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Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition
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Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2024) | Viewed by 8511

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Cecilia García Cena

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronics, Automation and Computer Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Interests: bioinspired robotics; rehabilitation robots; dynamical control of robots; underwater robots
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the data provided by the World Health Organization, by 2030, one in six people in world will be aged 60 years or over. From a biological point of view, aging is a natural process where the cellules become damaged over time, increasing the risk of suffering several diseases. After acute trauma, rehabilitation therapy aims to recover these lost capabilities and restore the autonomy of the patients.

Cost-effective technologies that assist researchers and medical practitioners are needed. Biosensors are key elements in diagnosis and prognosis, and eventually, rehabilitation therapies. The medical society demands safe and cheaper means of performing their work in order to guarantee the sustainability of the entire healthcare system.

In general, biosensors can be applied to infection screening, early detection, chronic disease treatment, health management, and well-being surveillance. Moreover, some of them play an important role in rehabilitation. Physiological monitoring via biosensors could help in both the diagnosis and ongoing treatment of a huge number of individuals with neurological, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases, among others.

Prof. Dr. Cecilia García Cena
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • physiological monitoring
  • biosensors
  • rehabilitation
  • electronics development
  • software development
  • communication
  • human–machine interaction

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4975 KiB  
Article
Prototype of a Spring-Loaded Module for Axillary Crutches
by Dalia Danely Méndez-Gómez, Arturo Minor-Martínez, Salvador Montoya-Alvarez, Fernando Pérez-Escamirosa and Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
Sensors 2025, 25(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020296 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 770
Abstract
Axillary crutches assist people with lower limb injuries but can lead to upper limb strain with extended use. Spring-loaded crutches offer a potential solution, yet they are rarely tested in clinical settings. This study developed spring-loaded crutches with an integrated force-measuring system to [...] Read more.
Axillary crutches assist people with lower limb injuries but can lead to upper limb strain with extended use. Spring-loaded crutches offer a potential solution, yet they are rarely tested in clinical settings. This study developed spring-loaded crutches with an integrated force-measuring system to analyze gait dynamics. Three prototypes, each with different spring constants (k), were tested. To measure ground reaction force (GRF), a Nylamid cover was around the crutch stem. Two participants with different weights completed a 15-m route using both the designed spring-loaded and standard crutches. Findings showed that spring-loaded crutches increased mean GFR and impulse, with the prototype matched to the user’s weight yielding the best results. The study’s findings suggest that when properly adjusted to the user’s weight, spring-loaded crutches can offer significant improvements in gait, which may have important implications for the design of mobility assistive devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 2010 KiB  
Article
Validation of a 3D Markerless Motion Capture Tool Using Multiple Pose and Depth Estimations for Quantitative Gait Analysis
by Mathis D’Haene, Frédéric Chorin, Serge S. Colson, Olivier Guérin, Raphaël Zory and Elodie Piche
Sensors 2024, 24(22), 7105; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227105 - 5 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1860
Abstract
Gait analysis is essential for evaluating walking patterns and identifying functional limitations. Traditional marker-based motion capture tools are costly, time-consuming, and require skilled operators. This study evaluated a 3D Marker-less Motion Capture (3D MMC) system using pose and depth estimations with the gold-standard [...] Read more.
Gait analysis is essential for evaluating walking patterns and identifying functional limitations. Traditional marker-based motion capture tools are costly, time-consuming, and require skilled operators. This study evaluated a 3D Marker-less Motion Capture (3D MMC) system using pose and depth estimations with the gold-standard Motion Capture (MOCAP) system for measuring hip and knee joint angles during gait at three speeds (0.7, 1.0, 1.3 m/s). Fifteen healthy participants performed gait tasks which were captured by both systems. The 3D MMC system demonstrated good accuracy (LCC > 0.96) and excellent inter-session reliability (RMSE < 3°). However, moderate-to-high accuracy with constant biases was observed during specific gait events, due to differences in sample rates and kinematic methods. Limitations include the use of only healthy participants and limited key points in the pose estimation model. The 3D MMC system shows potential as a reliable tool for gait analysis, offering enhanced usability for clinical and research applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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25 pages, 1361 KiB  
Article
Electromyography- and Bioimpedance-Based Detection of Swallow Onset for the Control of Dysphagia Treatment
by Benjamin Riebold, Rainer O. Seidl and Thomas Schauer
Sensors 2024, 24(20), 6525; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206525 - 10 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1435
Abstract
Several studies support the benefits of biofeedback and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) in dysphagia therapy. Most commonly, adhesive electrodes are placed on the submental region of the neck to conduct Electromyography (EMG) measurements for controlling gamified biofeedback and functional electrical stimulation. Due to [...] Read more.
Several studies support the benefits of biofeedback and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) in dysphagia therapy. Most commonly, adhesive electrodes are placed on the submental region of the neck to conduct Electromyography (EMG) measurements for controlling gamified biofeedback and functional electrical stimulation. Due to the diverse origin of EMG activity at the neck, it can be assumed that EMG measurements alone do not accurately reflect the onset of the pharyngeal swallowing phase (onset of swallowing). To date, no study has addressed the timing and detection performance of swallow onsets on a comprehensive database including dysphagia patients. This study includes EMG and BioImpedance (BI) measurements of 41 dysphagia patients to compare the timing and performance in the Detection of Swallow Onsets (DoSO) using EMG alone versus combined BI and EMG measurements. The latter approach employs a BI-based data segmentation of potential swallow onsets and a machine-learning-based classifier to distinguish swallow onsets from non-swallow events. Swallow onsets labeled by an expert serve as a reference. In addition to the F1 score, the mean and standard deviation of the detection delay regarding reference events have been determined. The EMG-based DoSO achieved an F1 score of 0.289 with a detection delay of 0.018 s ± 0.203 s. In comparison, the BI/EMG-based DoSO achieved an F1 score of 0.546 with a detection delay of 0.033 s ± 0.1 s. Therefore, the BI/EMG-based DoSO has better timing and detection performance compared to the EMG-based DoSO and potentially improves biofeedback and FES in dysphagia therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 1012 KiB  
