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Innovative Approaches in 3D Sensing and Imaging Technologies for Cultural Heritage

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensing and Imaging".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 3234

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Turin, Italy
Interests: image- and range-based survey methods (close-range photogrammetry, LiDAR, mobile mapping systems mainly applied to built and cultural heritage); 3D models; spatial data standards; GIS tools and analysis; 3D mapping
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
Interests: geomatics; built heritage; indoor and outdoor mobile mapping systems; high-resolution 3D models; segmentation; classification; reproductions of sculptural works; digital archives; reuse and sharing of 3D data; technologies applied to educational projects
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Architecture and Design, Polytechnic University of Turin, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10138 Torino, Italy
Interests: urban heritage; UAV and close-range photogrammetry; SLAM-based technologies and application in the field of historical structures and urban contexts
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, various technologies and multiple sensors are used in large surveying projects for the 3D documentation of cultural heritage sites and heritage items, paving the way for improved preservation and knowledge of historical artifacts, built areas and buildings.

Research, guidelines and good practice reviews have improved over the years, highlighting the importance of point clouds as a standard format for three-dimensional data and emphasizing the advantages of combining data from multiple sensors using fusion strategies.

Different categories of cloud point models aim to achieve a high resolution and accuracy compatible with the scale of representation, enabling enriched cognitive systems in the generation of digital twins.

The results of digitization are increasingly reliable and widely disseminated, working in various interdisciplinary contexts, in addition to improving conservation. However, cultural heritage is an engine of social and economic development.

This Special Issue aims to collect, among others, a selection of cutting-edge contributions from the topics presented at the international CIPA 2023 conference held in Florence (June 2023), which hosted scholars from all continents who are use technologies to support the conservation of cultural heritage.

The expected contributions are related, but not limited, to:

  • Integrated survey and modeling methodologies developments and application;
  • Range- and image-based Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) techniques;
  • Multi-scale digitization from small museum objects or archaeological finds to large architectural or archaeological complexes and sites, as well as natural environments such as caves;
  • Multi-sensor data acquisition meeting different phenomena connected to heritage;
  • The data integration of geophysical survey techniques;
  • Advanced cloud management perspectives, including artificial intelligence approaches for classification, segmentation techniques, and the future use of clouds.

Dr. Antonia Spano
Dr. Valentina Bonora
Dr. Giulia Sammartano
Dr. Mattia Previtali
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • 3D heritage documentation
  • digital twins
  • sensors and data fusion (visible/multispectral data)
  • artificial intelligence (AI)
  • digital photogrammetry, sensors development and application
  • lidar mapping
  • 3D mobile mapping (visual odometry and SLAM-based solution)
  • digital technologies for NDT inspections and diagnostic
  • neural radiance field (NeRF)
  • 360° photogrammetry and multi-camera 3D mapping

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 16421 KiB  
Article
Revitalizing Astronomical Azimuth Determination: Integrating Modern Computing with Traditional Techniques
by Luigi Barazzetti
Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061871 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 374
Abstract
It is not widely recognized today that astronomical methods for azimuth determination continue to rank among the most accurate techniques for establishing orientation. However, their importance has diminished with the rise of GNSS techniques, which do not require clear skies and work in [...] Read more.
It is not widely recognized today that astronomical methods for azimuth determination continue to rank among the most accurate techniques for establishing orientation. However, their importance has diminished with the rise of GNSS techniques, which do not require clear skies and work in various weather conditions. Unlike GNSSs, astronomical methods rely on clear visibility and involve calculations based on spherical trigonometry. This work aims to simplify these calculations by providing open-source Python scripts that automate the process. These scripts also simulate the achievable precision, allowing users to plan optimal observations in advance. One of the aims of this work is to demonstrate that, in certain cases, the integration of ‘contemporary’ tools with techniques now regarded as ‘outdated’ can produce very accurate results. Beyond their purely historical significance, which has profoundly influenced modern surveying methods, the integration of astronomical measurements with modern computing codes allows surveyors to achieve azimuths with an accuracy of ±1–2 arcseconds. Full article
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31 pages, 13426 KiB  
Article
Ant3D—A Fisheye Multi-Camera System to Survey Narrow Spaces
by Luca Perfetti, Francesco Fassi and Giorgio Vassena
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4177; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134177 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1593
Abstract
Although the field of geomatics has seen multiple technological advances in recent years which enabled new applications and simplified the consolidated ones, some tasks remain challenging, inefficient, and time- and cost-consuming. This is the case of accurate tridimensional surveys of narrow spaces. Static [...] Read more.
Although the field of geomatics has seen multiple technological advances in recent years which enabled new applications and simplified the consolidated ones, some tasks remain challenging, inefficient, and time- and cost-consuming. This is the case of accurate tridimensional surveys of narrow spaces. Static laser scanning is an accurate and reliable approach but impractical for extensive tunnel environments; on the other hand, portable laser scanning is time-effective and efficient but not very reliable without ground control constraints. This paper describes the development process of a novel image-based multi-camera system meant to solve this specific problem: delivering accurate, reliable, and efficient results. The development is illustrated from the system conceptualization and initial investigations to the design choices and requirements for accuracy. The resulting working prototype has been put to the test to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Full article
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18 pages, 4938 KiB  
Study Protocol
Optimization of Control Point Layout for Orthophoto Generation of Indoor Murals
by Dingfei Yan and Yongming Yang
Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051588 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 455
Abstract
This study focuses on the preservation of indoor murals, which can be supported by combining RTK and total station technology to explore the optimization of image geometric accuracy based on a control points layout. The study involves placing varying numbers of control points [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the preservation of indoor murals, which can be supported by combining RTK and total station technology to explore the optimization of image geometric accuracy based on a control points layout. The study involves placing varying numbers of control points on the mural surface and processing the collected data using a spatial coordinate transformation model to assess the impact of different layouts on image accuracy. Some control points are used to ensure the spatial positioning accuracy of the images, while others serve as check points to validate the geometric precision of the images. After data processing, high-precision digital orthophotos are generated using Agisoft PhotoScan2.0.1 software, with accuracy verified by the check points. The experimental results show that as the number of control points increases, image accuracy improves gradually. When the number of control points reaches 24, the geometric accuracy of the images stabilizes, and further increases in the number of control points have a limited effect on improving accuracy. Therefore, the study proposes an optimal layout scheme: 24 control points for every 16 square meters. This scheme not only meets millimeter-level precision requirements but also effectively optimizes resource allocation and reduces time costs. The research provides reliable data support for the high-precision preservation and restoration of murals and offers important references for similar cultural heritage preservation projects. Full article
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