Land-Management-Planning Interactions)
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18 pages, 6583 KiB  
Article
Landscape Restoration Using Individual Tree Harvest Strategies
by Robert Schriver, John Sessions and Bogdan M. Strimbu
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5124; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125124 - 16 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1447
Abstract
Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a native species west of the Rocky Mountains that has become noxious as its area increased ten times in the last 140 years. Restoration of the landscapes affected by the spread of juniper through harvesting poses [...] Read more.
Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a native species west of the Rocky Mountains that has become noxious as its area increased ten times in the last 140 years. Restoration of the landscapes affected by the spread of juniper through harvesting poses several challenges related to the sparse spatial distribution (trees per hectare) of the resource. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to develop a harvest scheduling strategy that converts the western juniper from a noxious species to a timber resource. We propose a procedure that aggregates individual trees into elementary harvest units by considering the location of each tree. Using the coordinates of each harvest unit and its corresponding landing, we developed a spatially explicit algorithm that aims at the maximization of net revenue from juniper harvest. We applied the proposed landscape restoration approach to two areas of similar size and geomorphology. We implemented the restoration algorithm using two heuristics: simulated annealing and record-to-record travel. To account for the closeness to the mill, we considered two prices at the landing for the juniper: 45 USD/ton and 65 USD/ton. Our results suggest that restoration is possible at higher prices, but it is economically infeasible when prices are low. Simulated annealing outperformed record-to-record travel in both study areas and for both prices. Our approach and formulation to the restoration of landscapes invaded by western juniper could be applied to similar instances where complex stand structures preclude the use of traditional forest stand-level harvest scheduling and require a more granular approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Forestry Management and Technologies)
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15 pages, 2633 KiB  
Article
Energy Efficiency in Public Lighting Systems Friendly to the Environment and Protected Areas
by Carlos Velásquez, Francisco Espín, María Ángeles Castro and Francisco Rodríguez
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5113; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125113 - 16 Jun 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3634
Abstract
Solid-state lighting technology, such as LED devices, is critical to improving energy efficiency in street lighting systems. In Ecuador, government policies have established the obligation to exclusively use LED systems starting in 2023, except in special projects. Ecuador, known for its vast biodiversity, [...] Read more.
Solid-state lighting technology, such as LED devices, is critical to improving energy efficiency in street lighting systems. In Ecuador, government policies have established the obligation to exclusively use LED systems starting in 2023, except in special projects. Ecuador, known for its vast biodiversity, protects its national parks, which are rich in flora, fauna and natural resources, through international institutions and agreements such as UNESCO, CBD and CITES. Although reducing electrical consumption usually measures energy efficiency, this article goes further. It considers aspects such as the correlated color temperature in the lighting design of protected areas, light pollution and the decrease in energy quality due to harmonic distortion. Measurements of the electromagnetic spectrum of the light sources were made in an area in the Galápagos National Park of Ecuador, revealing highly correlated color temperatures that can affect ecosystem cycles. In addition, the investigation detected levels of light pollution increasing the night sky brightness and a notable presence of harmonic distortion in the electrical grid. Using simulations to predict the behavior of these variables offers an efficient option to help preserve protected environments and the quality of energy supply while promoting energy savings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue LED Measurement and Application to Enhance Sustainability and Energy Savings)
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19 pages, 3121 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Fuel Quality on Cavitation Phenomena in Common-Rail Diesel Injector—A Numerical Study
by Luka Kevorkijan, Ignacijo Biluš, Eloisa Torres-Jiménez and Luka Lešnik
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5074; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125074 - 14 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1492
Abstract
Plastic is one of the most widely used materials worldwide. The problem with plastic arises when it becomes waste, which needs to be treated. One option is to transform plastic waste into synthetic fuels, which can be used as replacements or additives for [...] Read more.
Plastic is one of the most widely used materials worldwide. The problem with plastic arises when it becomes waste, which needs to be treated. One option is to transform plastic waste into synthetic fuels, which can be used as replacements or additives for conventional fossil fuels and can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste treatment compared with landfilling and other traditional waste management processes. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis are common processes in which synthetic fuels can be produced from plastic waste. The properties of pyrolytic oil are similar to those of fossil fuels, but different additives and plastic stabilizers can affect the quality of these synthetic fuels. The quality of fuels and the permissible particle sizes and number density are regulated by fuel standards. Particle size in fuels is also regulated by fuel filters in vehicles, which are usually designed to capture particles larger than 4 μm. Problems can arise with the number density (quantity) of particles in synthetic fuels compared to that in fossil fuels. The present work is a numerical study of how particle size and number density (quantity) influence cavitation phenomena and cavitation erosion (abrasion) in common-rail diesel injectors. The results provide more information on whether pyrolysis oil (synthetic fuel) from plastic waste can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and whether their use can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste treatments. The results indicate that the particle size and number density slightly influence cavitation phenomena in diesel injectors and significantly influence abrasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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9 pages, 472 KiB  
Article
Using the Amount of Plastic Packaging Placed on the Market to Determine the Annual Amount of Plastic Packaging Waste Generated in Poland to Enable Sustainable Waste Management
by Beata Waszczyłko-Miłkowska and Katarzyna Bernat
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5048; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125048 - 13 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1983
Abstract
A new category of own resources based on national contributions, which are calculated on the basis of the amount of non-recycled plastic packaging waste (PPW) (EUR 0.80 per kilogram), was introduced in 2021 by the decision of the EU Council (EU, Euratom, 2020/2053). [...] Read more.
A new category of own resources based on national contributions, which are calculated on the basis of the amount of non-recycled plastic packaging waste (PPW) (EUR 0.80 per kilogram), was introduced in 2021 by the decision of the EU Council (EU, Euratom, 2020/2053). In accordance with the European strategy for plastics, the Union budget can contribute to reducing pollution from PPW, which is consistent with sustainable waste management. To calculate the own resource of plastics, it is necessary to determine the amount of non-recycled PPW by taking the difference between the amounts of generated and recycled PPW. Data on the amount of recycled PPW can be obtained from recycling facilities. The challenge, however, is to determine the actual amount of PPW generated in a given year. For this reason, the present study was undertaken to determine the amount of PPW generated annually, based on the amount of plastic packaging placed on the market (PPM) (i.e., with the use of the placed-on-the-market approach). To perform the calculations, the Polish entities that place products in plastic packaging on the market were identified. It was assumed that the amount of PPM was the sum of the amounts of packaging stated by producer responsibility organizations (PRO), as well as self-compliers (SC), private imports (I), and free-riders (FR), minus the amount of packaging privately exported (E). To obtain the relevant data from the records linked to the amounts of plastic packaging imported to and exported from Poland, a detailed methodology was developed. A complementary analysis was concurrently conducted to estimate the amount of plastic PPM by free-riders. The results of these analyses indicate that the amount of packaging transparently reported by the PRO accounted for almost 97% of the total amount of PPM. The analysis found 19,728 SC who placed 2.22% of the total plastic packaging on the market. The total amount of privately imported plastic packaging was 17,304,666 kg (1.37%). Plastic packaging placed on the market by FR is 24,788,196 kg (1.97%). However, the amount of plastic packaging privately exported was 30,571,691 kg (2.43%). Thus, in 2021, the amount of plastic packaging placed on the Polish market was 1,259,345,296 kg; this figure constitutes the basis for determining the own resources based on non-recycled PPW. It also indicates the potential of PPW to serve as a resource for the production of new products, which is in accordance with the principles of a circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Recovery and Recycling from Waste Streams)
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24 pages, 4070 KiB  
Article
Economic Performance, Environmental Protection and Social Progress: A Cluster Analysis Comparison towards Sustainable Development
by Idiano D’Adamo, Cristina Di Carlo, Massimo Gastaldi, Edouard Nicolas Rossi and Antonio Felice Uricchio
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5049; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125049 - 13 Jun 2024
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 3523
Abstract
Sustainable development monitoring reveals the extent to which local and national territories are progressing towards sustainability goals. This study considered 105 indicators associated with the Equitable and Sustainable Wellbeing (BES) framework and 139 indicators associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), using multicriteria [...] Read more.
Sustainable development monitoring reveals the extent to which local and national territories are progressing towards sustainability goals. This study considered 105 indicators associated with the Equitable and Sustainable Wellbeing (BES) framework and 139 indicators associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and cluster analysis to compare regional performance across the Italian territory in 2022. At the SDG level, Lombardia exhibited the highest performance, while the provinces of Trento and Bolzano led at the BES level. The results were further analyzed with respect to geographic macro-areas and the three dimensions of sustainability, via separate cluster analyses comparing the BES and SDG results. Northeast regions emerged as the top performers, and comparable performance was shown by regions in the center and northwest. The development of a sustainable innovation model, alongside territorial cooperation and synergy between regional specificities, may generate competitive advantages, especially when combined with resources and skills with an international profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development Goals: A Pragmatic Approach)
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13 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Urban Greening Plans: A Potential Device towards a Sustainable and Co-Produced Future
by Beatrice Maria Bellè and Alessandro Deserti
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5033; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125033 - 13 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3688
Abstract
Within the last few years, there has been increasing attention towards climate change and strategies enabling climate neutrality and biodiversity development. Green spaces are one of the main elements in achieving these ambitious goals. Their role has become increasingly relevant in facing climate [...] Read more.