Article
Evolving Dynamics of Neck Muscle Activation Patterns in Dental Students: A Longitudinal Study
by Manuel Barbosa de Almeida, Marion Moreira, Paulo Miranda-Oliveira, José Moreira, Carlos Família, João R. Vaz, Paula Moleirinho-Alves and Raúl Oliveira
Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5689; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175689 - 1 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1347
Abstract
Cervical pain has been linked to increased motor unit activity, potentially associated with the initiation and progression of chronic neck pain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the time-course changes in cervical superficial muscle activation patterns among dental students with and without neck [...] Read more.
Cervical pain has been linked to increased motor unit activity, potentially associated with the initiation and progression of chronic neck pain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the time-course changes in cervical superficial muscle activation patterns among dental students with and without neck pain throughout their initial semester of clinical training. We used an online Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for group allocation between neck pain (NP) (n = 21) and control group (CG) (n = 23). Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the sternocleidomastoid and upper bilateral trapezius was recorded before starting their clinical practice and after their first semester while performing a cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT) in five increasing levels between 22 mmHg and 30 mmHg. After the first semester, both the CG (p < 0.001) and NP (p = 0.038) groups showed decreased sternocleidomastoid activation. The NP group exhibited a concomitant increase in upper trapezius coactivation (p < 0.001), whereas the muscle activation pattern in asymptomatic students remained unchanged (p = 0.980). During the first semester of clinical training, dental students exhibited decreased superficial flexor activity, but those with neck pain had increased co-contraction of the upper trapezius, likely to stabilize the painful segment. This altered activation pattern could be associated with further dysfunction and symptoms, potentially contributing to chronicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 14057 KiB  
Article
Identification of Respiratory Pauses during Swallowing by Unconstrained Measuring Using Millimeter Wave Radar
by Toma Kadono and Hiroshi Noguchi
Sensors 2024, 24(12), 3748; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123748 - 9 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1281
Abstract
Breathing temporarily pauses during swallowing, and the occurrence of inspiration before and after these pauses may increase the likelihood of aspiration, a serious health problem in older adults. Therefore, the automatic detection of these pauses without constraints is important. We propose methods for [...] Read more.
Breathing temporarily pauses during swallowing, and the occurrence of inspiration before and after these pauses may increase the likelihood of aspiration, a serious health problem in older adults. Therefore, the automatic detection of these pauses without constraints is important. We propose methods for measuring respiratory movements during swallowing using millimeter wave radar to detect these pauses. The experiment involved 20 healthy adult participants. The results showed a correlation of 0.71 with the measurement data obtained from a band-type sensor used as a reference, demonstrating the potential to measure chest movements associated with respiration using a non-contact method. Additionally, temporary respiratory pauses caused by swallowing were confirmed by the measured data. Furthermore, using machine learning, the presence of respiring alone was detected with an accuracy of 88.5%, which is higher than that reported in previous studies. Respiring and temporary respiratory pauses caused by swallowing were also detected, with a macro-averaged F1 score of 66.4%. Although there is room for improvement in temporary pause detection, this study demonstrates the potential for measuring respiratory movements during swallowing using millimeter wave radar and a machine learning method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 948 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Temporal Somatosensory Discrimination in Females with Fibromyalgia: Reliability and Discriminative Ability of a New Assessment Tool
by Christophe Demoulin, Léonore Jodogne, Charline David, Jean-François Kaux and Marc Vanderthommen
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3300; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113300 - 22 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1181
Abstract
We assessed the test–retest reliability and discriminative ability of a somatosensory temporal discrimination (SSTD) assessment tool for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and determined if pain-related variables were associated with SSTD performance. Twenty-five women with FMS and twenty-five asymptomatic women were assessed during two sessions [...] Read more.
We assessed the test–retest reliability and discriminative ability of a somatosensory temporal discrimination (SSTD) assessment tool for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and determined if pain-related variables were associated with SSTD performance. Twenty-five women with FMS and twenty-five asymptomatic women were assessed during two sessions 7 to 10 days apart. The proportion of correct responses (range 0–100) was calculated. Sociodemographic information was collected for both groups. The participants with FMS also completed the widespread pain index and the Brief Pain Inventory. Test–retest reliability was verified by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. Discriminative ability was verified by a between-group comparison of scores using a t-test. Associations between SSTD score and pain variables were tested using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients. The test–retest reliability of the SSTD score was excellent (ICC > 0.9, CI: 0.79–0.96) for the asymptomatic group and good for the FMS group (ICC: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.62–0.91). The median (Q1–Q3) test session SSTD score differed significantly between the FMS 84.1 (71–88) and the asymptomatic 91.6 (83.4–96.1) groups (p < 0.001). Only pain duration was associated with the SSTD score. In conclusion, the new SSTD test seems reliable for people with FMS and is discriminative. Further studies should examine its sensitivity to change and correlations with other SSTD tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Sensors for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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