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Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensor Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2017) | Viewed by 81485

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Giovanni Pau

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Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
Interests: wireless sensor networks; intelligent transportation systems; Internet of things; green communications; fuzzy logic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Claude Chaudet

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Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Webster University Geneva, 15, Route de Collex, 1293 Bellevue, Switzerland
Interests: wireless sensor networks; smart cities; smart grids; smart buildings; security; privacy; stochastic models; graph theory
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Prof. Dr. Dixian Zhao

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School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University (SEU), 211189, China
Interests: millimeter-wave integrated transceivers for high-speed wireless communications and radars; RF power amplifiers; THz electronics

Prof. Dr. Mario Collotta

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Guest Editor

Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
Interests: expert systems and networks in distributed systems; IoT; real-time and healthcare application
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, the Internet is increasingly ubiquitous, allowing users to connect anytime and everywhere, not only to other people, but also to objects embedded in the physical world. The common vision of such systems is usually associated with one concept, the Internet of Things (IoT). With the advent of the IoT revolution, it is expected that there will be over 50 billion connected objects in the world by 2020 and that 40% of all world data will come from IoT devices and sensors. In this future there will be a need for radio technologies to comply to IoT device characteristics including, suitability for use in a variety of environments (outdoor vs. indoor, urban vs. rural), battery operated devices, form factors and communication ranges. Furthermore, communication protocols need to adapt to IoT service requirements for real-time and critical applications. As a consequence, there is a need for smart radio technologies and communication protocols that support low-power and ultra-low power operation, multiple communication ranges, diverse traffic ranging from telemetry to HD video streams for surveillance, in indoor and outdoor environments. It can be predicted that several wireless technologies, such as bluetooth low energy (BLE), Zigbee, 6LowPAN, Z-Wave and Wi-Fi HaLow will continue to emerge as short range and low power wireless communication technologies.

This Special Issue aims to solicit high-quality papers reporting on the latest research advances on next generation wireless technologies for IoT. These papers should focus on solving open technical problems and challenges typical of IoT, on presenting and integrating novel solutions efficiently, and on highlighting the performance evaluation with existing standards. Both theoretical and experimental studies are encouraged. Furthermore, high-quality review papers are also welcomed. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

Short and medium range radio access
Energy-efficient communications and management
New sensing and actuation capabilities of devices and their applicability
Wireless wearable and IoT communication architectures and systems
Sustainable design and solutions
Network architecture and system design
Smart bandwidth utilization
Integration with existing standards and protocols  
Testbed, prototype, and practical systems for IoT use cases
Millimeter-wave technologies and applications
Novel integrated circuit (IC) techniques for IoTs

Prof. Dr. Giovanni Pau
Prof. Dr. Claude Chaudet
Prof. Dr. Dixian Zhao
Prof. Dr. Mario Collotta
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

smart wireless technologies
internet of things (IoT)
energy-efficient communications
challenges in IoT wireless scenarios
IoT wireless communication architectures
quality of services management

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 159 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things

by Giovanni Pau, Claude Chaudet, Dixian Zhao and Mario Collotta

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010221 - 14 Jan 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5902

Abstract

In the fast-growing Internet of Things (IoT)[...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

Research

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7591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of Sub-GHz Wireless for Future IoT Wearables and Design of Compact 915 MHz Antenna

by Adolfo Di Serio, John Buckley, John Barton, Robert Newberry, Matthew Rodencal, Gary Dunlop and Brendan O’Flynn

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010022 - 22 Dec 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10461

