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Metrology for Living Environment 2024
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Metrology for Living Environment 2024

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 9879

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Francesco Lamonaca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering (DIMES), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
2. CNR-NANOTEC, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
Interests: measurements; distributed measurement systems; measurement and monitoring systems based on the IoT; measurement and monitoring systems based on AI; wireless sensor network; synchronization of measurement instruments and sensors; non-invasive measurements; non-destructive testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Domenico Carnì

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Informatics, Modelling, Electronics and Systems Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata, Italy
Interests: electronic measurements; automatic signal classification systems; measurements in the biomedical field; measurements on telecommunication signals/equipment; distributed measurement systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Authors are invited to submit extended versions of their work to this Special Issue for publication. The Special Issue aims to be a solid reference of the technical community to present the most recent results of scientific and technological research for the living environment, with particular emphasis on applications and new trends. Review papers are also welcome.

Attention is paid, but not limited to, on new technologies for metrology-assisted solutions for design, construction, efficient, safe, comfortable and healthy operation of the built environment including active and assisted living (AAL). Innovative solutions can be based on the IoT paradigm, BIM, sensors, signal processing, data analytics, artificial intelligence, sensor networks, interoperability standards.

Dr. Francesco Lamonaca
Dr. Domenico Carnì
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • building diagnostic during and after constructions
  • IoT based monitoring systems
  • measurements for BIM and digital twins
  • indoor environmental quality
  • sensors and sensor networks for smart buildings
  • robots in living environment
  • unmanned systems for living environment monitoring
  • comfort and well being
  • active and assisted living
  • building energy performance assessment
  • use of artificial intelligence for living environment measurements
  • infrared and hyperspectral monitoring system for living environment
  • historical buildings and cultural heritage
  • standards and norms for measurements in built environment
  • uncertainty models for decision making

