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Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks
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Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks

A special issue of Resources (ISSN 2079-9276).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2022) | Viewed by 301477

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pavel Tcvetkov

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Economics, Organization and Management, Saint Petersburg Mining University, 21st Line of the VI, 2, 199106 Saint Petersburg, Russia
Interests: energy economics; environmental economics; sustainable development; energy policy; climate policy; resource policy; sustainability; circular economy; economic efficiency; fossil fuels; renewable energy; CCU; CCS; CCUS; carbon sequestration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Nikolay Didenko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg
Interests: The development of the Arctic space; lifecycle management of complex technical systems; program-targeted management; the economic growth; international economy; innovative economy; circular economy; modeling of socio-economic processes; econometric forecasting models

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Sustainable development is a central concept for global growth in the foreseeable future. Such growth, on the one hand, requires the provision of significant resources, including financial, technological, social, and natural resources. On the other hand, it should provide stability of the global economy for various markets as well as for any unforeseen environmental, political, and economic shocks. To face these challenges, we need to strengthen our knowledge of sustainable development modeling for unstable environments.

This Special Issue aims to collect original research or review articles on the influence of various shocks on the stability and sustainability of global, national, and sectoral economic growth, including social, political, economic and technological aspects. We are also looking for studies modeling the long-term influence of short-term shocks on the deployment of sustainable development principles, forecasts of natural resources supply and demand, and other issues related to the achievement of sustainable goals in volatile environments.

We are also glad to see authors of the selected papers from European Raw Materials Conferences, helded, despite the global shock, entitled COVID-19:
- Russian-UK Raw Materials Dialogue (21-23 October, 2020);
- Russian-German Raw Materials Conference (30 November - 1 December, 2020).

Dr. Pavel Tcvetkov
Prof. Dr. Nikolay Didenko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Resources is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • environment 
  • fossil fuels 
  • global shocks 
  • life-cycle assessment 
  • natural resources 
  • policy 
  • renewable energy 
  • resource markets 
  • resources substitutability 
  • shocks 
  • supply and demand of natural resources 
  • sustainability 
  • sustainable development goals 
  • sustainable development models 
  • trends analysis 
  • technological progress 
  • triple bottom line