Within the last few years, there has been increasing attention towards climate change and strategies enabling climate neutrality and biodiversity development. Green spaces are one of the main elements in achieving these ambitious goals. Their role has become increasingly relevant in facing climate change, especially considering that Europe aims to be the first continent to be climate-neutral by 2050. In doing so, recently, the European Commission adopted different regulations with a specific focus on the role of green spaces, introducing strategies and activities for sustainable development. The article investigates the role of green spaces in urban planning, considering three main perspectives in dealing with them: (i) the nature of their property, (ii) their ecological nature, and (iii) their social and public nature. After describing green spaces as crucial for contemporary urban development, this article will introduce a potential planning tool enabling the combination of the three different ‘natures’: the Urban Greening Plan. The article presents the two case studies of Barcelona and Paris, which have already adopted this instrument. The article highlights the potential of Urban Greening Plans to restore nature and biodiversity while engaging different stakeholders in co-creation processes for more sustainable development. It also critically introduces a variety of open questions that require further investigations and analyses. Full article
21 pages, 1841 KiB  
Review
Sustainability Assessment Tools for Dairy Supply Chains: A Typology
by Rita Paçarada, Stefan Hörtenhuber, Torsten Hemme, Maria Wurzinger and Werner Zollitsch
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4999; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124999 - 12 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2715
Abstract
The dairy sector faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. Various tools have been developed to evaluate sustainability of the dairy supply chain. This paper provides an overview of these tools, highlighting their strengths and limitations regarding sustainability dimensions, indicators, and system boundaries. [...] Read more.
The dairy sector faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. Various tools have been developed to evaluate sustainability of the dairy supply chain. This paper provides an overview of these tools, highlighting their strengths and limitations regarding sustainability dimensions, indicators, and system boundaries. A systematic literature search identified 27 tools that were then categorized into a typology based on dimensions of sustainability, geographical applicability, and accessibility. In-depth analysis was conducted on six tools: Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture (SAFA), Sustainability Monitoring and Assessment RouTine (SMART), Response-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation (RISE) 3.0 version, Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment (SALCAsustain), MOnitoring Tool for Integrated Farm Sustainability (MOTIFS), and Technology Impact and Policy Impact CALculations (TIPICAL). Assessment focused on the relevance of covered sustainability dimensions to the dairy sector, level of supply chain coverage, type of indicators, accessibility, and practicability. The review identified tools which integrate multiple sustainability aspects in a comprehensive way (SAFA and SMART) and tools offering accurate quantification of the impact on sustainability dimensions of the production system (SALCAsustain, RISE, MOTIFS, TIPICAL). Only two tools extend assessment past the farm gate (SAFA, SMART). Future users should select tools based on the specific objectives of measuring sustainability in dairy systems. This review contributes to the literature by addressing various aspects of sustainability assessment tools, by addressing the need for an integrated and comprehensive view, and by considering the entire dairy supply chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Global Dairy Sector: Challenges and Opportunities)
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19 pages, 1270 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Dominika Siwiec, Wiesław Frącz, Andrzej Pacana, Grzegorz Janowski and Łukasz Bąk
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5005; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125005 - 12 Jun 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3248
Abstract
The development of batteries used in electric vehicles towards sustainable development poses challenges to designers and manufacturers. Although there has been research on the analysis of the environmental impact of batteries during their life cycle (LCA), there is still a lack of comparative [...] Read more.
The development of batteries used in electric vehicles towards sustainable development poses challenges to designers and manufacturers. Although there has been research on the analysis of the environmental impact of batteries during their life cycle (LCA), there is still a lack of comparative analyses focusing on the first phase, i.e., the extraction and processing of materials. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to perform a detailed comparative analysis of popular electric vehicle batteries. The research method was based on the analysis of environmental burdens regarding the ecological footprint of the extraction and processing of materials in the life cycle of batteries for electric vehicles. Popular batteries were analyzed: lithium-ion (Li-Ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and three-component lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM). The ecological footprint criteria were carbon dioxide emissions, land use (including modernization and land development) and nuclear energy emissions. This research was based on data from the GREET model and data from the Ecoinvent database in the OpenLCA programme. The results of the analysis showed that considering the environmental loads for the ecological footprint, the most advantageous from the environmental point of view in the extraction and processing of materials turned out to be a lithium iron phosphate battery. At the same time, key environmental loads occurring in the first phase of the LCA of these batteries were identified, e.g., the production of electricity using hard coal, the production of quicklime, the enrichment of phosphate rocks (wet), the production of phosphoric acid, and the uranium mine operation process. To reduce these environmental burdens, improvement actions are proposed, resulting from a synthesized review of the literature. The results of the analysis may be useful in the design stages of new batteries for electric vehicles and may constitute the basis for undertaking pro-environmental improvement actions toward the sustainable development of batteries already present on the market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Systems for Environmental and Human Sustainability)
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12 pages, 554 KiB  
Article
Physical and Economic Water Productivity in Agriculture between Traditional and Water-Saving Irrigation Systems: A Case Study in Southern Italy
by Chiara Perelli, Giacomo Branca, Chiara Corbari and Marco Mancini
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4971; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124971 - 11 Jun 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
Water scarcity is a growing social, economic, and political issue, especially in Southern European countries that are becoming even more arid and where different crops can be cultivated only if irrigation is possible. In this context, strategies to enhance water use efficiency are [...] Read more.
Water scarcity is a growing social, economic, and political issue, especially in Southern European countries that are becoming even more arid and where different crops can be cultivated only if irrigation is possible. In this context, strategies to enhance water use efficiency are regarded as critical from both an economic and an environmental standpoint. The present work aims to analyse water use efficiency and productivity of processing tomato in Apulia region of Southern Italy. Specifically, the study examines the potential enhancements in economic and physical water productivity through the simulation of the fully coupled FEST-EWB-SAFY model, a hydrological crop model that estimates the optimal water requirements for irrigation using satellite and ground data. The model’s estimates suggest that plants require significantly less water than that provided by conventional irrigation systems. The simulations also suggest that information technology, when combined with irrigation water-saving techniques, can lead to a reduction in water waste, an increase in water productivity, and lower incidence of water costs. Policy interventions should integrate water efficiency into existing regulatory measures and promote better water usage planning through the adoption of smart delivery systems aimed at supplying water only when necessary and at optimal volumes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation Technology and Water Management in Agriculture: Toward a Sustainable Future)
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22 pages, 5022 KiB  
Article
Comparisons of Driving Characteristics between Electric and Diesel-Powered Bus Operations along Identical Bus Routes
by Ka-Wai Ng and Hing-Yan Tong
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4950; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124950 - 9 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3411
Abstract
The energy consumption profiles of conventional fuelled and electric vehicles are different due to the fundamental differences in the driving characteristics of these vehicles, which have been actively researched elsewhere but mostly on the basis of uncommon geographical contexts. This study, therefore, collected [...] Read more.
The energy consumption profiles of conventional fuelled and electric vehicles are different due to the fundamental differences in the driving characteristics of these vehicles, which have been actively researched elsewhere but mostly on the basis of uncommon geographical contexts. This study, therefore, collected driving data on electric and conventional diesel buses running along exactly the same set of bus routes in Hong Kong during normal daily revenue operations. This enabled a fair comparison of driving characteristics for both types of bus under identical real-life, on-road driving conditions, which highlighted the originality and contributions of this study. A three-step approach was adopted to carry out detailed driving pattern analyses, which included key driving parameters, speed–acceleration probability distributions (SAPDs), and vehicle-specific power (VSP) distributions. Results found that route-based comparisons did highlight important differences in driving patterns between electric and diesel buses that might have been smoothed out by analyses with mixed-route datasets. In particular, the spread, intensity, and directions of these differences were found to be exaggerated at the route-based level. The differences in driving patterns varied across different routes, which has significant implications on vehicle energy consumption. Government agencies and/or bus operators should make references to these results in formulating electric bus deployment plans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Transport Planning)
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35 pages, 2429 KiB  
Review
Alternative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System Considerations for Reducing Energy Use and Emissions in Egg Industries in Temperate and Continental Climates: A Systematic Review of Current Systems, Insights, and Future Directions
by Leandra Vanbaelinghem, Andrea Costantino, Florian Grassauer and Nathan Pelletier
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4895; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124895 - 7 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2974
Abstract
Egg production is amongst the most rapidly expanding livestock sectors worldwide. A large share of non-renewable energy use in egg production is due to the operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Reducing energy use, therefore, is essential to decreasing the [...] Read more.