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1293 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Monitoring of Energy Contributions in Renewable Energy Communities Through an IoT Measurement System
by Francesco Bonavolontà, Annalisa Liccardo, Fabio Mottola and Daniela Proto
Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051402 - 25 Feb 2025
Viewed by 586
Abstract
This paper presents an IoT-based monitoring system designed to measure energy exchanges within Renewable Energy Communities. The proposed system utilizes embedded devices functioning as IoT power meters, which communicate via LoRaWAN technology and employ the MQTT protocol. Members of the energy community can [...] Read more.
This paper presents an IoT-based monitoring system designed to measure energy exchanges within Renewable Energy Communities. The proposed system utilizes embedded devices functioning as IoT power meters, which communicate via LoRaWAN technology and employ the MQTT protocol. Members of the energy community can monitor energy flows in real time, enabling them to remain constantly informed about potential penalties and adopt behaviors that optimize incentives linked to the self-consumption of generated energy. Moreover, in the case of Renewable Energy Communities, incentive schemes can be adopted which allow exploiting the advantages of using storage units. In this context, it is important to correctly measure the energy terms which can be incentivized. This is not an easy task, especially when dealing with storage units for which the concept of negative energy input is used to identify the energy absorbed from the network to be fed back into the network when needed. This paper aims to propose the use of distributed power meters to identify the various energy contributions relevant for incentive calculations, such as negative energy input, produced and withdrawn energy, and self-consumed energy. A case study, involving some resources of a Renewable Energy Community, is presented, evidencing the advantages of the proposal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)
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35 pages, 4500 KiB  
Article
The CHEWMA Chart: A New Statistical Control Approach for Microclimate Monitoring in Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage
by Ignacio Díaz-Arellano and Manuel Zarzo
Sensors 2025, 25(4), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041242 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 418
Abstract
A new statistical control chart denoted as CHEWMA (Cultural Heritage EWMA) is proposed for microclimate monitoring in preventive conservation. This tool is a real-time detection method inspired by the EN 15757:2010 standard, serving as an alternative to its common adaptations. The proposed control [...] Read more.
A new statistical control chart denoted as CHEWMA (Cultural Heritage EWMA) is proposed for microclimate monitoring in preventive conservation. This tool is a real-time detection method inspired by the EN 15757:2010 standard, serving as an alternative to its common adaptations. The proposed control chart is intended to detect short-term fluctuations (STFs) in temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH), which would enable timely interventions to mitigate the risk of mechanical damage to collections. The CHEWMA chart integrates the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) control chart with a weighting mechanism that prioritizes fluctuations occurring near extreme values. The methodology was validated using RH time series recorded by seven dataloggers installed at the Alava Fine Arts Museum, and, from these, seventy simulated time series were generated to enhance the robustness of the analyses. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that, for the studied dataset, the CHEWMA chart exhibits stronger similarity to the application of EN 15757:2010 than other commonly used real-time STF detection methods in the literature. Furthermore, it provides a flexible option for real-time applications, enabling adaptation to specific conservation needs while remaining aligned with the general framework established by the standard. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first statistical process control chart designed for the field of preventive conservation of cultural heritage. Beyond assessing CHEWMA’s performance, this study reveals that, when adapting the procedures of the European norm by developing a new real-time approach based on a simple moving average (herein termed SMA-FT), a window of approximately 14 days is more appropriate for STF detection than the commonly assumed 30-day period in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)
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19 pages, 7960 KiB  
Article
Tendon Anomaly Identification in Prestressed Concrete Beams Based on an Advanced Monitoring MEMS and Data-Driven Detection of Structural Damage
by Giorgio de Alteriis, Giulio Mariniello, Tommaso Pastore, Alessia Teresa Silvestri, Giuseppe Augugliaro, Ida Papallo, Canio Mennuti, Antonio Bilotta, Rosario Schiano Lo Moriello and Domenico Asprone
Sensors 2025, 25(1), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010289 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 739
Abstract
The growing importance of state assessments in civil engineering has led to intensive research into the development of damage identification methods based on vibrations. Natural frequencies and modal shapes have garnered great interest because modal parameters are invariant of structure. Moreover, thanks to [...] Read more.
The growing importance of state assessments in civil engineering has led to intensive research into the development of damage identification methods based on vibrations. Natural frequencies and modal shapes have garnered great interest because modal parameters are invariant of structure. Moreover, thanks to the global nature of modal parameters, their variations are not limited to the location of the damage. This is an important advantage that offers the opportunity to identify damage with sensors whose position does not have to coincide with the damaged area. The integration of MEMS sensors into structural health monitoring (SHM) systems offers a promising approach to long-term structural maintenance, especially in large-scale infrastructure. This paper presents an anomaly detection technique that analyzes raw sequential data within a statistical framework to detect damage that causes prestress loss of the tendon by exploiting a distributed monitoring system composed of six high-performance MEMS sensors. The proposed system is preliminarily evaluated to identify the frequency of the first mode, and then the proposed methodology is validated on acceleration data collected on a 240 cm beam in three different damage configurations, achieving a high detection accuracy and showing that its output can also evaluate the damage localization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)
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21 pages, 18155 KiB  
Article
Integrated Approach for Human Wellbeing and Environmental Assessment Based on a Wearable IoT System: A Pilot Case Study in Singapore
by Francesco Salamone, Sergio Sibilio and Massimiliano Masullo
Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6126; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186126 - 22 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
This study presents the results of the practical application of the first prototype of WEMoS, the Wearable Environmental Monitoring System, in a real case study in Singapore, along with two other wearables, a smart wristband to monitor physiological data and a smartwatch with [...] Read more.
