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Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition
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Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 June 2026 | Viewed by 9858

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pier Giorgio Spazzini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Turin, Italy
Interests: turbulence; metrology; flow measurement; flow calibration; particle image velocimetry; boundary layer; vorticity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Aline Piccato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Turin, Italy
Interests: metrology; flow measurement; flow calibration; anemometry; airspeed
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Francesca Rolle

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Turin, Italy
Interests: gas metrology; climate and ocean monitoring; metrological traceability and uncertainty evaluation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gas measurement is a topic of long-lasting interest because of the extremely vast range of technological applications of gas flow, ranging from the exchange of energy to medical, industrial, and environmental applications. Flow measurement and analysis instruments are, therefore, in continuous development. This Special Issue will focus on the sensing elements of instruments used for measuring the flow rate and/or the composition of flowing gases. Additionally, developments in artificial intelligence are maturing, with important implications on the digital treatment of raw sensor output.

The topics of the Special Issue will include the following:

  • Developments and innovative applications of existing sensors;
  • New/improved mechanical flow rate sensors;
  • Developments in thermal sensors;
  • Developments in ultrasonic sensors;
  • Gas composition sensing elements;
  • Micro- and nano-sensors for flow rate and composition;
  • Integrated sensors;
  • “Lab-on-a-chip” applications;
  • Monitoring of gas energy content;
  • Algorithms for the elaboration of sensor outputs;
  • Sensors for atmospheric monitoring.

Papers concerning related topics can be included if deemed to be consistent with the general topic of the Special Issue. This Special Issue is devoted to developments in sensors for measuring gas flow rate and composition.

Dr. Pier Giorgio Spazzini
Dr. Aline Piccato
Dr. Francesca Rolle
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gas flow rate
  • gas composition
  • energy vector
  • lab-on-a-chip
  • integration of sensors
  • digital elaboration
  • gas sensors
  • amount-of-substance