Egg production is amongst the most rapidly expanding livestock sectors worldwide. A large share of non-renewable energy use in egg production is due to the operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Reducing energy use, therefore, is essential to decreasing the environmental impacts of intensive egg production. This review identifies market-ready alternatives (such as heat pumps and earth–air heat exchangers) to traditional HVAC systems that could be applied in the industrial egg sector, specifically focusing on their use in temperate and continental climates. For this analysis, energy simulations were run to estimate the typical thermal loads of caged and free-run poultry housing systems in various Canadian locations, which were used as examples of temperate and continental climates. These estimations were then used to evaluate alternative HVAC systems for (1) their capability to meet the energy demands of egg production facilities, (2) their environmental impact mitigation potential, and (3) their relative affordability by considering the insights from a systematic review of 225 relevant papers. The results highlighted that future research should prioritize earth–air heat exchangers as a complementary system and ground source heat pumps as a stand-alone system to reduce the impacts associated with conventional HVAC system operation in egg production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock for Sustainable Agriculture)
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18 pages, 6011 KiB  
Article
Bioinspired Coastal Barriers: A Preliminary Laboratory Study on the Hydraulic Performances of Shapes Inspired by Marine Organisms
by Valentina Perricone, Pasquale Contestabile, Antonio Mele, Nasrin Hassanpour, Diego Vicinanza and Mario Buono
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4839; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114839 - 6 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2381
Abstract
Coastal erosion, extreme climate events, and the loss of biodiversity are important consequences of climate change that directly impact our society. The needs to develop effective engineering practices using nature as model and mentor are now emerging aimed to develop high-performance coastal infrastructures [...] Read more.
Coastal erosion, extreme climate events, and the loss of biodiversity are important consequences of climate change that directly impact our society. The needs to develop effective engineering practices using nature as model and mentor are now emerging aimed to develop high-performance coastal infrastructures integrating and sustaining local marine ecosystems. In this scenario, the present article describes the concept development and preliminary experimentation of simplified bioinspired models to evaluate their hydraulic performances. This study is part of a future vision to develop submerged barriers, printed with eco-friendly materials, characterized by high hydraulic performances and cable of supporting local biodiversity. Following a top-down approach, the functional features of key organisms were abstracted and transferred to create three bioinspired models. The hydraulic performance of these models is analyzed in terms of wave transmission, reflection, and dissipation under various wave conditions. Under certain circumstances, the bioinspired barriers demonstrate wave attenuation comparable to traditional submerged breakwaters. A method based on skin friction and drag-related processes provides a simple heuristic explanation of how the shape of the models affect the transmission coefficient. The results achieved offer valuable insights for the design of future coastal defense systems that are inspired by, and integrated with, natural ecosystems. Full article
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24 pages, 7846 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Mineral Matter Dynamics within the Peatland as Reflected in Water Composition
by Valentina Pezdir, Luka Serianz and Mateja Gosar
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4857; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114857 - 6 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1676
Abstract
Peatland hydrology plays an important role in preserving or changing the record in any consideration of past atmospheric deposition records in peat bogs. The Šijec bog, located on the Pokljuka plateau in Slovenia, is one of the largest ombrotrophic peatlands. We sampled the [...] Read more.
Peatland hydrology plays an important role in preserving or changing the record in any consideration of past atmospheric deposition records in peat bogs. The Šijec bog, located on the Pokljuka plateau in Slovenia, is one of the largest ombrotrophic peatlands. We sampled the surface pools, pore water, drainage from the peatland, and karst streams not connected to the peatland. Additionally, we sampled the precipitation, as ombrotrophic peatlands receive mineral matter solely from the atmosphere. The results of the evaluation of the chemical and isotopic composition indicated different origins of dissolved mineral matter in different water types. The components originating from the bedrock and surrounding soils (Ca, Mg, Al, Si, Sr) predominated in the streams. The chemical composition of the peatland drainage water revealed the significant removal of major components from the peatland, particularly elements like Al, Fe, and REE, and metals that are readily dissolved in an acidic environment or mobile in their reduced state. Despite their solubility, concentrations of metals (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti) and REE in surface pools remained higher than in the drainage due to incomplete elimination from the peatland. The composition of pore water reflects variations among the W and E parts of the peatland, indicating a heterogenous hydrological structure with different dynamics, such as an additional source of water at approximately 90 cm depth in the NW part. The chemical composition and isotope signature (18O and 2H) of pore water additionally indicated a heterogeneous recharge with residence times of less than a year. The overall analysis indicated a predominantly ombrotrophic type and a small part in the NW area of the peatland as a minerotrophic type of peat. Full article
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17 pages, 882 KiB  
Review
Towards Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Cement Manufacturing: A Systematic Review of AI Applications in Electrical Energy Consumption Optimization
by Olurotimi Oguntola, Kwaku Boakye and Steve Simske
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4798; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114798 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5634
Abstract
Cement manufacturing is known for its significant energy consumption and environmental footprint. As the world strives for sustainability, optimizing electrical energy consumption (EEC) in cement manufacturing is essential for reducing operational costs and minimizing the industry’s environmental impact. This systematic review aims to [...] Read more.
Cement manufacturing is known for its significant energy consumption and environmental footprint. As the world strives for sustainability, optimizing electrical energy consumption (EEC) in cement manufacturing is essential for reducing operational costs and minimizing the industry’s environmental impact. This systematic review aims to synthesize and analyze existing scholarly works and industry reports on methods and approaches for EEC optimization in cement production. It examines papers published between 1993 and 2023 in academic databases, scholarly journals, and industry publications to identify open questions and areas where future research may be needed. While challenges remain, continued research and innovation are key to further advancements in energy efficiency in cement production. With the advent of Industry 4.0 digitalization and advancements in data analytics and industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), artificial intelligence (AI) can be leveraged to optimize EEC. This study is a review of the applications of artificial intelligence to EEC optimization in industries that have heavy demand for electric power to highlight the value of directing research to its applications in cement manufacturing. The study posits that with digitalization, applying artificial intelligence to extract operational insights from the data collected from embedded sensors and meters at the plant presents the most cost-effective, high-return, and low-risk opportunity to optimize EEC in cement manufacturing. Full article
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24 pages, 971 KiB  
Article
Decarbonization Drivers and Their Impact on Business Models in the Energy-Intensive Manufacturing Industry (EIMI)
by Franziska Mais and Thomas Bauernhansl
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4836; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114836 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2356
Abstract
EIMIs face the challenge of adapting to the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal to achieve carbon neutrality. Driven by consumer interest in low-carbon products, regulatory requirements, and investor priorities, companies are pressured to integrate sustainability beyond short-term financial gains. The growing [...] Read more.
EIMIs face the challenge of adapting to the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal to achieve carbon neutrality. Driven by consumer interest in low-carbon products, regulatory requirements, and investor priorities, companies are pressured to integrate sustainability beyond short-term financial gains. The growing awareness of the environmental impact of business models (BM) has fueled the development of Sustainable Business Models (SBMs). Although the importance of decarbonization of EIMIs has increased, there is a lack of industry-specific research examining the combination of decarbonization and business models, as well as their interrelationships and correlations. This study addresses the discussion on the role of SBMs in decarbonization, improving the understanding of how these drivers can be integrated to enable new BMs for EIMIs. Based on a structured literature review and semi-structured interviews within the EIMIs, the study identifies BM components influenced by these drivers requiring sustainable business model innovation (SBMI). Results show that decarbonization drivers significantly impact all BM components. Experts emphasize the importance of collaborative approaches and cooperation throughout the value chain. This research highlights the need for systematic analysis to understand how companies can manage decarbonization drivers effectively and suggests exploring potential SBM design options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
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25 pages, 4911 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Link between Wildfires, Vulnerability, and Climate Change: Insights from the Regions of Greece
by Petros Xepapadeas, Kostas Douvis, Ioannis Kapsomenakis, Anastasios Xepapadeas and Christos Zerefos
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4822; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114822 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2824
Abstract
Forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services which are important for achieving sustainable development. Anthropogenic climate change has led to the increased frequency and severity of forest fires, which imply losses of valuable ecosystem services. This paper provides a methodological framework based [...] Read more.
Forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services which are important for achieving sustainable development. Anthropogenic climate change has led to the increased frequency and severity of forest fires, which imply losses of valuable ecosystem services. This paper provides a methodological framework based on Multiple Criteria Decision Aid methods for determining relative regional vulnerabilities associated with forest fires. Different notions of ex-post vulnerability are defined based on the forest area burned and the frequency of forest fires, and their relation to the regions’ area and certain socioeconomic characteristics. The climatic drivers of forest fire occurrence are explored by linking forest fires with summer and spring temperatures and precipitation, using econometric count data analysis. The methodology is applied to Greece and its administrative regions for the period 2000–2022. Ex-post vulnerability of regions to forest fires based on physical and socioeconomic characteristics is calculated, and expected changes in the frequency of fires of specific size classes conditional on the evolution of mean seasonal regional temperature and precipitation according to IPCC scenarios are predicted. Relative vulnerability estimates and the impact of specific climatic drivers on forest fires will be useful in designing policies for preserving forests as natural capital and promoting sustainability. Full article
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40 pages, 18938 KiB  
Article
Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow and Baseflow in the Karnali River Basin, Nepal: A CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble Approach Using SWAT and Web-Based Hydrograph Analysis Tool
by Manoj Lamichhane, Sajal Phuyal, Rajnish Mahato, Anuska Shrestha, Usam Pudasaini, Sudeshma Dikshen Lama, Abin Raj Chapagain, Sushant Mehan and Dhurba Neupane
Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3262; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083262 - 13 Apr 2024
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6196
Abstract
Our study aims to understand how the hydrological cycle is affected by climate change in river basins. This study focused on the Karnali River Basin (KRB) to examine the impact of extreme weather events like floods and heat waves on water security and [...] Read more.
Our study aims to understand how the hydrological cycle is affected by climate change in river basins. This study focused on the Karnali River Basin (KRB) to examine the impact of extreme weather events like floods and heat waves on water security and sustainable environmental management. Our research incorporates precipitation and temperature projections from ten Global Circulation Models (GCMs) under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We applied thirteen statistical bias correction methods for precipitation and nine for temperatures to make future precipitation and temperature trend projections. The research study also utilized the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model at multi-sites to estimate future streamflow under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios of SSP245 and SSP585. Additionally, the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT) was used to distinguish between baseflow and streamflow. Our findings, based on the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME), indicate that precipitation will increase by 7.79–16.25% under SSP245 (9.43–27.47% under SSP585) and maximum temperatures will rise at rates of 0.018, 0.048, and 0.064 °C/yr under SSP245 (0.022, 0.066, and 0.119 °C/yr under SSP585). We also anticipate that minimum temperatures will increase at rates of 0.049, 0.08, and 0.97 °C/yr under SSP245 (0.057, 0.115, and 0.187 °C/yr under SSP585) for near, mid, and far future periods, respectively. Our research predicts an increase in river discharge in the KRB by 27.12% to 54.88% under SSP245 and 45.4% to 93.3% under SSP585 in different future periods. Our finding also showed that the expected minimum monthly baseflow in future periods will occur earlier than in the historical period. Our study emphasizes the need for sustainable and adaptive management strategies to address the effects of climate change on water security in the KRB. By providing detailed insights into future hydrological conditions, this research serves as a critical resource for policymakers and stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making for the sustainable management of water resources in the face of climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)
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25 pages, 2543 KiB  
Review
Coconut Waste: Discovering Sustainable Approaches to Advance a Circular Economy
by Fabrícia Vieira, Hortência E. P. Santana, Meirielly Jesus, Joana Santos, Preciosa Pires, Manuela Vaz-Velho, Daniel Pereira Silva and Denise Santos Ruzene
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3066; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073066 - 7 Apr 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 24417
Abstract
The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) stands as a pivotal resource in tropical regions, playing a crucial role in both subsistence and economic activities across Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South America. While the harvesting of coconut fruit is essential for producing globally [...] Read more.
The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) stands as a pivotal resource in tropical regions, playing a crucial role in both subsistence and economic activities across Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South America. While the harvesting of coconut fruit is essential for producing globally utilized edible products, such as coconut oil, by small owners and large producers around the world in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, concerns have arisen due to the substantial amount of agro-industrial residue generated in this process, posing environmental risks if they are not properly managed. Recognizing the environmental challenges, this paper emphasizes the transformative potential inherent in coconut waste, characterized by its lignocellulosic composition rich in lignin and multifunctional groups. By delving into the historical context of coconut economic exploration and its chemical composition, this review explores the diverse applications of coconut products, focusing on the utilization and processing of residues to generate sustainable products and byproducts. Ultimately, this comprehensive review underscores the significance of repurposing coconut waste, not only to mitigate the environmental impact but also as a valuable contributor to a circular economy, promoting the use of the lignocellulosic biomass in research and bolstering its role as a raw material in the chemical and energy sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Biomass Transformation: Sustainable Development)
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18 pages, 5640 KiB  
Article
The Dialectics of Nature–Human Conflicts for Sustainable Water Security
by Jacques Ganoulis
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073055 - 6 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3654
Abstract
How humans use and manage water resources under climate change conditions threatens water security, which means risking the availability of enough good-quality water for everybody and for nature’s flora and fauna. Integrated Water Resources Management is a state-of-the-art water management model. After 20 [...] Read more.
How humans use and manage water resources under climate change conditions threatens water security, which means risking the availability of enough good-quality water for everybody and for nature’s flora and fauna. Integrated Water Resources Management is a state-of-the-art water management model. After 20 years in use, the application of this model failed to achieve its primary goal in many countries, i.e., ensuring the good ecological status of rivers, lakes, and aquifers. This paper shows that because the model is more human-centered than nature-oriented or anthropocentric, it generates severe environmental damages called “externalities.” From a historical analysis of the human–nature interplay, three main results were obtained: (1) the nature–human interaction is always in a state of contradictory confrontation, being composed of two opposite human behaviors of conflict and cooperation with nature; (2) this contradiction is assumed as a general ontological principle and epistemic hypothesis, called “dialectical”; and (3) historically, in the balance of power between nature and humans, three clusters are identified: (i) naturalistic, (ii) dualistic, and (iii) anthropocentric. A theory of a novel behaviorist conflict resolution model is suggested to dialectically resolve conflicts between stakeholders and natural laws. This model provides a harmonic symbiosis of humans and nature, removes environmental externalities, and can lead to sustainable water security. Three case studies illustrate the merits of the new dialectical model in real applications. Full article
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12 pages, 1080 KiB  
Article
An Eretmocerus Species, Parasitoid of Aleurocanthus spiniferus, Was Found in Europe: The Secret Savior of Threatened Plants
by Gianluca Melone, Roberta Ascolese, Francesco Nugnes, Francesco Porcelli, Carmelo Rapisarda, Alessia Farina, Ugo Picciotti, Francesca Garganese and Stefania Laudonia
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072970 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
This study focuses on the first detection in Europe of a parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Through extensive field surveys, this study investigates the occurrence of the aphelinid in several regions [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the first detection in Europe of a parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Through extensive field surveys, this study investigates the occurrence of the aphelinid in several regions across central and southern Italy. Different sites were monitored to investigate the Eretmocerus sp. gr. serius parasitization rate on A. spiniferus, shedding light on its potential as a biological control agent against the invasive whitefly pest. The research results offer a hopeful prospect for progressing sustainable and eco-friendly methods in handling A. spiniferus infestations in citrus crops, highlighting the importance of natural enemies in integrated pest management programs. The research emphasizes the importance of the recently discovered parasitoid for European agriculture, paving the way for inventive approaches in pest control and cultivation practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toward Sustainable Agriculture: Crop Protection and Pest Control)
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16 pages, 899 KiB  
Article
Nexus between Life Expectancy, CO2 Emissions, Economic Development, Water, and Agriculture in Aral Sea Basin: Empirical Assessment
by Olimjon Saidmamatov, Orifjon Saidmamatov, Yuldoshboy Sobirov, Peter Marty, Davron Ruzmetov, Temur Berdiyorov, Javlon Karimov, Ergash Ibadullaev, Umidjon Matyakubov and Jonathon Day
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072647 - 23 Mar 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3270
Abstract
This study investigates how life expectancy is influenced by CO2 emissions, health spending, GDP, water usage, agricultural output, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption within the Aral Sea basin, which is an environmentally catastrophic zone in the world. This research utilized data [...] Read more.
This study investigates how life expectancy is influenced by CO2 emissions, health spending, GDP, water usage, agricultural output, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption within the Aral Sea basin, which is an environmentally catastrophic zone in the world. This research utilized data from the years 2002 to 2020 and employed various econometric approaches, including FMOLS, DOLS, and Driscoll–Kraay. The outcomes of the study reveal that health spending, GDP, water productivity, agriculture output, energy consumption, and human capital have a positive impact on life expectancy, but CO2 emissions have a negative impact on life expectancy. The most important policy takeaway from this study is the need to develop and implement comprehensive policies that take into account health spending, GDP, water, agricultural output, energy consumption, and education level in order to ensure life longevity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Climate Change and Their Socioeconomic Impact)
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22 pages, 12122 KiB  
Article
The Changing Ecology of a High Himalayan Valley: Challenges to the Sustainable Development of the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal
by Alton C. Byers, Milan Shrestha, Andrew Zackary, Elizabeth A. Byers, Broughton Coburn, Teiji Watanabe and Mohan B. Chand
Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2434; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062434 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5135
Abstract
The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is a high mountain protected area (MPA) in eastern Nepal undergoing socioeconomic and environmental changes that are unprecedented in the region’s history. In the following paper, we discuss recent changes involving new road construction, climate change, adventure tourism, [...] Read more.