This study presents the results of the practical application of the first prototype of WEMoS, the Wearable Environmental Monitoring System, in a real case study in Singapore, along with two other wearables, a smart wristband to monitor physiological data and a smartwatch with an application (Cozie) used to acquire users’ feedback. The main objective of this study is to present a new procedure to assess users’ perceptions of the environmental quality by taking into account a multi-domain approach, considering all four environmental domains (thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality) through a complete wearable system when users are immersed in their familiar environment. This enables an alternative to laboratory tests where the participants are in unfamiliar spaces. We analysed seven-day data in Singapore using a descriptive and predictive approach. We have found that it is possible to use a complete wearable system and apply it in real-world contexts. The WEMoS data, combined with physiology and user feedback, identify the key comfort features. The transition from short-term laboratory analysis to long-term real-world context using wearables enables the prediction of overall comfort perception in a new way that considers all potentially influential factors of the environment in which the user is immersed. This system could help us understand the effects of exposure to different environmental stimuli thus allowing us to consider the complex interaction of multi-domains on the user’s perception and find out how various spaces, both indoor and outdoor, can affect our perception of IEQ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)
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23 pages, 21985 KiB  
Article
Impact of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes on Carbon Stocks and Economic Implications in Calabria Using Google Earth Engine (GEE)
by Yasir Hassan Khachoo, Matteo Cutugno, Umberto Robustelli and Giovanni Pugliano
Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5836; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175836 - 8 Sep 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems play a crucial role in global carbon cycling by sequestering carbon from the atmosphere and storing it primarily in living biomass and soil. Monitoring terrestrial carbon stocks is essential for understanding the impacts of changes in land use on carbon sequestration. [...] Read more.
Terrestrial ecosystems play a crucial role in global carbon cycling by sequestering carbon from the atmosphere and storing it primarily in living biomass and soil. Monitoring terrestrial carbon stocks is essential for understanding the impacts of changes in land use on carbon sequestration. This study investigates the potential of remote sensing techniques and the Google Earth Engine to map and monitor changes in the forests of Calabria (Italy) over the past two decades. Using satellite-sourced Corine land cover datasets and the InVEST model, changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC), and carbon concentrations are analyzed, providing insights into the carbon dynamics of the region. Furthermore, cellular automata and Markov chain techniques are used to simulate the future spatial and temporal dynamics of LULC. The results reveal notable fluctuations in LULC; specifically, settlement and bare land have expanded at the expense of forested and grassland areas. These land use and land cover changes significantly declined the overall carbon stocks in Calabria between 2000 and 2024, resulting in notable economic impacts. The region experienced periods of both decline and growth in carbon concentration, with overall losses resulting in economic impacts up to EUR 357.57 million and carbon losses equivalent to 6,558,069.68 Mg of CO 2 emissions during periods of decline. Conversely, during periods of carbon gain, the economic benefit reached EUR 41.26 million, with sequestered carbon equivalent to 756,919.47 Mg of CO 2 emissions. This research aims to highlight the critical role of satellite data in enhancing our understanding and development of comprehensive strategies for managing carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)
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13 pages, 2882 KiB  
Article
Influence of Human Activity on Radon Concentration, Indoor Air Quality, and Thermal Comfort in Small Office Spaces
by Nina Szczepanik-Scislo, Dominik Grządziel, Jadwiga Mazur, Krzysztof Kozak and Jacek Schnotale
Sensors 2024, 24(15), 4949; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154949 - 30 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1130
Abstract
This article focuses on the influence of occupants on the concentration of contaminants (radon Rn-222 and CO2) as well as the thermal comfort parameters. A series of sensors were placed to measure the concentration of the contaminants, temperature, and relative humidity [...] Read more.
This article focuses on the influence of occupants on the concentration of contaminants (radon Rn-222 and CO2) as well as the thermal comfort parameters. A series of sensors were placed to measure the concentration of the contaminants, temperature, and relative humidity in the test room at the Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN in Krakow (IFJ PAN), Poland. The test room is an office that is typical of the offices used in the facility. The occupants that used the space kept a detailed diary of their entry, exit, and number of people entering. The results showed that the accumulation of contaminants in such spaces may be severe and risks the health and safety of occupants. The accumulation of CO2 was extremely noticeable and did not diminish to the background level between the re-entry of the occupants to the office. The same was consistent for the radon concentration. The study shows how ventilation methods and small changes in occupant work strategy may influence the contaminant concentration within a test zone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)
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13 pages, 5541 KiB  
Article
Radon Exhalation Rate: A Metrological Approach for Radiation Protection
by Fabrizio Ambrosino, Giuseppe La Verde, Gaetano Gagliardo, Rocco Mottareale, Giuseppe Della Peruta, Chiara Imparato, Andrea D’Elia and Mariagabriella Pugliese
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113633 - 4 Jun 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1919
Abstract
Radon, a radioactive inert gas that comes from the decay of naturally occurring radioactive species, poses a substantial health risk due to its involvement in lung cancer carcinogenesis. This work proposes a metrological approach for determining radon exhalation rates from diverse building materials. [...] Read more.
Radon, a radioactive inert gas that comes from the decay of naturally occurring radioactive species, poses a substantial health risk due to its involvement in lung cancer carcinogenesis. This work proposes a metrological approach for determining radon exhalation rates from diverse building materials. This methodology employs an electrostatic collection chamber for alpha spectrometry of radon isotopic decay products. Experimental evaluations were conducted particularly focusing on volcanic gray tuff from Sant’Agata de’ Goti (Campania region, Italy), a material commonly utilized in construction, to assess radon exhalation rates. The study aligns with Legislative Decree 101/2020, a transposition of European Directive 59/2013/Euratom, highlighting the need to identify materials with a high risk of radon exhalation. Moreover, this work supports the goals of the Italian National Radon Action Plan related to the aforementioned decree, aiming to develop methodologies for estimating radon exhalation rates from building materials and improving radioprotection practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)
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