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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30 pages, 4180 KiB  
Article
Digital Technologies in Arctic Oil and Gas Resources Extraction: Global Trends and Russian Experience
by Ekaterina Samylovskaya, Alexey Makhovikov, Alexander Lutonin, Dmitry Medvedev and Regina-Elizaveta Kudryavtseva
Resources 2022, 11(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11030029 (registering DOI) - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 7249
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the analysis of the current and the forecast of the prospective state of introducing digital technologies into the oil and gas mining industry of the Russian Arctic. The authors of the paper analyzed the global trends that define [...] Read more.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of the current and the forecast of the prospective state of introducing digital technologies into the oil and gas mining industry of the Russian Arctic. The authors of the paper analyzed the global trends that define the process of digital technologies’ introduction into the oil and gas mining industry. They also reviewed the Russian companies’ experience in this sphere. The main trends and prospects for the development of oil and gas resources extraction in the Russian Arctic in the digitalization sphere were identified. Together with this, the researchers considered prospects for digital technologies’ introduction into the oil and gas industry, observing their competition with RES. As a result, the authors have come to the following conclusions: (1) in Russian companies, digitalization is being more actively introduced into the processes of general enterprise management. (2) The main purpose of Russian oil and gas sector digitalization is to increase the efficiency of business process management, while the key constraining factors of digitalization are the lack of qualified personnel, lack of material and technical base and cyber-security threats aggravation. (3) The prospects of introducing a new package of sanctions can become both an incentive for a qualitative leap in Russian software development/implementation and an obstacle to the development of Arctic projects due to their rise in price. (4) The COVID-19 pandemic factor is one of the incentives for the widespread introduction of production and various business processes automation in the oil and gas industry, as well as the development of digital communications. (5) The leader in the digital technology development industry among Russian oil and gas companies is “Gazprom Neft” PJSC, followed by “NK Rosneft” PJSC. (6) “Gazprom” PJSC continues to lag behind in the sphere of digitalization; however, qualitative changes here should be expected in 2022. (7) The “sensitivity parameters” influencing the industry digitalization process in the Arctic region are the high dependence on foreign technological solutions and software, characteristics of the entire Russian oil and gas industry, and the problem of ensuring cybersecurity in Arctic oil and gas projects and power outages. (8) For the Arctic regions, the use of RES as the main source of electricity is the most optimal and promising solution; however, hydrocarbon energy will still dominate the market in the foreseeable future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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24 pages, 9538 KiB  
Article
Arctic Shelf Oil and Gas Prospects from Lower-Middle Paleozoic Sediments of the Timan–Pechora Oil and Gas Province Based on the Results of a Regional Study
by Oleg Prischepa, Yury Nefedov and Victoria Nikiforova
Resources 2022, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11010003 - 28 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2999
Abstract
The Timan–Pechora oil and gas province (TPP), despite the good geological and geophysical knowledge of its central and southern regions, remains poorly studied in the extreme northwestern part within the north of the Izhma–Pechora depression and the Malozemelsk–Kolguev monocline, and in the extreme [...] Read more.
The Timan–Pechora oil and gas province (TPP), despite the good geological and geophysical knowledge of its central and southern regions, remains poorly studied in the extreme northwestern part within the north of the Izhma–Pechora depression and the Malozemelsk–Kolguev monocline, and in the extreme northeast within the Predpaikhoisky depression. Assessing the oil and gas potential of the Lower Paleozoic part of the section is urgently required in the northwestern part of the TPP, the productivity of which has been proven at the border and in the more eastern regions of the province (Pechora–Kolva, Khoreyverskaya, Varandei–Adzva regions), that have been evaluated ambiguously. A comprehensive interpretation of the seismic exploration of regional works was carried out, with the wells significantly clarifying the structural basis and the boundaries of the distribution of the main seismic facies’ complexes. The capabilities of potentially oil- and gas-producing strata in the Silurian–Lower Devonian were studied. An analysis of migration routes in transit strata used for basin modeling in order to reconstruct the conditions of oil and gas formation that are common in the land and water areas of the Arctic zone of the TPP was carried out. Modeling allowed us to reach an understanding of the formation of large zones with possible accumulations of hydrocarbons, including the time at which the formation occurred and under what conditions, to establish space–time links with possible centers of generation to identify migration directions and, based on a comparison with periods of intensive generation of hydrocarbons both directly located within the work area and beyond (noting the possible migration), to identify zones of the paleoaccumulation of hydrocarbons. The body of existing literature on the subject made it possible to outline promising oil and gas accumulation zones, with the allocation of target objects for further exploration in the Lower Paleozoic part of the section. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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15 pages, 6103 KiB  
Article
Ensuring the Sustainability of Arctic Industrial Facilities under Conditions of Global Climate Change
by George Buslaev, Pavel Tsvetkov, Alexander Lavrik, Andrey Kunshin, Elizaveta Loseva and Dmitry Sidorov
Resources 2021, 10(12), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10120128 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3500
Abstract
Global climate change poses a challenge to the mineral development industry in the Arctic regions. Civil and industrial buildings designed and constructed without consideration of warming factors are beginning to collapse due to changes in the permafrost structure. St. Petersburg Mining University is [...] Read more.
Global climate change poses a challenge to the mineral development industry in the Arctic regions. Civil and industrial buildings designed and constructed without consideration of warming factors are beginning to collapse due to changes in the permafrost structure. St. Petersburg Mining University is developing technical and technological solutions for the construction of remote Arctic facilities and a methodology for their design based on physical and mathematical predictive modeling. The article presents the results of modeling the thermal regimes of permafrost soils in conditions of thermal influence of piles and proposes measures that allow a timely response to the loss of bearing capacity of piles. Designing pile foundations following the methodology proposed in the article to reduce the risks from global climate change will ensure the stability of remote Arctic facilities located in the zone of permafrost spreading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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15 pages, 4888 KiB  