The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is a high mountain protected area (MPA) in eastern Nepal undergoing socioeconomic and environmental changes that are unprecedented in the region’s history. In the following paper, we discuss recent changes involving new road construction, climate change, adventure tourism, and the wildlife/forest cover/medicinal plant sectors. Our assessments are based on the collective results of past and recent field research, remote sensing analysis, oral histories, and literature reviews. While similar changes are occurring in MPAs throughout Nepal, it is suggested that the KCA differs from other regions in that it still retains the option of conducting detailed feasibility, environmental, and impact assessments prior to the implementation of major change-associated projects, particularly the construction of roads. In turn, the KCA might avoid many of the environmental, social, and economic problems experienced elsewhere in Nepal, while enhancing its status, income-generating capacities, and sustainability as a global destination for adventure, nature, and cultural tourism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)
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17 pages, 2607 KiB  
Article
Assessing Environmental Sustainability of Phytoremediation to Remove Copper from Contaminated Soils
by Juan J. Espada, Rosalía Rodríguez, Andrea Delgado, Gemma Vicente and Luis Fernando Bautista
Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062441 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3288
Abstract
Phytoremediation stands out as a promising technology for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils. This work focuses on studying the environmental performance of phytoremediation in removing copper from contaminated soil located in an old Spanish mine using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. [...] Read more.
Phytoremediation stands out as a promising technology for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils. This work focuses on studying the environmental performance of phytoremediation in removing copper from contaminated soil located in an old Spanish mine using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. For this purpose, Brassica juncea (brown mustard), Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and their rotary cultivation were assessed along with different options for managing biomass (landfill disposal and biomass cogeneration). In addition, soil excavation and soil washing treatments were also compared to phytoremediation. M. sativa proved superior to B. juncea and their rotary cultivation, regardless of the biomass disposal option, achieving impact reductions of 30–100%. This is due to the ability of M. sativa to fix nitrogen, which reduces fertiliser requirements. Among the biomass management alternatives, cogeneration was superior to landfill disposal in all cases by allowing for energy recovery, thereby reducing environmental impacts by 60–100%. M. sativa + cogeneration is the option that presents the best environmental performance of all the studied treatments, achieving reductions up to negligible values in four of eight impact categories due to the impacts avoided by energy production. On the contrary, soil excavation is the less desirable option, followed by soil washing treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Quality and Innovation in Agriculture: Dynamics, Indicators, and Sustainability)
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22 pages, 5181 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Fuel Cell vs. Battery Electric Trucks: Economic Perspectives in Alignment with China’s Carbon Neutrality Target
by Zhexuan Mu, Fuquan Zhao, Fanlong Bai, Zongwei Liu and Han Hao
Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062427 - 14 Mar 2024
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4572
Abstract
The electrification of heavy-duty trucks stands as a critical and challenging cornerstone in the low-carbon transition of the transportation sector. This paper employs the total cost of ownership (TCO) as the economic evaluation metric, framed within the context of China’s ambitious goals for [...] Read more.
The electrification of heavy-duty trucks stands as a critical and challenging cornerstone in the low-carbon transition of the transportation sector. This paper employs the total cost of ownership (TCO) as the economic evaluation metric, framed within the context of China’s ambitious goals for heavy truck electrification by 2035. A detailed TCO model is developed, encompassing not only the vehicles but also their related energy replenishing infrastructures. This comprehensive approach enables a sophisticated examination of the economic feasibility for different deployment contexts of both fuel cell and battery electric heavy-duty trucks, emphasizing renewable energy utilization. This study demonstrates that in the context where both fuel cell components and hydrogen energy are costly, fuel cell trucks (FCTs) exhibit a significantly higher TCO compared to battery electric trucks (BETs). Specifically, for a 16 ton truck with a 500 km range, the TCO for the FCT is 0.034 USD/tkm, representing a 122% increase over its BET counterpart. In the case of a 49 ton truck designed for a 1000 km range, the TCO for the FCT is 0.024 USD/tkm, marking a 36% premium compared to the BET model. The technological roadmap suggests a narrowing cost disparity between FCTs and BETs by 2035. For the aforementioned 16 ton truck model, the projected TCO for the FCT is expected to be 0.016 USD/tkm, which is 58% above the BET, and for the 49 ton variant, it is anticipated at 0.012 USD per ton-kilometer, narrowing the difference to just 4.5% relative to BET. Further analysis within this study on the influences of renewable energy pricing and operational range on FCT and BET costs highlights a pivotal finding: for the 49 ton truck, achieving TCO parity between FCTs and BETs is feasible when renewable energy electricity prices fall to 0.022 USD/kWh or when the operational range extends to 1890 km. This underscores the critical role of energy costs and efficiency in bridging the cost gap between FCTs and BETs. Full article
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34 pages, 3342 KiB  
Article
The Economic Potential of Agrivoltaic Systems in Apple Cultivation—A Hungarian Case Study
by Aidana Chalgynbayeva, Péter Balogh, László Szőllősi, Zoltán Gabnai, Ferenc Apáti, Marianna Sipos and Attila Bai
Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062325 - 12 Mar 2024
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6109
Abstract
Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) allow the simultaneous use of land—as a limited resource—for crop production and electricity generation. This paper introduces the development prospects of AVS in Hungary with insights into international trends. The most important part is a complex economic analysis and a [...] Read more.
Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) allow the simultaneous use of land—as a limited resource—for crop production and electricity generation. This paper introduces the development prospects of AVS in Hungary with insights into international trends. The most important part is a complex economic analysis and a unit cost analysis of a 38 MWp capacity AVS, considering the most typical basic data in electricity and apple production. The applied risk analysis is based on a Monte Carlo simulation, the distribution function, and probabilities. To introduce the economic facet of the competitiveness of AVS, a comparative analysis was carried out between AVS, ground-mounted photovoltaic (GM-PV) systems, and conventional apple production systems (ConAPS). In the most probable scenario, the AVS was financially attractive (NPV = 70 million EUR under 30 years). Our correlation analysis shows that feed-in tariff (FIT) price and the role of financing are considered the dominant economic factors. A favorable FIT price enhances the profitability of AVS; however, it makes GM-PV systems more profitable compared to AVS, so it negatively affects the competitiveness of AVS systems. AVS operations result in a more balanced unit cost of apples and of electricity compared to the independent operation of GM-PV systems and of ConAPS; in addition, it allows for land saving and more intensive land use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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33 pages, 6198 KiB  
Article
Comparative Life Cycle Assessments and Economic Analyses of Alternative Marine Fuels: Insights for Practical Strategies
by Hyunyong Lee, Jinkwang Lee, Gilltae Roh, Sangick Lee, Choungho Choung and Hokeun Kang
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 2114; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052114 - 4 Mar 2024
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5824
Abstract
The growth of the global shipping industry has increased the interest in the environmental impact of this sector. The International Maritime Organization adopted the initial Greenhouse Gas strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships at the 72nd Marine Environment Protection Committee in April [...] Read more.
The growth of the global shipping industry has increased the interest in the environmental impact of this sector. The International Maritime Organization adopted the initial Greenhouse Gas strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships at the 72nd Marine Environment Protection Committee in April 2018. In this study, we carried out a life cycle assessment of nine production pathways of alternative fuels, including LNG, ammonia, methanol, and biofuels, and conducted an economic analysis considering the life cycle carbon pricing of each fuel pathway. Our results indicate that biomass-based FT-diesel, e-methanol, and e-ammonia are the most environmentally friendly, with GHG reductions of 92%, 88.2%, and 86.6%, respectively. However, our net present value analysis of ship life cycle cost considering carbon price indicated that using those fuels would not be cost-effective during the target period of study. Sensitivity analysis was performed by changing the life cycle carbon pricing from the baseline scenario, and we investigated the approximate years for when these alternative fuels will become more cost-effective compared to conventional fossil fuels. Further, to provide practical implications for shipping stakeholders, we analysed the effect of blending the same kinds of fuels with different production pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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37 pages, 1338 KiB  
Review
Advances in Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Technologies
by Abdullah Omar, Fares Almomani, Hazim Qiblawey and Kashif Rasool
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 2112; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052112 - 3 Mar 2024
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7074
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich wastewater is a major environmental issue that requires proper treatment before disposal. This comprehensive overview covers biological, physical, and chemical nitrogen removal methods. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) is most effective in saline water when utilizing both aerobic and anoxic conditions with diverse microbial [...] Read more.
