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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Vegetation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 24500

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Songhao Shang

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Interests: agricultural hydrology and water resources; arid region hydrology and water resources; remote sensing hydrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Jingfeng Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Interests: water resources engineering; resilient infrastructure systems; smart cities
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Agricultural water use covers about 70% of total water use in the world, most of which is used for irrigation. However, many parts of the world, especially arid and semiarid regions, suffer from shortage of irrigation water, which has negative impact on crop growth and food security in regional, national, and global scales. Studies on agricultural hydrology and water management provide the basis for the highly efficient use of precipitation and irrigation water.

In recent years, remote sensing (RS)-based models have provided efficient tools for agricultural hydrology and water resources modeling in irrigation districts, including soil moisture and salinity retrieval, evapotranspiration estimation, agro-hydrological modeling, irrigation efficiency and crop water productivity assessments, optimal allocation of irrigation water, and impact of irrigation practices on ecosystems and environment. However, agricultural hydrology and water resources modeling in irrigation district scale is still challenging, due to the complex interactions among hydrological processes, agricultural water management, and crop planting pattern and growth.

This Special Issue is inviting manuscripts on the following topics:

- RS-based retrieval methods for soil moisture and salinity;

- RS-based crop evapotranspiration modeling;

- RS-based agro-hydrological modeling in irrigation district scale;

- RS-based assessments of irrigation efficiency and crop water productivity;

- RS-based optimization of irrigation water and crop planting pattern;

- RS-based impact assessment of irrigation practices on ecosystems and environment;

- Other topics related to RS-based agricultural hydrology and water resources modeling.

Dr. Songhao Shang
Dr. Jingfeng Wang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

remote sensing
soil moisture
soil salinity
evapotranspiration
agro-hydrological model
irrigation efficiency
crop water productivity
irrigation water management
impact of irrigation practices on ecosystems and environment

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 38225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Variations in Water Use Efficiency and Linkages with Land-Use Changes Using Three Different Data Sources: A Case Study of the Yellow River, China

by Huaiwei Sun, Lin Chen, Yong Yang, Mengge Lu, Hui Qin, Bingqian Zhao, Mengtian Lu, Jie Xue and Dong Yan

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(5), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051065 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2876

Abstract

The dependence of water use efficiency (WUE) on changes in land cover types is crucial for understanding of long-term water availability and assessment of water-saving strategies. Investigating the impact of land cover types on ecosystem WUE has important implications when revealing water dynamics and land management. However, the determination of WUE and its dominant factors have always been subject to high data dependency and large calculation consumption within large basins. This paper proposes a framework for processing actual evapotranspiration (AET) and WUE calculation by coupling the Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) method with the Google Earth Engine (GEE). By employing the proposed framework and three data sources available in the GEE platform, results for actual ET and WUE from 2001 to 2020 were obtained in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). The results show that the proposed framework provides an acceptable estimation of actual ET via validation with Eddy Covariance flux sites in the YRB. The calculated WUE values varied greatly in different sub-basins within the YRB, indicating a cumulative growth rate of about 56% during the past 20 years. The dominant factor that led to these changes was the transition from Grasslands into other land-use types. Our results suggest that the use of the GEE platform coupled with the MEP method offers new possibilities for advancing understanding of water exchange and water resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources Modeling)

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22 pages, 49094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Moisture Estimation for Winter-Wheat Waterlogging Monitoring by Assimilating Remote Sensing Inversion Data into the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model

by Xiaochun Zhang, Xu Yuan, Hairuo Liu, Hongsi Gao and Xiugui Wang

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(3), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030792 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3293

Abstract

Waterlogging crop disasters are caused by continuous and excessive soil water in the upper layer of soil. In order to enable waterlogging monitoring, it is important to collect continuous and accurate soil moisture data. The distributed hydrology soil vegetation model (DHSVM) is selected as the basic hydrological model for soil moisture estimation and winter-wheat waterlogging monitoring. To handle the error accumulation of the DHSVM and the poor continuity of remote sensing (RS) inversion data, an agro-hydrological model that assimilates RS inversion data into the DHSVM is used for winter-wheat waterlogging monitoring. The soil moisture content maps retrieved from satellite images are assimilated into the DHSVM by the successive correction method. Moreover, in order to reduce the modeling error accumulation, monthly and real-time RS inversion maps that truly reflect local soil moisture distributions are regularly assimilated into the agro-hydrological modeling process each month. The results show that the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the simulated soil moisture value at two in situ experiment points were 0.02077 and 0.02383, respectively, which were 9.96% and 12.02% of the measured value. From the accurate and continuous soil moisture results based on the agro-hydrological assimilation model, the waterlogging-damaged ratio and grade distribution information for winter-wheat waterlogging were extracted. The results indicate that there were almost no high-damaged-ratio and severe waterlogging damage areas in Lixin County, which was consistent with the local field investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources Modeling)

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37 pages, 6075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Merged Satellite Precipitation Datasets in Monitoring Meteorological Drought over Pakistan

by Khalil Ur Rahman, Songhao Shang and Muhammad Zohaib

Remote Sens. 2021, 13(9), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091662 - 24 Apr 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5148