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly emerging in medical applications as it offers the possibility of lower-cost personalized healthcare monitoring. At the present time, the 2.45 GHz band is in widespread use for these applications but in this paper, the authors investigate the potential of the 915 MHz ISM band in implementing future, wearable IoT devices. The target sensor is a wrist-worn wireless heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitor with the goal of providing efficient wireless functionality and long battery lifetime using a commercial Sub-GHz low-power radio transceiver. A detailed analysis of current consumption for various wireless protocols is also presented and analyzed. A novel 915 MHz antenna design of compact size is reported that has good resilience to detuning by the human body. The antenna also incorporates a matching network to meet the challenging bandwidth requirements and is fabricated using standard, low-cost FR-4 material. Full-Wave EM simulations are presented for the antenna placed in both free-space and on-body cases. A prototype antenna is demonstrated and has dimensions of 44 mm × 28 mm × 1.6 mm. The measured results at 915 MHz show a 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 55 MHz, a peak realized gain of

-

2.37 dBi in free-space and

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6.1 dBi on-body. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential benefits of 915 MHz operation for future IoT devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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1357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Middleware with Comprehensive Quality of Context Support for the Internet of Things Applications

by Berto De Tácio Pereira Gomes, Luiz Carlos Melo Muniz, Francisco José Da Silva e Silva, Davi Viana Dos Santos, Rafael Fernandes Lopes, Luciano Reis Coutinho, Felipe Oliveira Carvalho and Markus Endler

Sensors 2017, 17(12), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122853 - 08 Dec 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5638

Abstract

Context aware systems are able to adapt their behavior according to the environment in which the user is. They can be integrated into an Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, allowing a better perception of the user’s physical environment by collecting context data from sensors embedded in devices known as smart objects. An IoT extension called the Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT) suggests new scenarios in which smart objects and IoT gateways can move autonomously or be moved easily. In a comprehensive view, Quality of Context (QoC) is a term that can express quality requirements of context aware applications. These requirements can be those related to the quality of information provided by the sensors (e.g., accuracy, resolution, age, validity time) or those referring to the quality of the data distribution service (e.g, reliability, delay, delivery time). Some functionalities of context aware applications and/or decision-making processes of these applications and their users depend on the level of quality of context available, which tend to vary over time for various reasons. Reviewing the literature, it is possible to verify that the quality of context support provided by IoT-oriented middleware systems still has limitations in relation to at least four relevant aspects: (i) quality of context provisioning; (ii) quality of context monitoring; (iii) support for heterogeneous device and technology management; (iv) support for reliable data delivery in mobility scenarios. This paper presents two main contributions: (i) a state-of-the-art survey specifically aimed at analyzing the middleware with quality of context support and; (ii) a new middleware with comprehensive quality of context support for Internet of Things Applications. The proposed middleware was evaluated and the results are presented and discussed in this article, which also shows a case study involving the development of a mobile remote patient monitoring application that was developed using the proposed middleware. This case study highlights how middleware components were used to meet the quality of context requirements of the application. In addition, the proposed middleware was compared to other solutions in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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2423 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Dependable Localization Algorithm for Survivable Belt-Type Sensor Networks

by Mingqiang Zhu, Fei Song, Lei Xu, Jung Taek Seo and Ilsun You

Sensors 2017, 17(12), 2767; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122767 - 29 Nov 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3523

Abstract

As the key element, sensor networks are widely investigated by the Internet of Things (IoT) community. When massive numbers of devices are well connected, malicious attackers may deliberately propagate fake position information to confuse the ordinary users and lower the network survivability in belt-type situation. However, most existing positioning solutions only focus on the algorithm accuracy and do not consider any security aspects. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive scheme for node localization protection, which aims to improve the energy-efficient, reliability and accuracy. To handle the unbalanced resource consumption, a node deployment mechanism is presented to satisfy the energy balancing strategy in resource-constrained scenarios. According to cooperation localization theory and network connection property, the parameter estimation model is established. To achieve reliable estimations and eliminate large errors, an improved localization algorithm is created based on modified average hop distances. In order to further improve the algorithms, the node positioning accuracy is enhanced by using the steepest descent method. The experimental simulations illustrate the performance of new scheme can meet the previous targets. The results also demonstrate that it improves the belt-type sensor networks’ survivability, in terms of anti-interference, network energy saving, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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2093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Middleware Solution for Wireless IoT Applications in Sparse Smart Cities

by Paolo Bellavista, Carlo Giannelli, Stefano Lanzone, Giulio Riberto, Cesare Stefanelli and Mauro Tortonesi

