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Advanced Sensing Technology in Blood Glucose Monitoring

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2023) | Viewed by 11851

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Cheng-Chih Hsu

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Guest Editor

Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
Interests: precision measurement; optical interferometry; holography; biosensor; optical design; electrochemical sensor; nanowire sensor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diabetes continues to be an increasing health burden and it will increase significantly in the following decades, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Recent study indicated that undiagnosed diabetes is particularly sensitive to the performance of glycemic control and blood glucose diagnosis accuracy. Therefore, there is a critical need for more effort to achieve efficient diagnostics for blood glucose monitoring. This special issue aims to bring together the latest advances in research and development of measurement methods and sensors in blood glucose monitoring. This Special Issue will cover, but is not limited to, the following areas: Optical glucose sensors; Electro‑Chemical glucose sensors; Fiber glucose sensors; Wearable glucose sensors; Invasive/non-invasive glucose monitoring; Continuous glucose monitoring; Point-of-care glucose monitoring; Lab-on-chip glucose sensor; Nanostructure glucose sensor.

Dr. Cheng-Chih Hsu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

invasive glucose monitoring
non-invasive glucose monitoring
optical glucose sensors
electro chemical glucose sensors
nanostructure glucose sensor

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 6227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glucose Concentration Measurement by All-Grating-Based System

by Hung-Chih Hsieh, Yi-Ming Lu and Ke-Cheng Huang

Sensors 2023, 23(9), 4216; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094216 - 23 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1154

Abstract

An accurate, easy setup, low-cost, and time-saving method for measuring glucose concentration was proposed. An all-grating-based glucose concentration measurement system contained moving-grating-based heterodyne interferometry and a grating-based self-align sensor. By combining the first-order diffraction lights from two separated moving gratings by a polarization beam splitter and creating S- and P-polarized light interference by an analyzer, the interference signal could be a heterodyne light source with a heterodyne frequency depending on the relative velocities of the two moving gratings. Next, a grating-based self-align sensor was used to make the optical configuration setup easy and accurate. Moreover, the sensor was deposited on GOx film to improve the measurement sensitivity and specificity for glucose. Finally, the phase change induced by the reaction of the sensor and glucose solutions was detected. The validity of this method was proved, and the measurement resolution can reach 2 mg/dL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technology in Blood Glucose Monitoring)

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17 pages, 4576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Enzymatic Doped/Undoped Poly-Silicon Nanowire Sensor for Glucose Concentration Measurement

by Cheng-Chih Hsu, Wen-Kai Ho, Chyan-Chyi Wu and Ching-Liang Dai

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063166 - 16 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1067

Abstract

In this work, enzymatic doped/undoped poly-silicon nanowire sensors with different lengths were fabricated using a top-down technique to measure glucose concentration. The sensitivity and resolution of these sensors correlate well with the dopant property and length of nanowire. Experimental results indicate that the resolution is proportional to the nanowire length and dopant concentration. However, the sensitivity is inversely proportional to the nanowire length. The optimum resolution can be better than 0.02 mg/dL for a doped type sensor with length of 3.5 μm. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was demonstrated for 30 applications with similar current-time response and showed good repeatability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technology in Blood Glucose Monitoring)

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16 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enzymatic Glucose Fiber Sensor for Glucose Concentration Measurement with a Heterodyne Interferometry

by Cheng-Chih Hsu, Wan-Yu Chung, Chun-Yi Chang, Chyan-Chyi Wu and Cheng-Ling Lee

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 2990; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062990 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1490

Abstract

In this study, we developed a glucose fiber sensor incorporating heterodyne interferometry to measure the phase difference produced by the chemical reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase (GOx). Both theoretical and experimental results showed that the amount of phase variation is inversely proportional to glucose concentration. The proposed method provided a linear measurement range of the glucose concentration from 10 mg/dL to 550 mg/dL. The experimental results indicated that the sensitivity is proportional to the length of the enzymatic glucose sensor, and the optimum resolution can be obtained at a sensor length of 3 cm. The optimum resolution of the proposed method is better than 0.6 mg/dL. Moreover, the proposed sensor demonstrates good repeatability and reliability. The average relative standard deviation (RSD) is better than 10% and satisfied the minimum requirement for point-of-care devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technology in Blood Glucose Monitoring)

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25 pages, 2277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Federated Learning-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm: Application to Glucose Prediction

by Ivanoe De Falco, Antonio Della Cioppa, Tomas Koutny, Martin Ubl, Michal Krcma, Umberto Scafuri and Ernesto Tarantino

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 2957; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062957 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an innovative Federated Learning-inspired evolutionary framework. Its main novelty is that this is the first time that an Evolutionary Algorithm is employed on its own to directly perform Federated Learning activity. A further novelty resides in the fact that, differently from the other Federated Learning frameworks in the literature, ours can efficiently deal at the same time with two relevant issues in Machine Learning, i.e., data privacy and interpretability of the solutions. Our framework consists of a master/slave approach in which each slave contains local data, protecting sensible private data, and exploits an evolutionary algorithm to generate prediction models. The master shares through the slaves the locally learned models that emerge on each slave. Sharing these local models results in global models. Being that data privacy and interpretability are very significant in the medical domain, the algorithm is tested to forecast future glucose values for diabetic patients by exploiting a Grammatical Evolution algorithm. The effectiveness of this knowledge-sharing process is assessed experimentally by comparing the proposed framework with another where no exchange of local models occurs. The results show that the performance of the proposed approach is better and demonstrate the validity of its sharing process for the emergence of local models for personal diabetes management, usable as efficient global models. When further subjects not involved in the learning process are considered, the models discovered by our framework show higher generalization capability than those achieved without knowledge sharing: the improvement provided by knowledge sharing is equal to about 3.03% for precision, 1.56% for recall, 3.17% for

F_{1}

, and 1.56% for accuracy. Moreover, statistical analysis reveals the statistical superiority of model exchange with respect to the case of no exchange taking place. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technology in Blood Glucose Monitoring)

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Review

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36 pages, 8269 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Technologies and Products: A Comprehensive Review for Researchers and Clinicians

by Daria Di Filippo, Frédérique N. Sunstrum, Jawairia Umar Khan and Alec W. Welsh

Sensors 2023, 23(22), 9130; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229130 - 12 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5833

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus incidence and its negative outcomes have dramatically increased worldwide and are expected to further increase in the future due to a combination of environmental and social factors. Several methods of measuring glucose concentration in various body compartments have been described in the literature over the years. Continuous advances in technology open the road to novel measuring methods and innovative measurement sites. The aim of this comprehensive review is to report all the methods and products for non-invasive glucose measurement described in the literature over the past five years that have been tested on both human subjects/samples and tissue models. A literature review was performed in the MDPI database, with 243 articles reviewed and 124 included in a narrative summary. Different comparisons of techniques focused on the mechanism of action, measurement site, and machine learning application, outlining the main advantages and disadvantages described/expected so far. This review represents a comprehensive guide for clinicians and industrial designers to sum the most recent results in non-invasive glucose sensing techniques’ research and production to aid the progress in this promising field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technology in Blood Glucose Monitoring)

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