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Design and Measurement of Millimeter-Wave Antennas
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Design and Measurement of Millimeter-Wave Antennas

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2026 | Viewed by 1858

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Zihang Qi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Interests: microwave; antenna design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will explore the frontier of millimeter-wave (mmWave) antenna technology, with a particular focus on innovative designs and precise measurement techniques for advancing sensing capabilities in various domains. As the demand for high-speed communication, enhanced radar systems, and non-invasive imaging grows exponentially, mmWave frequencies (typically ranging from 30 GHz to 300 GHz) have emerged as a promising solution due to their large available bandwidths, small wavelengths that enable compact designs, and excellent detection precision. However, the design challenges and meticulous measurement requirements associated with mmWave antennas pose significant obstacles to realizing their full potential in next-generation communication and sensing applications.

This Special Issue will serve as a platform for researchers and engineers from academia and industry to share their latest advancements in mmWave antenna design, fabrication, and measurement methodologies. This Special Issue invites articles covering high-gain antennas, broadband antennas, phased arrays, frequency-scanning arrays, leaky-wave antennas, and metamaterial-based designs, specifically optimized for mmWave frequencies. Furthermore, it welcomes papers discussing innovative characterization techniques for accurate antenna performance measurement in the mmWave domain. Authors are welcome to contribute original research papers or review articles.

Dr. Zihang Qi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • millimeter-wave antennas
  • antenna design
  • antenna measurement
  • phased arrays