Article
An Investigation into Current Sand Control Methodologies Taking into Account Geomechanical, Field and Laboratory Data Analysis
by Dmitry Tananykhin, Maxim Korolev, Ilya Stecyuk and Maxim Grigorev
Resources 2021, 10(12), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10120125 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3540
Abstract
Sand production is one of the major issues in the development of reservoirs in poorly cemented rocks. Geomechanical modeling gives us an opportunity to calculate the reservoir stress state, a major parameter that determines the stable pressure required in the bottomhole formation zone [...] Read more.
Sand production is one of the major issues in the development of reservoirs in poorly cemented rocks. Geomechanical modeling gives us an opportunity to calculate the reservoir stress state, a major parameter that determines the stable pressure required in the bottomhole formation zone to prevent sand production, decrease the likelihood of a well collapse and address other important challenges. Field data regarding the influence of water cut, bottomhole pressure and fluid flow rate on the amount of sand produced was compiled and analyzed. Geomechanical stress-state models and Llade’s criterion were constructed and applied to confirm the high likelihood of sanding in future wells using the Mohr–Coulomb and Mogi–Coulomb prototypes. In many applications, the destruction of the bottomhole zone cannot be solved using well mode operations. In such cases, it is necessary to perform sand retention or prepack tests in order to choose the most appropriate technology. The authors of this paper conducted a series of laboratory prepack tests and it was found that sanding is quite a dynamic process and that the most significant sand production occurs in the early stages of well operation. With time, the amount of produced sand decreases greatly—up to 20 times following the production of 6 pore volumes. Finally, the authors formulated a methodological approach to sand-free oil production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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25 pages, 3113 KiB  
Article
Scenario Modeling of Sustainable Development of Energy Supply in the Arctic
by Yuriy Zhukovskiy, Pavel Tsvetkov, Aleksandra Buldysko, Yana Malkova, Antonina Stoianova and Anastasia Koshenkova
Resources 2021, 10(12), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10120124 - 7 Dec 2021
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 4248
Abstract
The 21st century is characterized not only by large-scale transformations but also by the speed with which they occur. Transformations—political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal-in synergy have always been a catalyst for reactions in society. The field of energy supply, like many [...] Read more.
The 21st century is characterized not only by large-scale transformations but also by the speed with which they occur. Transformations—political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal-in synergy have always been a catalyst for reactions in society. The field of energy supply, like many others, is extremely susceptible to the external influence of such factors. To a large extent, this applies to remote (especially from the position of energy supply) regions. The authors outline an approach to justifying the development of the Arctic energy infrastructure through an analysis of the demand for the amount of energy consumed and energy sources, taking into account global trends. The methodology is based on scenario modeling of technological demand. It is based on a study of the specific needs of consumers, available technologies, and identified risks. The paper proposes development scenarios and presents a model that takes them into account. Modeling results show that in all scenarios, up to 50% of the energy balance in 2035 will take gas, but the role of carbon-free energy sources will increase. The mathematical model allowed forecasting the demand for energy types by certain types of consumers, which makes it possible to determine the vector of development and stimulation of certain types of resources for energy production in the Arctic. The model enables considering not only the growth but also the decline in demand for certain types of consumers under different scenarios. In addition, authors’ forecasts, through further modernization of the energy sector in the Arctic region, can contribute to the creation of prerequisites that will be stimulating and profitable for the growth of investment in sustainable energy sources to supply consumers. The scientific significance of the work lies in the application of a consistent hybrid modeling approach to forecasting demand for energy resources in the Arctic region. The results of the study are useful in drafting a scenario of regional development, taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as identifying areas of technology and energy infrastructure stimulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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25 pages, 3667 KiB  
Article
Migration Attractiveness as a Factor in the Development of the Russian Arctic Mineral Resource Potential
by Amina Chanysheva, Pierre Kopp, Natalia Romasheva and Anni Nikulina
Resources 2021, 10(6), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10060065 - 20 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3303
Abstract
The development of mineral resources in the Arctic territories is one of the priorities of the state policy of Russia. This endeavor requires modern technologies, high-quality personnel, and a large number of labor resources. However, the regions of the Arctic are characterized by [...] Read more.
The development of mineral resources in the Arctic territories is one of the priorities of the state policy of Russia. This endeavor requires modern technologies, high-quality personnel, and a large number of labor resources. However, the regions of the Arctic are characterized by difficult working and living conditions, which makes them unattractive to the working population. The research objectives were to study the importance of Arctic mineral resources for the Russian economy, the Arctic mineral resource potential, and the migration attractiveness of Arctic regions. The migration processes in these locations were analyzed and modeled using a new econometric tool—complex-valued regression models. The authors assume that the attractiveness of the Arctic regions is determined by the level of their social and economic development and can be assessed using a number of indicators. A comparative analysis of four regions that are entirely in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation was carried out based on the calculation of integral indicators of the social and economic attractiveness of these territories. Forecasting migration growth using the proposed complex-valued models produced better results than simple trend extrapolation. The authors conclude that complex-valued economic models can be successfully used to forecast migration processes in the Arctic regions of Russia. Understanding and predicting migration processes in the Arctic will make it possible to develop recommendations for attracting labor resources to the region, which will contribute to the successful development of its resource potential. The methodology of this study includes desk studies, a graphical method, arithmetic calculations, correlation analysis, statistical analysis, and the methods of the complex-valued economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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14 pages, 2362 KiB  