Abstract

The current study evaluates the potential of merged satellite precipitation datasets (MSPDs) against rain gauges (RGs) and satellite precipitation datasets (SPDs) in monitoring meteorological drought over Pakistan during 2000–2015. MSPDs evaluated in the current study include Regional Weighted Average Least Square (RWALS), Weighted Average Least Square (WALS), Dynamic Clustered Bayesian model Averaging (DCBA), and Dynamic Bayesian Model Averaging (DBMA) algorithms, while the set of SPDs is Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)-based Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG-V06), Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA 3B42 V7), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and ERA-Interim (re-analyses dataset). Several standardized precipitation indices (SPIs), including SPI-1, SPI-3, and SPI-12, are used to evaluate the performances of RGs, SPDs, and MSPDs across Pakistan as well as on a regional scale. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test is used to assess the trend of meteorological drought across different climate regions of Pakistan using these SPI indices. Results revealed higher performance of MSPDs than SPDs when compared against RGs for SPI estimates. The seasonal evaluation of SPIs from RGs, MSPDs, and SPDs in a representative drought year (2008) revealed mildly to moderate wetness in monsoon season while mild to moderate drought in winter season across Pakistan. However, the drought severity ranges from mild to severe drought in different years across different climate regions. MAPD (mean absolute percentage difference) shows high accuracy (MAPD <10%) for RWALS-MSPD, good accuracy (10% < MAPD <20%) for WALS-MSPD and DCBA-MSPD, while good to reasonable accuracy (20% < MAPD < 50%) for DCBA in different climate regions. Furthermore, MSPDs show a consistent drought trend as compared with RGs, while SPDs show poor performance. Overall, this study demonstrated significantly improved performance of MSPDs in monitoring the meteorological drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources Modeling)

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31 pages, 6205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Regional Blended Precipitation Dataset over Pakistan Based on Regional Selection of Blending Satellite Precipitation Datasets and the Dynamic Weighted Average Least Squares Algorithm

by Khalil Ur Rahman and Songhao Shang

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(24), 4009; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244009 - 8 Dec 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3567

Abstract

Substantial uncertainties are associated with satellite precipitation datasets (SPDs), which are further amplified over complex terrain and diverse climate regions. The current study develops a regional blended precipitation dataset (RBPD) over Pakistan from selected SPDs in different regions using a dynamic weighted average least squares (WALS) algorithm from 2007 to 2018 with 0.25° spatial resolution and one-day temporal resolution. Several SPDs, including Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)-based Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42-v7, Precipitation Estimates from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), ERA-Interim (reanalysis dataset), SM2RAIN-CCI, and SM2RAIN-ASCAT are evaluated to select appropriate blending SPDs in different climate regions. Six statistical indices, including mean bias (MB), mean absolute error (MAE), unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE), correlation coefficient (R), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), and Theil’s U coefficient, are used to assess the WALS-RBPD performance over 102 rain gauges (RGs) in Pakistan. The results showed that WALS-RBPD had assigned higher weights to IMERG in the glacial, humid, and arid regions, while SM2RAIN-ASCAT had higher weights across the hyper-arid region. The average weights of IMERG (SM2RAIN-ASCAT) are 29.03% (23.90%), 30.12% (24.19%), 31.30% (27.84%), and 27.65% (32.02%) across glacial, humid, arid, and hyper-arid regions, respectively. IMERG dominated monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons with average weights of 34.87% and 31.70%, while SM2RAIN-ASCAT depicted high performance during post-monsoon and winter seasons with average weights of 37.03% and 38.69%, respectively. Spatial scale evaluation of WALS-RPBD resulted in relatively poorer performance at high altitudes (glacial and humid regions), whereas better performance in plain areas (arid and hyper-arid regions). Moreover, temporal scale performance assessment depicted poorer performance during intense precipitation seasons (monsoon and pre-monsoon) as compared with post-monsoon and winter seasons. Skill scores are used to quantify the improvements of WALS-RBPD against previously developed blended precipitation datasets (BPDs) based on WALS (WALS-BPD), dynamic clustered Bayesian model averaging (DCBA-BPD), and dynamic Bayesian model averaging (DBMA-BPD). On the one hand, skill scores show relatively low improvements of WALS-RBPD against WALS-BPD, where maximum improvements are observed in glacial (humid) regions with skill scores of 29.89% (28.69%) in MAE, 27.25% (23.89%) in ubRMSE, and 24.37% (28.95%) in MB. On the other hand, the highest improvements are observed against DBMA-BPD with average improvements across glacial (humid) regions of 39.74% (36.93%), 38.27% (33.06%), and 39.16% (30.47%) in MB, MAE, and ubRMSE, respectively. It is recommended that the development of RBPDs can be a potential alternative for data-scarce regions and areas with complex topography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources Modeling)

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22 pages, 6253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Growing Season Evapotranspiration and Transpiration of Major Crops over a Large Irrigation District from HJ-1A/1B Data Using a Remote Sensing-Based Dual Source Evapotranspiration Model

by Bing Yu and Songhao Shang

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(5), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050865 - 7 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3771