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 34384 KiB  
Article
A Low-Profile Dual-Polarized High-Gain Low Cross-Polarization Phased Array for Ku-Band Satellite Communications
by Yuhan Huang, Jie Zhang, Xiuping Li, Zihang Qi, Fan Lu, Hua Jiang, Xin Xue, Hua Zhu and Xiaobin Guo
Sensors 2025, 25(13), 3986; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25133986 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
A low-profile dual-polarized shared-aperture phased array antenna is proposed for Ku-band satellite communications in this paper. The stacked octagonal patches loaded with Via-rings are proposed as dual-polarized shared-aperture radiation elements, with the characteristics of wide impedance bandwidth, high gain, and weak coupling. Furthermore, [...] Read more.
A low-profile dual-polarized shared-aperture phased array antenna is proposed for Ku-band satellite communications in this paper. The stacked octagonal patches loaded with Via-rings are proposed as dual-polarized shared-aperture radiation elements, with the characteristics of wide impedance bandwidth, high gain, and weak coupling. Furthermore, innovative minimized three-port ring couplers are utilized for the differential-fed antenna array, further suppressing the cross-polarization component. Substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) and microstrip line (MS) feed networks are employed for the excitation of transmitting band (Tx) horizontal polarization and receiving band (Rx) vertical polarization, respectively. The non-uniform subarray architecture is optimized to minimize the sidelobe levels with the reduced number of transmitter and receiver (T/R) radio frequency phase-shifting modules. As proof-of-concept examples, 16 × 24 and 32 × 24 array antennas are demonstrated and fabricated. The measured impedance bandwidths of the proposed phased array antennas are around 21.1%, while the in-band isolations are above 36.7 dB. Gains up to 29 dBi and 32.4 dBi are performed by two prototypes separately. In addition, the T/R phase-shifting modules are utilized to validate the beam-scanning characteristic, which is of value for dynamic satellite communications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Measurement of Millimeter-Wave Antennas)
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19 pages, 8477 KiB  
Article
Wideband Dual-Polarized PRGW Antenna Array with High Isolation for Millimeter-Wave IoT Applications
by Zahra Mousavirazi, Mohamed Mamdouh M. Ali, Abdel R. Sebak and Tayeb A. Denidni
Sensors 2025, 25(11), 3387; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113387 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 460
Abstract
This work presents a novel dual-polarized antenna array tailored for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, specifically designed to operate in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum within the frequency range of 30–60 GHz. Leveraging printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) technology, the antenna ensures robust performance [...] Read more.
This work presents a novel dual-polarized antenna array tailored for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, specifically designed to operate in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum within the frequency range of 30–60 GHz. Leveraging printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) technology, the antenna ensures robust performance by eliminating parasitic radiation from the feed network, thus significantly enhancing the reliability and efficiency required by IoT communication systems, particularly for smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and high-speed sensor networks. The proposed antenna achieves superior radiation characteristics through a cross-shaped magneto-electric (ME) dipole backed by an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) cavity and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. These features suppress surface waves, reduce edge diffraction, and minimize back-lobe emissions, enabling stable, high-quality IoT connectivity. The antenna demonstrates a wide impedance bandwidth of 24% centered at 30 GHz and exceptional isolation exceeding 40 dB, ensuring interference-free dual-polarized operation crucial for densely populated IoT environments. Fabrication and testing validate the design, consistently achieving a gain of approximately 13.88 dBi across the operational bandwidth. The antenna’s performance effectively addresses the critical requirements of emerging IoT systems, including ultra-high data throughput, reduced latency, and robust wireless connectivity, essential for real-time applications such as healthcare monitoring, vehicular communication, and smart infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Measurement of Millimeter-Wave Antennas)
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14 pages, 20644 KiB  
Article
A High-Gain Circularly Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Applications
by Jun Xiao, Jing Wu, Zihang Ye, Tongyu Ding, Chongzhi Han and Qiubo Ye
Sensors 2025, 25(10), 3046; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103046 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 401
Abstract
A high-gain circularly polarized (CP) magnetoelectric dipole (ME-dipole) radiating element is demonstrated at a millimeter-wave (MMW) 5G band of 37–43.5 GHz. Each ME-dipole radiating element, consisting of two pairs of ring-shaped and L-shaped metal posts is excited by a cross-shaped substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) [...] Read more.
A high-gain circularly polarized (CP) magnetoelectric dipole (ME-dipole) radiating element is demonstrated at a millimeter-wave (MMW) 5G band of 37–43.5 GHz. Each ME-dipole radiating element, consisting of two pairs of ring-shaped and L-shaped metal posts is excited by a cross-shaped substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) coupling slot to achieve CP radiation. Through the use of all-metal radiating structures with a height of 3.4 mm, high-gain and high-efficiency radiation performances are achieved. For proof of concept, a 4 × 4 antenna array with a SIW feeding network is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed 4 × 4 CP antenna array is 19.2% from 33.9 to 41.1 GHz for |S11| ≤ −10 dB. The measured 3 db AR bandwidth is 10.3% from 37 to 41 GHz. The measured peak gain is 20.3 dBic at 41 GHz. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Measurement of Millimeter-Wave Antennas)
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11 pages, 9446 KiB  
Article
A 60-GHz Wideband High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Dual-Coil Antenna Array
by Jun Xiao, Qi Gan, Zihang Ye, Chong-Zhi Han, Tongyu Ding and Qiubo Ye
Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2211; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072211 - 31 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 453
Abstract
A wideband high-efficiency circularly polarized (CP) dual-coil antenna array is presented for 60-GHz applications in this letter. The proposed CP dual-coil antenna is composed of a resonant substrate-integrated cavity (SIC) and a pair of centrally symmetrical coils, which are fed differentially by a [...] Read more.
A wideband high-efficiency circularly polarized (CP) dual-coil antenna array is presented for 60-GHz applications in this letter. The proposed CP dual-coil antenna is composed of a resonant substrate-integrated cavity (SIC) and a pair of centrally symmetrical coils, which are fed differentially by a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) coupling slot. A novel sequential rotation feeding technique is introduced to enhance the axial ratio (AR) and impedance bandwidths of both the 2 × 2 subarray and the 4 × 4 array. The proposed feeding network significantly improves radiation efficiency. The measured results of the fabricated prototype indicate that the proposed array achieves an impedance bandwidth of 20.8% (54.6–67.3 GHz) for |S11| ≤ −10 dB, a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 21.5% (54–67 GHz), a high radiation efficiency of 96.6%, and a peak gain reaching 19.3 dBic at 58 GHz. The proposed circularly polarized (CP) antenna element and array design stand out as strong contenders for 60-GHz wireless applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Measurement of Millimeter-Wave Antennas)
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