Article
Risk-Based Methodology for Determining Priority Directions for Improving Occupational Safety in the Mining Industry of the Arctic Zone
by Semyon Gendler and Elizaveta Prokhorova
Resources 2021, 10(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10030020 - 1 Mar 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3718
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the mining industry of Russia has seen a greater than three-fold decrease in injury rates, thanks to the successful implementation of innovative labor safety technologies. Despite this, injury levels remain unacceptably high compared to the leading mining countries, [...] Read more.
Over the past 10 years, the mining industry of Russia has seen a greater than three-fold decrease in injury rates, thanks to the successful implementation of innovative labor safety technologies. Despite this, injury levels remain unacceptably high compared to the leading mining countries, which results in increased mining costs. For the mining areas of the Arctic Zone—unlike other regions located in areas with a more favorable climate—the injury rates are influenced not only by the underground labor conditions, but also by the adverse environmental factors. For the Russian Arctic zone, the overall injury risk is proposed to be calculated as the combined impact of occupational and background risk. In this article, we have performed correlation analysis of the overall injury risks in regions of the Arctic zone and regions with favorable climate conditions. Using the Kirov branch of “Apatit”, Joint-stock company (JSC) as an example, we have calculated the risks related specifically to occupational injury rates. We have constructed the relative injury risks and their changes over time and have developed a “basic injury rate matrix” that makes it possible to visualize the results of the comparative analysis of the injury rates on the company’s production sites and to determine priority avenues for improving the occupational safety and lowering the injury rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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27 pages, 1466 KiB  
Article
Parameters of Sustainable Development: Case of Arctic Liquefied Natural Gas Projects
by Alexey Cherepovitsyn and Olga Evseeva
Resources 2021, 10(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10010001 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3719
Abstract
Effective management of the social and economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is today a significant scientific and practical task. It requires an integrated approach to meet the expectations of the state, business and society. The main drivers of [...] Read more.
Effective management of the social and economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is today a significant scientific and practical task. It requires an integrated approach to meet the expectations of the state, business and society. The main drivers of growth for remote Arctic territories are large investment projects, which not only create production and sectorial results, but also stimulate the development of related sectors of the economy. Additionally, they contribute to the formation of modern infrastructure in the region and create conditions for the broad introduction of innovative technologies. The current problem with territorial development strategic planning is the assessment of the results that have been achieved. This includes approved lists of indicators that do not allow for a full assessment of the impact of the implemented projects. Assessment on the achievement of the region goals is also murky. This indicates a lack of consistency in regional development management. This article defines the importance of the indicators for an assessment of sustainable development management. The model of achieving external effects in project activities is described. The concept of sustainability of large-capacity complexes for the production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also formulated. Based on the needs of micro- and macro-environment projects, a list of indicators for assessing the sustainability of LNG projects has been proposed. On the basis of the proposed indicator list, a sustainability analysis of three Arctic LNG projects was carried out. Based on the example of LNG production, it was concluded that approaches to assessing the sustainable socio-economic development of the Arctic region and its industrial systems are interrelated, but there are differences between them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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20 pages, 979 KiB  
Article
Transformation of the Personnel Training System for Oil and Gas Projects in the Russian Arctic
by Ekaterina Samylovskaya, Regina-Elizaveta Kudryavtseva, Dmitriy Medvedev, Sergey Grinyaev and Alfred Nordmann
Resources 2020, 9(11), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9110137 - 22 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3827
Abstract
This paper analyses the process of transforming specialist training systems for oil and gas projects in the Arctic, which has been taking place within the structure of education in Russia over the past decade. Using classical methods of analysis, synthesis, and classification, the [...] Read more.
This paper analyses the process of transforming specialist training systems for oil and gas projects in the Arctic, which has been taking place within the structure of education in Russia over the past decade. Using classical methods of analysis, synthesis, and classification, the authors studied the main global trends in training personnel for the Arctic and the manifestations of these trends in the system of training Russian specialists. To identify the qualitative characteristics of the educational system development, the authors applied the survey method and composed a list of leading universities in training personnel for the Russian Arctic, as well as the “Arctic professions of the future”. As a result of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that global trends in training “Arctic personnel” show the need to develop an interdisciplinary approach, to form basic knowledge in Natural Sciences, to study the socio-cultural specifics of the region, to develop new educational standards, to implement the concept of ‘Life Long Learning’, to widely introduce digital technologies and to internationalize education. In general, the Russian personnel training system is adapting to changing conditions, in particular, some progress has been made in the formation of “digital” competencies and skills to work in a developed IT infrastructure. The introduction of “digital fields” has led to an increase in the demand for IT specialists in the Arctic oil and gas sector. With the help of an expert survey, it was revealed that in the future, the most popular professions, along with “drillers” and transport specialists, will be IT specialists who ensure the “digital fields” functioning. The leading Russian universities that train specialists for modern oil and gas projects in the Arctic have been identified. It is noted that not all leading industry universities in Russia are participating in international educational projects and organizations. There is skepticism about the internationalization of education. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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Review