Sensors 2017, 17(11), 2525; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112525 - 03 Nov 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4477

Abstract

The spread of off-the-shelf mobile devices equipped with multiple wireless interfaces together with sophisticated sensors is paving the way to novel wireless Internet of Things (IoT) environments, characterized by multi-hop infrastructure-less wireless networks where devices carried by users act as sensors/actuators as well as network nodes. In particular, the paper presents Real Ad-hoc Multi-hop Peer-to peer-Wireless IoT Application (RAMP-WIA), a novel solution that facilitates the development, deployment, and management of applications in sparse Smart City environments, characterized by users willing to collaborate by allowing new applications to be deployed on their smartphones to remotely monitor and control fixed/mobile devices. RAMP-WIA allows users to dynamically configure single-hop wireless links, to manage opportunistically multi-hop packet dispatching considering that the network topology (together with the availability of sensors and actuators) may abruptly change, to actuate reliably sensor nodes specifically considering that only part of them could be actually reachable in a timely manner, and to upgrade dynamically the nodes through over-the-air distribution of new software components. The paper also reports the performance of RAMP-WIA on simple but realistic cases of small-scale deployment scenarios with off-the-shelf Android smartphones and Raspberry Pi devices; these results show not only the feasibility and soundness of the proposed approach, but also the efficiency of the middleware implemented when deployed on real testbeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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1884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Collaborative Caching for Information-Centric IoT in Fog Computing

by Fei Song, Zheng-Yang Ai, Jun-Jie Li, Giovanni Pau, Mario Collotta, Ilsun You and Hong-Ke Zhang

Sensors 2017, 17(11), 2512; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112512 - 01 Nov 2017

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 5889

Abstract

The significant changes enabled by the fog computing had demonstrated that Internet of Things (IoT) urgently needs more evolutional reforms. Limited by the inflexible design philosophy; the traditional structure of a network is hard to meet the latest demands. However, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising option to bridge and cover these enormous gaps. In this paper, a Smart Collaborative Caching (SCC) scheme is established by leveraging high-level ICN principles for IoT within fog computing paradigm. The proposed solution is supposed to be utilized in resource pooling, content storing, node locating and other related situations. By investigating the available characteristics of ICN, some challenges of such combination are reviewed in depth. The details of building SCC, including basic model and advanced algorithms, are presented based on theoretical analysis and simplified examples. The validation focuses on two typical scenarios: simple status inquiry and complex content sharing. The number of clusters, packet loss probability and other parameters are also considered. The analytical results demonstrate that the performance of our scheme, regarding total packet number and average transmission latency, can outperform that of the original ones. We expect that the SCC will contribute an efficient solution to the related studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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1304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensor-Data Fusion for Multi-Person Indoor Location Estimation

by Parisa Mohebbi, Eleni Stroulia and Ioanis Nikolaidis

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2377; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102377 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4922

Abstract

We consider the problem of estimating the location of people as they move and work in indoor environments. More specifically, we focus on the scenario where one of the persons of interest is unable or unwilling to carry a smartphone, or any other “wearable” device, which frequently arises in caregiver/cared-for situations. We consider the case of indoor spaces populated with anonymous binary sensors (Passive Infrared motion sensors) and eponymous wearable sensors (smartphones interacting with Estimote beacons), and we propose a solution to the resulting sensor-fusion problem. Using a data set with sensor readings collected from one-person and two-person sessions engaged in a variety of activities of daily living, we investigate the relative merits of relying solely on anonymous sensors, solely on eponymous sensors, or on their combination. We examine how the lack of synchronization across different sensing sources impacts the quality of location estimates, and discuss how it could be mitigated without resorting to device-level mechanisms. Finally, we examine the trade-off between the sensors’ coverage of the monitored space and the quality of the location estimates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Bandwidth Assignation in an Underlay Cellular Network for Internet of Vehicles

by Idoia De la Iglesia, Unai Hernandez-Jayo, Eneko Osaba and Roberto Carballedo

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2217; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102217 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4561

