Mycorrhizal and Endophytic Fungal Symbiosis: Key Tools for the European Green Deal 2019–2024

Dear Colleagues,

From the first studies on mycorrhizal associations, described in the late 1800s, to today, a considerable amount of information on plant–fungus interactions has been acquired. The investigations carried out have covered all aspects of the association: from the description of the morphological and ecological characters of the various types of associations; to the identification and molecular characterization of fungal symbionts; to the definition of physiological and functional processes; and to the genetic, molecular, and biochemical implications. In particular, in the last decades, "omics" studies have made it possible to clarify, in detail, some processes and mechanisms that regulate the relationships between the two bionts.

At the same time, in light of this knowledge, many practical uses of the symbiosis have also been gradually developed, so much so that nowadays, several commercial formulations based on mycorrhizal fungal propagules are used in agriculture or forestry.

Similarly, there have been many extensive investigations concerning the associations between host plants and endophytic fungi, as well as microorganisms that colonize plant tissues, without causing obvious damage to the host, which are capable of bringing significant benefits. In order to exploit the advantages resulting from endophytization, for example, seeds containing endophytic fungi capable of improving the development of seedlings and protecting them from various adversities have been placed on the market.

Both associations generally help plant development; defend them from pathogen and pest attacks, and from a lot of environmental damage; and, in some cases, even improve soil fertility. All of these effects could be fully exploited to reduce the use of xenobiotics and the impact of agriculture on the ecosystem. By limiting the use and, therefore, the production of chemical products for agriculture, these fungal associations can also contribute to a reduction in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, with even wider effects on environmental balances, economic savings, and food safety. Moreover, a big part of the fungal biodiversity associated in both relationships needs to be protect and more deeply studied.

Thus, "restoring biodiversity and reducing pollution", as envisaged by an action plan of the European Green Deal 2019–2024 through the use of mycorrhizal associations and endophytic fungi in agricultural, forest, urban, or natural environments, is the focus of this Special Issue. In light of the new guidelines for the "responsible" management of crops, the rational and widespread use of these associations can provide a valid contribution for achieving the set goals, not only in Europe.

Dr. Livio Torta
Dr. Giulia Mirabile
Guest Editors

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