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18 pages, 1944 KiB  
Review
New Concepts of Hydrogen Production and Storage in Arctic Region
by Mikhail Dvoynikov, George Buslaev, Andrey Kunshin, Dmitry Sidorov, Andrzej Kraslawski and Margarita Budovskaya
Resources 2021, 10(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10010003 - 7 Jan 2021
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 6667
Abstract
The development of markets for low-carbon energy sources requires reconsideration of issues related to extraction and use of oil and gas. Significant reserves of hydrocarbons are concentrated in Arctic territories, e.g., 30% of the world’s undiscovered natural gas reserves and 13% of oil. [...] Read more.
The development of markets for low-carbon energy sources requires reconsideration of issues related to extraction and use of oil and gas. Significant reserves of hydrocarbons are concentrated in Arctic territories, e.g., 30% of the world’s undiscovered natural gas reserves and 13% of oil. Associated petroleum gas, natural gas and gas condensate could be able to expand the scope of their applications. Natural gas is the main raw material for the production of hydrogen and ammonia, which are considered promising primary energy resources of the future, the oxidation of which does not release CO2. Complex components contained in associated petroleum gas and gas condensate are valuable chemical raw materials to be used in a wide range of applications. This article presents conceptual Gas-To-Chem solutions for the development of Arctic oil and gas condensate fields, taking into account the current trends to reduce the carbon footprint of products, the formation of commodity exchanges for gas chemistry products, as well as the course towards the creation of hydrogen energy. The concept is based on modern gas chemical technologies with an emphasis on the production of products with high added value and low carbon footprint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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22 pages, 5692 KiB  
Review
The Role of Hydrocarbons in the Global Energy Agenda: The Focus on Liquefied Natural Gas
by Vladimir Litvinenko
Resources 2020, 9(5), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9050059 - 21 May 2020
Cited by 111 | Viewed by 255836
Abstract
Presently, there is a paradoxical situation in the global energy market related to a gap between the image of hydrocarbon resources (HCR) and their real value for the economy. On the one hand, we face an increase in expected HCR production and consumption [...] Read more.
Presently, there is a paradoxical situation in the global energy market related to a gap between the image of hydrocarbon resources (HCR) and their real value for the economy. On the one hand, we face an increase in expected HCR production and consumption volumes, both in the short and long term. On the other hand, we see the formation of the image of HCR and associated technologies as an unacceptable option, without enough attention to the differences in fuels and the ways of their usage. Due to this, it seems necessary to take a step back to review the vitality of such a political line. This article highlights an alternative point of view with regard to energy development prospects. The purpose of this article is to analyse the consistency of criticism towards HCR based on exploration of scientific literature, analytical documents of international corporations and energy companies as well as critical assessment of technologies offered for the HCR substitution. The analysis showed that: (1) it is impossible to substitute the majority of HCR with alternative power resources in the near term, (2) it is essential that the criticism of energy companies with regard to their responsibility for climate change should lead not to destruction of the industry but to the search of sustainable means for its development, (3) the strategic benchmarks of oil and coal industries should shift towards chemical production, but their significance should not be downgraded for the energy sector, (4) liquified natural gas (LNG) is an independent industry with the highest expansion potential in global markets in the coming years as compared to alternative energy options, and (5) Russia possesses a huge potential for the development of the gas industry, and particularly LNG, that will be unlocked if timely measures on higher efficiency of the state regulation system are implemented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Provision of the Sustainable Development under Global Shocks)
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