Abstract

The evolution of the IoT (Internet of Things) paradigm applied to new scenarios as VANETs (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks) has gained momentum in recent years. Both academia and industry have triggered advanced studies in the IoV (Internet of Vehicles), which is understood as an ecosystem where different types of users (vehicles, elements of the infrastructure, pedestrians) are connected. How to efficiently share the available radio resources among the different types of eligible users is one of the important issues to be addressed. This paper briefly analyzes various concepts presented hitherto in the literature and it proposes an enhanced algorithm for ensuring a robust co-existence of the aforementioned system users. Therefore, this paper introduces an underlay RRM (Radio Resource Management) methodology which is capable of (1) improving cellular spectral efficiency while making a minimal impact on cellular communications and (2) ensuring the different QoS (Quality of Service) requirements of ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) applications. Simulation results, where we compare the proposed algorithm to the other two RRM, show the promising spectral efficiency performance of the proposed RRM methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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2469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Authentication and Key Management Mechanism for Resource Constrained Devices in IEEE 802.11-based IoT Access Networks

by Ki-Wook Kim, Youn-Hee Han and Sung-Gi Min

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102170 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8223

Abstract

Many Internet of Things (IoT) services utilize an IoT access network to connect small devices with remote servers. They can share an access network with standard communication technology, such as IEEE 802.11ah. However, an authentication and key management (AKM) mechanism for resource constrained IoT devices using IEEE 802.11ah has not been proposed as yet. We therefore propose a new AKM mechanism for an IoT access network, which is based on IEEE 802.11 key management with the IEEE 802.1X authentication mechanism. The proposed AKM mechanism does not require any pre-configured security information between the access network domain and the IoT service domain. It considers the resource constraints of IoT devices, allowing IoT devices to delegate the burden of AKM processes to a powerful agent. The agent has sufficient power to support various authentication methods for the access point, and it performs cryptographic functions for the IoT devices. Performance analysis shows that the proposed mechanism greatly reduces computation costs, network costs, and memory usage of the resource-constrained IoT device as compared to the existing IEEE 802.11 Key Management with the IEEE 802.1X authentication mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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4494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wireless Technology Recognition Based on RSSI Distribution at Sub-Nyquist Sampling Rate for Constrained Devices

by Wei Liu, Merima Kulin, Tarik Kazaz, Adnan Shahid, Ingrid Moerman and Eli De Poorter

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092081 - 12 Sep 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5806

Abstract

Driven by the fast growth of wireless communication, the trend of sharing spectrum among heterogeneous technologies becomes increasingly dominant. Identifying concurrent technologies is an important step towards efficient spectrum sharing. However, due to the complexity of recognition algorithms and the strict condition of sampling speed, communication systems capable of recognizing signals other than their own type are extremely rare. This work proves that multi-model distribution of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is related to the signals’ modulation schemes and medium access mechanisms, and RSSI from different technologies may exhibit highly distinctive features. A distinction is made between technologies with a streaming or a non-streaming property, and appropriate feature spaces can be established either by deriving parameters such as packet duration from RSSI or directly using RSSI’s probability distribution. An experimental study shows that even RSSI acquired at a sub-Nyquist sampling rate is able to provide sufficient features to differentiate technologies such as Wi-Fi, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) and Bluetooth. The usage of the RSSI distribution-based feature space is illustrated via a sample algorithm. Experimental evaluation indicates that more than 92% accuracy is achieved with the appropriate configuration. As the analysis of RSSI distribution is straightforward and less demanding in terms of system requirements, we believe it is highly valuable for recognition of wideband technologies on constrained devices in the context of dynamic spectrum access. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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3318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wireless Sensor Platform for Cultural Heritage Monitoring and Modeling System

by Levente J. Klein, Sergio A. Bermudez, Alejandro G. Schrott, Masahiko Tsukada, Paolo Dionisi-Vici, Lucretia Kargere, Fernando Marianno, Hendrik F. Hamann, Vanessa López and Marco Leona