Nitrogen-rich wastewater is a major environmental issue that requires proper treatment before disposal. This comprehensive overview covers biological, physical, and chemical nitrogen removal methods. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) is most effective in saline water when utilizing both aerobic and anoxic conditions with diverse microbial populations for nitrogen removal. Coupling anammox with denitrification could increase removal rates and reduce energy demand. Suspended growth bioreactors effectively treated diverse COD/N ratios and demonstrated resilience to low C/N ratios. Moving biofilm bioreactors exhibit reduced mortality rates, enhanced sludge–liquid separation, increased treatment efficiency, and stronger biological structures. SND studies show ≥90% total nitrogen removal efficiency (%RETN) in diverse setups, with Defluviicoccus, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrospira as the main microbial communities, while anammox–denitrification achieved a %RETN of 77%. Systems using polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate as a growth medium showed a %RETN ≥ 75%. Air-lift reflux configurations exhibited high %RETN and %RENH4, reducing costs and minimizing sludge formation. Microwave pretreatment and high-frequency electric fields could be used to improve the %RENH4. Adsorption/ion exchange, membrane distillation, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration exhibit promise in industrial wastewater treatment. AOPs and sulfate-based oxidants effectively eliminate nitrogen compounds from industrial wastewater. Tailoring proposed treatments for cost-effective nitrogen removal, optimizing microbial interactions, and analyzing the techno-economics of emerging technologies are crucial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solutions to Water Pollution by Sewage, Nutrients and Chemicals)
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27 pages, 9611 KiB  
Article
Participatory Mapping for Enhancing Flood Risk Resilient and Sustainable Urban Drainage: A Collaborative Approach for the Genoa Case Study
by Ilaria Gnecco, Francesca Pirlone, Ilenia Spadaro, Fabrizio Bruno, Maria Cristina Lobascio, Sabrina Sposito, Michele Pezzagno and Anna Palla
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051936 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5743
Abstract
Planning for resilient cities requires an evidence-based understanding of flood risk and the involvement of stakeholders and local actors. The paper addresses research developed within the URCA!—Urban Resilience to Climate Change: to activate the participatory mapping and decision support tool for enhancing sustainable [...] Read more.
Planning for resilient cities requires an evidence-based understanding of flood risk and the involvement of stakeholders and local actors. The paper addresses research developed within the URCA!—Urban Resilience to Climate Change: to activate the participatory mapping and decision support tool for enhancing sustainable urban drainage—project. A top-down/bottom-up participatory and flexible methodology for the conception of participatory mapping aimed at the planning and installation of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) on the territory is then developed. The innovative methodology is applied and tested in the case study of the Sampierdarena district in Genoa, northern Italy. This research paper illustrates the development of a participatory map (Pmap) that can support the implementation of SUDS as mitigation/adaptation strategies, integrating technical assessment and containing community visions and expectations. Findings concerning the connections between proposed SUDS locations and their frequencies confirm the relevance of the commercial area and the main traffic lanes along, confirming that all zones characterized by intense vehicular and pedestrian flow are suitable for SUDS as a solution to contribute to urban flood resilience. The georeferenced and intergenerational Pmap may be integrated into a decision support system to be developed as a guidance tool for the public administration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Resilience and Participation for Territory Safety from External Risks)
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28 pages, 3460 KiB  
Article
The Cobalt Supply Chain and Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems
by Jani Das, Andrew Kleiman, Atta Ur Rehman, Rahul Verma and Michael H. Young
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051910 - 26 Feb 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8128
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) deployed in battery energy storage systems (BESS) can reduce the carbon intensity of the electricity-generating sector and improve environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to use life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling, using data from peer-reviewed literature and public [...] Read more.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) deployed in battery energy storage systems (BESS) can reduce the carbon intensity of the electricity-generating sector and improve environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to use life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling, using data from peer-reviewed literature and public and private sources, to quantify environmental impacts along the supply chain for cobalt, a crucial component in many types of LIBs. The study seeks to understand where in the life cycle stage the environmental impacts are highest, thus highlighting actions that can be taken to improve sustainability of the LIB supply chain. The system boundary for this LCA is cradle-to-gate. Impact assessment follows ReCiPe Midpoint (H) 2016. We assume a 30-year modeling period, with augmentation occurring at the end of the 3rd, 7th, and 14th years of operations, before a complete replacement in the 21st year. Three refinery locations (China, Canada, and Finland), a range of ore grades, and five battery chemistries (NMC111, NMC532, NMC622, NMC811, and NCA) are used in scenarios to better estimate their effect on the life cycle impacts. Insights from the study are that impacts along nearly all pathways increase according to an inverse power-law relationship with ore grade; refining outside of China can reduce global warming potential (GWP) by over 12%; and GWP impacts for cobalt used in NCA and other NMC battery chemistries are 63% and 45–74% lower than in NMC111, respectively. When analyzed on a single-score basis, marine and freshwater ecotoxicity are prominent. For an ore grade of 0.3%, the GWP values for the Canada route decrease at a rate of 58% to 65%, and those for Finland route decrease by 71% to 76% from the base case. Statistical analysis shows that cobalt content in the battery is the highest predictor (R2 = 0.988), followed by the ore grade (R2 = 0.966) and refining location (R2 = 0.766), when assessed for correlation individually. The results presented here point to areas where environmental burdens of LIBs can be reduced, and thus they are helpful to policy and investment decision makers. Full article
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23 pages, 327 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Climate Action on the Financial Performance of Food, Grocery, and Supermarket Retailers in the UK
by Tolu Olarewaju, Samir Dani, Collins Obeng-Fosu, Tayo Olarewaju and Abdul Jabbar
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051785 - 21 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7258
Abstract
We examined the impact of climate action on the financial performance of eleven food, grocery, and supermarket retailers listed on the London Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2022. Our findings reveal a positive association between the climate mitigation efforts of these businesses and [...] Read more.
We examined the impact of climate action on the financial performance of eleven food, grocery, and supermarket retailers listed on the London Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2022. Our findings reveal a positive association between the climate mitigation efforts of these businesses and financial performance, particularly in terms of returns on assets (ROA). Through Ordinary Least Squares estimation, we identified that climate action practices such as renewable energy usage, waste reduction, adoption of energy-efficient technologies, eco-friendly packaging, and optimized transportation are significantly associated with the ROA of UK-based food, grocery, and supermarket retailers. This study is significant as these retailers often have extensive operations and supply chains that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. It demonstrates that engaging in climate mitigation measures can still lead to a positive ROA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change: Public Policy and Business Strategy Perspectives)
32 pages, 1045 KiB  
Review
A Literature Review of Seaport Decarbonisation: Solution Measures and Roadmap to Net Zero
by Dong-Ping Song
Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041620 - 15 Feb 2024
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5537
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to seaport decarbonisation by combining the academic literature with case studies, industrial reports, newsletters, and domain knowledge. Through the literature review, the emission sources at seaports are categorised according to different criteria for [...] Read more.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to seaport decarbonisation by combining the academic literature with case studies, industrial reports, newsletters, and domain knowledge. Through the literature review, the emission sources at seaports are categorised according to different criteria for better understanding. One of the criteria is the geographic location, which divides the emission sources into four categories. For each emission source category, the emission reduction measures in the literature are categorised into six structured categories including operational measures, technical measures, fuel and energy measures, infrastructural measures, digitalisation measures, and policy and collaboration measures. The first three categories have a direct impact on emission reductions, whereas the last three categories tend to support and facilitate the development and implementation of the first three categories. Representative case studies are selected from the UK ports to discuss their decarbonisation practices and pathways to net zero. We then propose a generic time-phased roadmap for port decarbonisation towards net zero, which divides the solution measures in each category into three phases to show their progressive processes. We explain the dependence relationships of the solution measures in the roadmap and discuss the challenges and opportunities in the implementation of the roadmap. This paper could offer strategic guidelines to port-associated stakeholders to implement emission reduction strategies and transition to net zero from the system perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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16 pages, 7571 KiB  
Article
Case Study on the Economic and Environmental Impact of the Introduction of the Variable-Rate Distribution of Fertilizer in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivation
by Elio Romano, Andrea Bragaglio, Carlo Bisaglia, Alberto Assirelli, Elia Premoli and Simone Bergonzoli
Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041612 - 15 Feb 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3550
Abstract
Fertilization plays a strategic role in the cultivation of wheat, contributing to harvest yield, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. However, similarly to all farm inputs, it has both economic and environmental impacts due to fertilizer dispersion into the environment during its distribution, [...] Read more.
