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Underwater and Underground Sensor Networks: Theory, Technology, and Application
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Underwater and Underground Sensor Networks: Theory, Technology, and Application

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensor Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2025) | Viewed by 1704

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hongzhi Guo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Computing , University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 7647, USA
Interests: wireless underground and underwater sensor networks

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the advent of 6G wireless systems, non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) have emerged as pivotal components to achieve a seamlessly connected globe. Beyond the well-explored realms of satellite communication, the integration of underwater and underground wireless systems is crucial for a truly interconnected world. These systems, especially underwater and underground sensor networks, are at the forefront of enabling humans to explore and monitor subsurface environments effectively. Despite the distinct wireless technologies employed in underwater and underground settings, these communication and networking systems exhibit significant similarities, largely due to the deployment of wireless sensors in subsurface contexts.

This Special Issue seeks to showcase cutting-edge research and comprehensive reviews of the latest advancements in underwater and underground sensor networks. It focuses on novel theories, technologies, and applications that push the boundaries of what is currently possible. Our objective is to foster an environment where advancements in one area can inspire and accelerate progress in another, leveraging the unique challenges and solutions each domain presents.

We invite contributions on a broad range of topics, including, but not limited to, the following:

Dr. Hongzhi Guo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • design and performance analysis of underwater and underground communication systems

  • innovations in underwater communications through acoustic, visible light, radio frequency, and magneto-inductive technologies
  • advances in underground communications utilizing radio frequency and magnetic induction
  • exploration and implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in underwater and underground settings
  • development of digital twins and the application of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) in underwater and underground environments
  • novel applications of sensor networks in underwater and underground contexts
  • application of machine learning and deep learning for signal processing in underwater and underground sensor networks
  • techniques for underwater object detection, target tracking, and multimedia communication
  • wireless communication and networking strategies for autonomous underwater vehicles
  • testbed designs for underwater and underground sensor network experimentation

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2809 KiB  
Article
Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network
by Arkadiusz Adamczyk, Maciej Klebba, Mariusz Wąż and Ivan Pavić
Sensors 2025, 25(8), 2493; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082493 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
This study explores the design and performance of an underwater magnetic sensor network (UMSN) tailored for intrusion detection in complex environments such as riverbeds and areas with dense vegetation. The system utilizes wireless sensor network (WSN) principles and integrates AMR-based magnetic sensors (e.g., [...] Read more.
This study explores the design and performance of an underwater magnetic sensor network (UMSN) tailored for intrusion detection in complex environments such as riverbeds and areas with dense vegetation. The system utilizes wireless sensor network (WSN) principles and integrates AMR-based magnetic sensors (e.g., LSM303AGR) with MEMS-based accelerometers to provide accurate and high-resolution magnetic field measurements. Extensive calibration techniques were employed to correct hard-iron and soft-iron distortions, ensuring reliable performance in fluctuating environmental conditions. Field tests included both controlled setups and real-world scenarios, such as detecting intrusions across river sections, shorelines, and coordinated land-water activities. The results showed detection rates consistently above 90%, with response times averaging 2.5 s and a maximum detection range of 5 m. The system also performed well under adverse weather conditions, including fog and rain, demonstrating its adaptability. The findings underline the potential of UMSN as a scalable and cost-efficient solution for monitoring sensitive areas. By addressing the limitations of traditional surveillance systems, this research offers a practical framework for enhancing security in critical regions, laying the groundwork for future developments in magnetic sensor technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater and Underground Sensor Networks: Theory, Technology, and Application)
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23 pages, 3834 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Dual-Link Data Transmission Based on Internet of Vessels
by Fei Li, Ying Guo, Ziqi Wang, Yuhang Chen and Jingyun Gu
Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061899 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 260
Abstract
The transmission of marine data is an urgent global challenge. Due to the particularity of underwater environments, the efficiency and reliability of data transmission in underwater acoustic communication are severely restricted, especially in long-distance and large-scale data transmission situations. This study proposes a [...] Read more.
The transmission of marine data is an urgent global challenge. Due to the particularity of underwater environments, the efficiency and reliability of data transmission in underwater acoustic communication are severely restricted, especially in long-distance and large-scale data transmission situations. This study proposes a dual-link data transmission method based on the Internet of Vessels, utilizing the powerful communication capabilities and flexibility of ships as relay nodes for data transmission. By constructing both above-water and underwater dual-link collaborative transmission, the method effectively improves data transmission rates and stability. Additionally, a spatial crowdsourcing allocation algorithm based on Bayesian reputation selection is designed to assess the capability of ships to complete tasks, and an integrated scoring function is used to select the optimal relay ship, solving the problems of relay ship selection and transmission path selection in the data transmission process. Furthermore, this study introduces an incentive mechanism for data transmission based on the Internet of Vessels, which maximizes the stability of data transmission. Experimental results show that the dual-link data transmission method of the Internet of Vessels significantly improves the reliability and transmission speed of underwater communication, providing a novel and practical solution for long-distance, large-volume data transmission in maritime environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater and Underground Sensor Networks: Theory, Technology, and Application)
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25 pages, 482 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Time-Domain Interference Alignment for Underwater Acoustic Networks with Cross-Layer Design
by Qiao Xiao, Zhicheng Bi and Chaofeng Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010068 - 26 Dec 2024
Viewed by 603
Abstract
In exploiting large propagation delays in underwater acoustic (UWA) networks, the time-domain interference alignment (TDIA) mechanism aligns interference signals through delay-aware slot scheduling, creating additional idle time for improved transmission at the medium access control (MAC) layer. However, perfect alignment remains challenging due [...] Read more.
In exploiting large propagation delays in underwater acoustic (UWA) networks, the time-domain interference alignment (TDIA) mechanism aligns interference signals through delay-aware slot scheduling, creating additional idle time for improved transmission at the medium access control (MAC) layer. However, perfect alignment remains challenging due to arbitrary delays. This study enhances TDIA by incorporating power allocation into its transmission scheduling framework across the physical and MAC layers, following the cross-layer design principle. The proposed quasi-interference alignment (QIA) mechanism enables controlled interference on useful signals by jointly optimizing the transmission schedule and power. The formulated optimization problem to maximize network throughput is divided into two sub-problems: one for coarse slot scheduling and another for refining both scheduling and power allocation. The simulation results validate the QIA framework’s superiority over the traditional TDIA and genetic algorithm benchmarks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater and Underground Sensor Networks: Theory, Technology, and Application)
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