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 1998; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17091998 - 31 Aug 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5705

Abstract

Results from three years of continuous monitoring of environmental conditions using a wireless sensor platform installed at The Cloisters, the medieval branch of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, are presented. The platform comprises more than 200 sensors that were distributed in five galleries to assess temperature and air flow and to quantify microclimate changes using physics-based and statistical models. The wireless sensor network data shows a very stable environment within the galleries, while the dense monitoring enables localized monitoring of subtle changes in air quality trends and impact of visitors on the microclimate conditions. The high spatial and temporal resolution data serves as a baseline study to understand the impact of visitors and building operations on the long-term preservation of art objects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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2940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Handheld Line Information Reader and Generator for Efficient Management of Optical Communication Lines

by Jaeyul Lee, Hyungwoo Kwon, Jaewon Song, Mansik Jeon and Jeehyun Kim

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17091950 - 24 Aug 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4194

Abstract

A handheld line information reader and a line information generator were developed for the efficient management of optical communication lines. The line information reader consists of a photo diode, trans-impedance amplifier, voltage amplifier, microcontroller unit, display panel, and communication modules. The line information generator consists of a laser diode, laser driving circuits, microcontroller unit, and communication modules. The line information reader can detect the optical radiation field of the test line by bending the optical fiber. To enhance the sensitivity of the line information reader, an additional lens was used with a focal length of 4.51 mm. Moreover, the simulation results obtained through BeamPROP^® software from Synopsys, Inc. demonstrated a stronger optical radiation field of the fiber due to a longer transmission wavelength and larger bending angle of the fiber. Therefore, the developed devices can be considered as useful tools for the efficient management of optical communication lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Field Assessment as a Smart City Service: The SmartSantander Use-Case

by Luis Diez, Ramón Agüero and Luis Muñoz

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061250 - 31 May 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4913

Abstract

Despite the increasing presence of wireless communications in everyday life, there exist some voices raising concerns about their adverse effects. One particularly relevant example is the potential impact of the electromagnetic field they induce on the population’s health. Traditionally, very specialized methods and devices (dosimetry) have been used to assess the strength of the E-field, with the main objective of checking whether it respects the corresponding regulations. In this paper, we propose a complete novel approach, which exploits the functionality leveraged by a smart city platform. We deploy a number of measuring probes, integrated as sensing devices, to carry out a characterization embracing large areas, as well as long periods of time. This unique platform has been active for more than one year, generating a vast amount of information. We process such information, and the obtained results validate the whole methodology. In addition, we discuss the variation of the E-field caused by cellular networks, considering additional information, such as usage statistics. Finally, we establish the exposure that can be attributed to the base stations within the scenario under analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Involvement of Real World Objects in the IoT: A Consensus-Based Cooperation Approach

by Virginia Pilloni, Luigi Atzori and Matteo Mallus

Sensors 2017, 17(3), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030484 - 01 Mar 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4834

Abstract

A significant role in the Internet of Things (IoT) will be taken by mobile and low-cost unstable devices, which autonomously self-organize and introduce highly dynamic and heterogeneous scenarios for the deployment of distributed applications. This entails the devices to cooperate to dynamically find the suitable combination of their involvement so as to improve the system reliability while following the changes in their status. Focusing on the above scenario, we propose a distributed algorithm for resources allocation that is run by devices that can perform the same task required by the applications, allowing for a flexible and dynamic binding of the requested services with the physical IoT devices. It is based on a consensus approach, which maximizes the lifetime of groups of nodes involved and ensures the fulfillment of the requested Quality of Information (QoI) requirements. Experiments have been conducted with real devices, showing an improvement of device lifetime of more than

20 %

, with respect to a uniform distribution of tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Technologies for Internet of Things)

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