Abstract

Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is the largest water consumer of agriculture water in an irrigation district. Remote sensing (RS) technique has provided an effective way to map regional ET using various RS-based ET models over the past several decades. To map growing season ET of different crops and partition ET into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) at regional scale, appropriate ET models should be further integrated with crop distribution maps in different years and crop growing seasons determined for each crop pixel. In this study, a hybrid dual-source scheme and trapezoid framework-based ET Model (HTEM) fed with HJ-1A/1B data was applied in Hetao Irrigation District (HID) of China from 2009 to 2015 to map crop growing season ET and T at 30 m resolution. The HTEM model with HJ-1A/1B data performed well in estimating ET in HID, and the finer spatial resolution of model input data can improve the estimation accuracy of ET. Combined with the annual crop planting map identified in previous study, and crop growing seasons determined from fitted Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) curves for crop pixels, the spatial and temporal variations of growing season ET and T of major crops (maize and sunflower) were examined. The results indicate that ET and T of maize and sunflower reach their minimum values in the southwest HID with smaller crop planting density, and reach their maximum values in northwest HID with higher crop planting density. Over the study period with a decreasing trend of available irrigation water, ET and T in maize and sunflower growing seasons show decreasing trends, while ratios of T/ET show increasing trends, which implies that the adverse effect of decreased irrigation water diversion on crop growth is diminished due to the favorable portioning of E and T in cropland of HID. In addition, the calculation results of crop coefficients show that there is water stress to crop growth in the study area. The present results are helpful to better understand the spatial pattern of crop water consumption and water stress of different crops during crop growing season, and provide the basis for optimizing the spatial distribution of crop planting with less water consumption and more crop yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources Modeling)

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30 pages, 6215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Appraisal of Dynamic Bayesian Model Averaging-based Merged Multi-Satellite Precipitation Datasets Over Complex Topography and the Diverse Climate of Pakistan

by Khalil Ur Rahman, Songhao Shang, Muhammad Shahid and Yeqiang Wen

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010010 - 18 Dec 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3618

Abstract

Merging satellite precipitation products tends to reduce the errors associated with individual satellite precipitation products and has higher potential for hydrological applications. The current study evaluates the performance of merged multi-satellite precipitation dataset (daily temporal and 0.25° spatial resolution) developed using the Dynamic Bayesian Model Averaging algorithm across four different climate regions, i.e., glacial, humid, arid and hyper-arid regions, of Pakistan during 2000–2015. Four extensively evaluated SPPs over Pakistan, i.e., Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42V7, Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH), and Era-Interim, are used to develop the merged multi-satellite precipitation dataset. Six statistical indices, including Mean Bias Error, Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Square Error, Correlation Coefficient, Kling-Gupta efficiency, and Theil’s U coefficient, are used to evaluate the performance of merged multi-satellite precipitation dataset over 102 ground precipitation gauges both spatially and temporally. Moreover, the ensemble spread score and standard deviation are also used to depict the spread and variation of precipitation of merged multi-satellite precipitation dataset. Skill scores for all statistical indices are also included in the analyses, which shows improvement of merged multi-satellite precipitation dataset against Simple Model Averaging. The results revealed that DBMA-MSPD assigned higher weights to TMPA (0.32) and PERSIANN-CDR (0.27). TMPA presented higher skills in glacial and humid regions with average weights of 0.32 and 0.37 as compared to PERSIANN-CDR of 0.27 and 0.25, respectively. TMPA and Era-Interim depicted higher skills during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, with average weights of 0.31 and 0.52 (TMPA) and 0.25 and 0.21 (Era-Interim), respectively. Merged multi-satellite precipitation dataset overestimated precipitation in glacial/humid regions and showed poor performance, with the poorest values of mean absolute error (2.69 mm/day), root mean square error (11.96 mm/day), correlation coefficient (0.41), Kling-Gupta efficiency score (0.33) and Theil’s U (0.70) at some stations in glacial/humid regions. Higher performance is observed in hyper-arid region, with the best values of 0.71 mm/day, 1.72 mm/day, 0.84, 0.93, and 0.37 for mean absolute error, root mean square error, correlation coefficient, Kling-Gupta Efficiency score, and Theil’s U, respectively. Merged multi-Satellite Precipitation Dataset demonstrated significant improvements as compared to TMPA across all climate regions with average improvements of 45.26% (mean bias error), 30.99% (mean absolute error), 30.1% (root mean square error), 11.34% (correlation coefficient), 9.53% (Kling-Gupta efficiency score) and 8.86% (Theil’s U). The ensemble spread and variation of DBMA-MSPD calculated using ensemble spread score and standard deviation demonstrates high spread (11.38 mm/day) and variation (12.58 mm/day) during monsoon season in the humid and glacial regions, respectively. Moreover, the improvements of DBMA-MSPD quantified against fixed weight SMA-MSPD reveals supremacy of DBMA-MSPD, higher improvements (40–50%) in glacial and humid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources Modeling)

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