Fertilization plays a strategic role in the cultivation of wheat, contributing to harvest yield, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. However, similarly to all farm inputs, it has both economic and environmental impacts due to fertilizer dispersion into the environment during its distribution, as well as any excess fertilizer not used by the crop. Precision agriculture, which introduces the possibility of distributing fertilizer following prescription maps, has an immediate effect on dosage compliance according to the request and potential for use by each homogeneous area of the crop. An experimental field (about 15 hectares) at the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) of Treviglio (BG) in Northern Italy was fertilized using a centrifugal fertilizer spreader combined with a tractor, equipped with a satellite system to distribute urea led by prescription maps. The purposes of this research were to verify (i) the effect of fertilization, performed with precision agriculture (PA) criteria at a variable rate; (ii) the comparison of the economic impact of the quantities of fertilizer required by precision agriculture compared to the distribution required in previous years (fertilizers administered according to conventional agriculture). The treated areas showed a significant yield improvement (almost 14%) when fertilization was performed according to the prescription map. With a negligible margin of error of less than 0.001, the total amount of fertilizer used was the same in both years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Precision Agriculture: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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30 pages, 1133 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Water Infrastructure: Visions and Options for Sub-Saharan Africa
by Henrietta E. M. George-Williams, Dexter V. L. Hunt and Christopher D. F. Rogers
Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041592 - 14 Feb 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10835
Abstract
Developing a sustainable water infrastructure entails the planning and management of water systems to ensure the availability, access, quality, and affordability of water resources in the face of social, environmental, and economic challenges. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is currently in an era where it [...] Read more.
Developing a sustainable water infrastructure entails the planning and management of water systems to ensure the availability, access, quality, and affordability of water resources in the face of social, environmental, and economic challenges. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is currently in an era where it must make significant changes to improve the sustainability of its water infrastructure. This paper reviews the factors affecting water infrastructure sustainability and the interventions taken globally to address these challenges. In parallel, it reflects on the relevance of these interventions to the context of Sub-Saharan Africa through the lens of the STEEP (societal, technological, economic, environmental, political) framework. The paper goes on to recommend an extended analysis that captures additional critical dimensions when applying the concept of sustainability. Furthermore, this paper sheds light on the practice of sustainable development and fosters a deeper understanding of the issues, thereby forming the basis for further research and the development of sustainable and resilient solutions for water infrastructure and water asset management more generally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Resources and Stormwater Management)
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25 pages, 1779 KiB  
Review
Rooted in Nature: The Rise, Challenges, and Potential of Organic Farming and Fertilizers in Agroecosystems
by Dinesh Panday, Nikita Bhusal, Saurav Das and Arash Ghalehgolabbehbahani
Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041530 - 11 Feb 2024
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 38209
Abstract
Organic farming, which is deeply rooted in traditional agricultural practices, has witnessed a profound evolution over the last century. Transitioning from a grassroots initiative resisting the industrialization of agriculture to a global industry, organic farming now plays a pivotal role in addressing contemporary [...] Read more.
Organic farming, which is deeply rooted in traditional agricultural practices, has witnessed a profound evolution over the last century. Transitioning from a grassroots initiative resisting the industrialization of agriculture to a global industry, organic farming now plays a pivotal role in addressing contemporary challenges related to environmental health, sustainability, and food safety. Despite the growing consumer demand for organic products and market access, organic farming has its challenges. This paper discusses the origin and evolution of organic farming with an emphasis on different types of organic fertilizers, benefits, and challenges. Nutrient variability and the slow-release nature of organic fertilizer often do not meet crop demands and can substantially reduce yield. Some organic fertilizers, like manure and biosolids, can provide a higher yield benefit, but there are environmental and health risks associated with them. Weed and pest management in organic farming can be labor-intensive and increase costs. Inefficient planning of organic farming and rapid transition can also create food insecurity. This paper also gives a brief account of the current certification process for organic fertilizers and their technicalities. It showcases how the holistic approach of organic farming extends beyond production, including strategies like reducing food waste and building self-sufficient farming communities. These practices contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system, reducing environmental impacts and supporting local economies. Future technological innovations, especially in precision agriculture and bio-physicochemical models, can help in formulating targeted organic fertilizers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Soil Management and Crop Production Research)
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26 pages, 2605 KiB  
Perspective
Natural/Small Water Retention Measures: Their Contribution to Ecosystem-Based Concepts
by Julie Magnier, Benoît Fribourg-Blanc, Tatenda Lemann, Felix Witing, William Critchley and Martin Volk
Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031308 - 4 Feb 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5069
Abstract
The increasing incidence of droughts and heavy rainfall events is exacerbating conflicts between human and environmental demands for water. However, through providing multiple water-related ecosystem services and benefits simultaneously, Natural/Small Water Retention Measures (NSWRM) can mitigate such competing claims. Thus, they also contribute [...] Read more.
The increasing incidence of droughts and heavy rainfall events is exacerbating conflicts between human and environmental demands for water. However, through providing multiple water-related ecosystem services and benefits simultaneously, Natural/Small Water Retention Measures (NSWRM) can mitigate such competing claims. Thus, they also contribute to the achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals and environmental targets set out in water- and agriculture-related policies of the European Union. In particular, NSWRM provide for the sound management of watersheds, which can significantly contribute to improved water quality and availability—as well as improving the resilience of agriculture and society. This paper demonstrates how NSWRM fit into the framework of ecosystem-based concepts, including Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRM), Green Infrastructure (GI), Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), and Nature-based Solutions (NbS). NSWRM, as a distinct concept, bring added value to the other concepts by focussing on easy-to-implement, modestly sized, localised technical solutions to problems associated with water management, sediment, and nutrient loss. Through experience under the EU Horizon 2020 project OPTAIN (“OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe”), we show what NSWRM are, how they are linked to each of the ecosystem-based concepts, and how they can help add value to these concepts. Fourteen case studies are drawn upon from diverse countries across Europe. As a result of this analysis, we present the potential for the application of NSWRM in the context of these concepts, while helping to identify planning tools, the expertise required, and potential funding mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Management of Water Resources)
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14 pages, 2825 KiB  
Article
A Desktop Assessment of Ozone Micro-Nanobubble Technology for Algae and PFAS Removal from Surface Water Bodies Using Open-Source Water Quality Data
by Soheil Aber, Rachelle Aguada, Randimal Marasinghe, Christopher W. K. Chow, Raufdeen Rameezdeen and Ke Xing
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020668 - 12 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4088
Abstract
Ozone is an excellent oxidant and helps in breaking down both organic and inorganic compounds; this effect is further enhanced when it decomposes into hydroxyl radicals. Several studies confirm the good performance of ozonation and micro-nanobubble technology in eradicating algae and per- and [...] Read more.
Ozone is an excellent oxidant and helps in breaking down both organic and inorganic compounds; this effect is further enhanced when it decomposes into hydroxyl radicals. Several studies confirm the good performance of ozonation and micro-nanobubble technology in eradicating algae and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances. However, very little is known about the application of ozone micro-nanobubble technology in small-scale treatment; hence, this research aims to assess the potential of this technology. A survey was performed to obtain the water quality parameters of some selected water bodies via relevant open-source databases. The water quality was compared against the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) guidelines to identify those that did not meet the criteria and it was identified that 18% of the surface water bodies were below the recommended guidelines. The identified water sources were then used for the treatment simulation, which applies the literature-reported % removal of water quality parameters to predict the effectiveness of ozone micro-nanobubble technology for the selected water sources in this study. Furthermore, the time (dose) that is needed for the treatment using this technology was estimated based on the surface area of the water bodies. The scalability study was conducted to assess how many water bodies could be treated within a day using a 50 m3/h flow rate, which yielded a value of 27%. It was concluded that ozone micro-nanobubble technology can treat algae and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in surface waters as part of their treatment process by reducing treatment frequency and environmental impacts. By observing the benefits of ozone micro-nanobubble technology, there is a considerable chance that the surface water bodies in the City of Salisbury and, therefore, other small-scale water treatment plants, will be healthier after undergoing this process. This study demonstrated the advantages of applying open-source water quality data as a quick approximation of the evaluation of new treatment techniques, which will help engineers to better predict the performance of the designed field trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitalization and Its Application of Sustainable Development)
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15 pages, 2631 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Waste Brick Powder as a Partial Replacement of Portland Cement in Mortars
by Zhuomin Zou, Samuel Provoost and Elke Gruyaert
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020624 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1838
Abstract
Partially substituting Portland cement (PC) with waste brick powder (WBP) is an effective method to reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, the effects of a WBP with low pozzolanic activity on the fresh and hardened properties of blended cement with 0–40% WBP or [...] Read more.