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 3134 KB  
Article
CO2 Sensing Using Symmetrical Three-Wavelength Precompensated Current-Modulated Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
by Giacomo Zanetti, Peter John Rodrigo and Christian Pedersen
Sensors 2026, 26(5), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26051420 - 24 Feb 2026
Viewed by 416
Abstract
In this paper, a novel symmetrical three-wavelength toggling archetype for measuring the concentration of gases using a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) system is introduced and demonstrated. The system was operated at 1.5714 µm with a 2 kHz update rate, targeting an [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel symmetrical three-wavelength toggling archetype for measuring the concentration of gases using a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) system is introduced and demonstrated. The system was operated at 1.5714 µm with a 2 kHz update rate, targeting an absorption line of gaseous CO2. Precompensated diode–current pulses are introduced to offset the inherent thermal time constants of the diode laser by orders of magnitude. Here, repetition rates matching that of contemporary methods can be achieved, while simultaneously providing a noteworthy wavelength stability of 0.6 pm for the three targeted wavelengths that are approximately 70 pm apart (142 pm maximum wavelength excursion). A 10 Hz current loop locks one of the wavelengths to a CO2 absorption peak, thus providing an absolute and stable wavelength reference. The flexibility in choosing the shape and repetition frequency of the current pulses makes this approach easily adaptable to other gases and/or absorption lines, since wavelength filters are avoided. The new method is benchmarked against a two-wavelength precompensated continuous-wave TDLAS technique, revealing a fourfold improvement in reproducibility with system restart over the span of 24 days, while outperforming other widespread spectroscopic techniques applied to comparable transmittance levels. The effect of the analytical model was further studied by thermally inducing baseline changes, showing a 7.9 ± 0.2 times weaker correlation between concentration and temperature with respect to the one observed using the two-wavelength TDLAS archetype. These results demonstrate the system’s suitability for sensitive applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 4344 KB  
Article
Improved Hydrogen-Sensing of TiO2 Schottky Device Through Schottky Barrier Height Modulation
by Xiaochuan Long, Xiao Zhang, Zheng Lu, Feng Wei and Xiaopeng Liu
Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041400 - 23 Feb 2026
Viewed by 586
Abstract
Adjusting the Schottky barrier height is an important approach to enhancing the gas-sensing performance of TiO2 Schottky sensors. In this study, micro TiO2 nanotube Schottky sensors were fabricated via magnetron sputtering and anodic oxidation, with their Schottky barrier height adjusted by [...] Read more.
Adjusting the Schottky barrier height is an important approach to enhancing the gas-sensing performance of TiO2 Schottky sensors. In this study, micro TiO2 nanotube Schottky sensors were fabricated via magnetron sputtering and anodic oxidation, with their Schottky barrier height adjusted by varying the annealing temperature. The morphology, phase composition, oxygen vacancy concentration, band structure, and Schottky junction of the samples were investigated using SEM, GIXRD, EPR, Hall effect measurements, XPS, I-V curves, and AC impedance. The sensor annealed at 500 °C demonstrated the highest gas-sensing response, outperforming sensors treated at other temperatures by over 100 times. Its response value to 1 ppm H2 was 242. The annealing temperature significantly affects the TiO2 phase and oxygen vacancy concentration, resulting in the highest Schottky barrier height in the 500 °C-annealed sensor, which contributes to its superior sensing performance. AC impedance measurements revealed no significant Fermi-level pinning in TiO2. Based on the gas-sensing mechanism analysis, the response of the TiO2 sensor can be divided into three regimes: Schottky junction control, TiO2 resistance control, and co-control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1508 KB  
Article
Attribution of Health Hazards to Sources of Air Pollution Based on Networks of Sensors and Emission Inventories
by Piotr Kleczkowski and Aleksandra Król-Nowak
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010132 - 24 Dec 2025
Viewed by 574
Abstract
Air pollution is monitored worldwide through networks of sensors. They provide information on local air pollution, which also provides a basis for a multitude of research. To reduce health hazards caused by air pollution, the concentrations of pollutants as measured by sensors need [...] Read more.
Air pollution is monitored worldwide through networks of sensors. They provide information on local air pollution, which also provides a basis for a multitude of research. To reduce health hazards caused by air pollution, the concentrations of pollutants as measured by sensors need to be apportioned to particular sources. Although several methods to achieve this have been developed, only a few works on the contributions of pollution sources to health hazards are available in the literature. In this work, a simple scheme is proposed to compare health hazards from each of the main sources of air pollution in a given country, region, or area. The comparison involves the main air pollutants of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 for chronic exposures and PM2.5, NO2, O3, and SO2 for acute exposures. The actual health hazard from each substance is determined from concentrations measured by sensors and the concentration–response functions found in the literature. The apportionment of substances to sources is based on emission inventories, thus avoiding costly methods of source apportionment. This method has been applied to the entire country, i.e., Poland, yielding the average proportion of health hazards from particular sources. The example demonstrates the flexibility and ease of application of the scheme. Uncertainties in the results were subjected to discussion. The key advantage of the scheme lies in its ability to provide an indication of the most harmful sources of pollution, thus highlighting efficient interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 1841 KB  
Article
Preliminary Study on the Purity Analysis of Primary Certified Gas Mixtures Using Different Spectroscopic Techniques
by Francesca Rolle, Francesca Durbiano, Stefano Pavarelli, Ramona Russo, Chiara Festevole, Pier Giorgio Spazzini, Francesca Romana Pennecchi and Michela Sega
Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6068; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196068 - 2 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 890
Abstract
Purity analysis of parent gases used to produce reference gas mixtures is fundamental to assure the metrological traceability of the certified gas composition, and the use of purity data in the calculation of the mixture composition should be performed in accordance with the [...] Read more.
Purity analysis of parent gases used to produce reference gas mixtures is fundamental to assure the metrological traceability of the certified gas composition, and the use of purity data in the calculation of the mixture composition should be performed in accordance with the requirements of international standards. Purity analysis can be difficult to realize since limited measurement standards are available for the determination of trace levels of gaseous compounds. The first step of purity analysis is the definition of the impurities considered critical or significant to the final composition of a mixture. In this work, we present the activity carried out for the identification and quantification of impurities of carbon dioxide and water in some ultrapure gases used for the preparation of primary certified reference gas mixtures of carbon dioxide at atmospheric amount fraction (400–800 µmol·mol−1), by means of different spectroscopic techniques (Fourier Transform IR, Non-Dispersive IR and Cavity Ring-Down). Dynamic dilution was used for the generation of reference mixtures for the calibration of the analyzers by using calibrated Mass Flow Controllers. The certified reference gas mixtures produced with the tested pure gases will also be applied to characterization studies and calibration protocols for gas sensors used both for outdoor and indoor monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition)
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22 pages, 3826 KB  
Article
Short-Term Forecast of Indoor CO2 Using Attention-Based LSTM: A Use Case of a Hospital in Greece
by Christos Mountzouris, Grigorios Protopsaltis and John Gialelis
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5382; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175382 - 1 Sep 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1417
Abstract
Given the significant implications of indoor air pollution for physical and mental health, well-being and productivity, indoor air quality (IAQ) is of critical importance. CO2 is a prevalent indoor air contaminant and represents a key determinant for IAQ characterization. This study collected [...] Read more.
Given the significant implications of indoor air pollution for physical and mental health, well-being and productivity, indoor air quality (IAQ) is of critical importance. CO2 is a prevalent indoor air contaminant and represents a key determinant for IAQ characterization. This study collected sensed air pollution and climatic data from a hospital environment in Greece and employed Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network variants with progressively increased architectural complexity to predict indoor CO2 concentration across future horizons ranging from 15 min up to 180 min. Among the examined variants, the attention-based LSTM exhibited the most consistent performance across the forecasting horizons. Incorporating additional predictors reflecting climatic conditions, air pollution and occupancy status within the hospital settings, the multivariate attention-based LSTM further enhanced its predictive performance with an MAE of 8.9 ppm, 16.7 ppm, 31.2 ppm, 38.9 and 39.5 ppm for 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min ahead, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition)
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Review

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52 pages, 5951 KB  
Review
Advanced Metal–Organic Framework-Based Sensor Systems for Gas and Environmental Monitoring: From Material Design to Embedded Applications
by Alemayehu Kidanemariam and Sungbo Cho
Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6539; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216539 - 23 Oct 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5480
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a global issue presenting risks to ecosystems and human health through release of toxic gases, existence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environment, and heavy metal contamination of waters and soils. To effectively address this issue, reliable and real-time [...] Read more.
Environmental pollution is a global issue presenting risks to ecosystems and human health through release of toxic gases, existence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environment, and heavy metal contamination of waters and soils. To effectively address this issue, reliable and real-time monitoring technology is imperative. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a disruptive set of materials with high surface area, tunable porosity, and abundant chemistry to design extremely sensitive and selective pollutant detection. This review article gives an account of recent advances towards sensor technology for MOFs with application specificity towards gas and environment monitoring. We critically examine optical, electrochemical, and resistive platforms and their interfacing with embedded electronics and edge artificial intelligence (edge-AI) to realize smart, compact, and energy-efficient monitoring tools. We also detail critical challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, long-term stability, and secure data management and underscore transforming MOF-based sensors from lab prototype to functional instruments to ensure safe coverage of human health and to bring about sustainable environmental management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors for Gas Monitoring: 2nd Edition)
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