Partially substituting Portland cement (PC) with waste brick powder (WBP) is an effective method to reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, the effects of a WBP with low pozzolanic activity on the fresh and hardened properties of blended cement with 0–40% WBP or 50% of WBP+GGBFS (by mass) were studied. Sodium sulphate (SS) (1.5 and 2.5%, related to powder mass) was used to activate the blended cement with 40% WBP or 50% WBP+GGBFS at 20 °C. Results show that the performance of blended cement is decreased with the increase in WBP content since the WBP with low pozzolanic activity mainly contributes to the dilution effect. Binary cement with 10% WBP shows a similar carbonation depth and chloride migration coefficient to PC. Ternary cement with 10% WBP and 40% GGBFS exhibits a slightly lower strength at 90 days and a lower chloride migration coefficient than PC. The SS solution increases the compressive strength at 2 days and decreases the compressive strength at 28 and 90 days. Moreover, the SS solution results in a lower carbonation depth and chloride migration coefficient, except for ternary cement with 10% WBP and 40% GGBFS, which shows a higher carbonation depth at 42 and 68 days. This paper provides a reference for the application of WBP to produce green mortars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Mineral-Based Materials in Construction)
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23 pages, 5952 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Intra-Field Spatial Variability for Nutrient Management Zone Delineation through Geospatial Techniques and Multivariate Analysis
by Haytham Mohamed Salem, Linda R. Schott, Julia Piaskowski, Asmita Chapagain, Jenifer L. Yost, Erin Brooks, Kendall Kahl and Jodi Johnson-Maynard
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020645 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2480
Abstract
This research study underscores the importance of effectively managing soil nutrients in a site-specific manner to enhance crop productivity while considering the spatial variability of the soil. The objective is to identify subfields with similar soil characteristics, referred to as management zones (MZs), [...] Read more.
This research study underscores the importance of effectively managing soil nutrients in a site-specific manner to enhance crop productivity while considering the spatial variability of the soil. The objective is to identify subfields with similar soil characteristics, referred to as management zones (MZs), to promote sustainable land utilization. This study was conducted in two central pivot fields located in Southern Idaho, USA, where barley and sugar beets were grown. Soil samples were collected from each field in a grid pattern and analyzed for various chemical properties. These properties included soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, excess lime, electrical conductivity, total inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, and boron. Descriptive statistics and normality assessments were performed, and the coefficient of variation was calculated to assess the heterogeneity of soil properties, revealing significant variability. To determine the spatial variability of soil properties, ordinary kriging was used revealing diverse spatial patterns for each location and soil variable examined with moderate to strong spatial dependence. To develop the MZs, a combination of principal component analysis and fuzzy k-means clustering was utilized, and specific parameters that represented the overall variability of soil properties in each field were identified. Based on the identified parameters, two clusters were created in each field. The first management zone (MZ1) exhibited lower values of soil pH, excess lime content, and electrical conductivity compared to the MZ2. Consequently, higher crop productivity was observed in MZ1 in both fields. The biomass yields of barley and sugar beets in MZ1 surpassed those in MZ2. This study highlights the effectiveness of the methodology employed to delineate MZs, which can be instrumental in precise soil nutrient management and maximizing crop productivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)
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18 pages, 1519 KiB  
Article
Future Projections of Global Plastic Pollution: Scenario Analyses and Policy Implications
by Huijie Yan, Mateo Cordier and Takuro Uehara
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020643 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8504
Abstract
Plastic pollution has attracted the attention of the media, public, and government worldwide. Analysis of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between economic development and plastic pollution is crucial because economic growth is a critical driver of plastic pollution. In this [...] Read more.
Plastic pollution has attracted the attention of the media, public, and government worldwide. Analysis of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between economic development and plastic pollution is crucial because economic growth is a critical driver of plastic pollution. In this study, for the first time, we (i) used the stochastic impacts of regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model to investigate the EKC relationship; (ii) performed a comprehensive analysis of the effects of sociodemographic factors on plastic pollution; and (iii) used a panel dataset of 128 countries for empirical analyses. The STIRPAT model was used to conduct scenario analyses to explore the impacts of sociodemographic driving forces on future plastic pollution by 2050 on a national (217 countries) and global scale. The empirical results confirmed the EKC relationship and revealed that changes in population structure and urbanization could substantially affect plastic pollution. Global plastic pollution was projected to reach 66.1 MT/y by 2050 under the business-as-usual scenario. Low-income countries and sub-Saharan Africa are projected to become major contributors to plastic pollution, leading to a global trend of increasing plastic pollution. These findings will help policymakers identify targets to effectively reduce future global plastic pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)
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20 pages, 2683 KiB  
Article
Valorisation of Forest and Agriculture Residual Biomass—The Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Analyse Composting, Mulching, and Energetic Valorisation Strategies
by Isabel Brás, Elisabete Silva, Roberta Raimondo, Raffaella Saetta, Vincenzo Mignano, Massimiliano Fabbricino and José Ferreira
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020630 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2196
Abstract
The treatment of agricultural and forest residues (AFRs) has become an important issue nowadays, both to avoid improper management and for their enhancement. In the study area of Viseu (Portugal), the AFRs are taken to a Residual Biomass Collection Centre. These are valorised [...] Read more.
The treatment of agricultural and forest residues (AFRs) has become an important issue nowadays, both to avoid improper management and for their enhancement. In the study area of Viseu (Portugal), the AFRs are taken to a Residual Biomass Collection Centre. These are valorised in a Biomass Power Plant to produce electricity. Two further processes could be implemented to valorise this biomass: mulching and composting. This study aims to understand the best strategy to enhance this type of biomass residual considering their environmental performance. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied considering a cradle-to-grave approach. Different processes of all the technologies were analysed, and the data collected enabled a comparison of 11 environmental impact categories. The results show that composting is the best alternative, except for global warming and ozone layer depletion, and energy valorisation has the greatest impact on five of the considered categories. In the three processes, impacts are mainly associated with the production and shredding phases of the residual biomass, rather than the transportation stages, due to the short distances covered. In all cases, the value of the final product generates market consequences in terms of electricity and fertiliser production. In line with the aim of the study, its outcomes may provide scientific support to local decision makers in defining best practices in the management of the AFRs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosustainability and Waste Valorization)
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19 pages, 3779 KiB  
Article
Urban Revitalization in Small Cities across the Atlantic Ocean
by Carlos J. L. Balsas
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020639 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2748
Abstract
City centers and riverfronts across the Atlantic Ocean have undergone substantial transformation over the last two decades. This paper analyzes walk-only precincts and waterfront revitalization in two pairwise cases (PCs) of small city exemplars on two continents in locations at about the same [...] Read more.
City centers and riverfronts across the Atlantic Ocean have undergone substantial transformation over the last two decades. This paper analyzes walk-only precincts and waterfront revitalization in two pairwise cases (PCs) of small city exemplars on two continents in locations at about the same latitude but separated by the Atlantic Ocean. The argument is twofold. First, to be fully effective, city center revitalization interventions need to be coordinated with appropriate institutional programs to create collaborative management opportunities among multiple civic and business agents. Second, multiple cultural offerings, environmental amenities, and pro-active leadership positionalities have contributed positively to the evolution of waterfront community economic redevelopment opportunities in riverfront locations. The methods involved multiple site visits to cities of various sizes on the Iberian Peninsula and the Northeast of the United States at different times during the last twenty years, extensive literature reviews and syntheses, data analyses, assessment of policy priorities, and interviews with employees in various economic sectors, business owners, residents, elected officials, planning professionals, and community leaders. Two of the main conclusions are that, to be fully effective, the public space interventions on the Iberian Peninsula had to be coordinated with appropriate regulatory and institutional programs to generate collaborations with multiple civic and business agents and that the Northeastern cities have attempted to revitalize their riverfronts by conserving water-based and urban historic assets and amenities from further erosion due to downpours and floods as well as socio-economic and cultural transformations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable Development of Villages and Small Towns under the Situation of Population Contraction)
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18 pages, 913 KiB  
Article
The Role of Market Insights in Shaping Sustainable Mobility in Fast Developing Countries: The Case of Vietnam
by Pietro Lanzini, Tra Thu Nguyen and Debora Slanzi
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020651 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2969
Abstract
Individual mobility represents one of the main contributors of air quality degradation in urban areas, with detrimental social and environmental impacts as well as economic loss. Mobility policies hence represent a key public instrument to curb congestion, pollution and health-related problems. In order [...] Read more.
Individual mobility represents one of the main contributors of air quality degradation in urban areas, with detrimental social and environmental impacts as well as economic loss. Mobility policies hence represent a key public instrument to curb congestion, pollution and health-related problems. In order to be effective, they need to rely on an adequate knowledge of demand, in terms of commuters’ attitudes, habit strength and perceived priorities. While most studies on the determinants of modal choice are rooted in Western countries or in developed economies little evidence is available for fast-developing countries, whose urban areas suffer from severe congestion and bad air quality. We test a comprehensive model to predict mobility behaviors in Vietnam, by means of an empirical investigation, with data from 898 participants (N = 898) collected via an online self-administered questionnaire. We discuss the implications for policy of the research findings, which provide an informational background representing a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of sound policies for the shift to more sustainable paradigms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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