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Photonics
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Optical Interferometry
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Optical Interferometry

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2024) | Viewed by 10321

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Qun Yuan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: laser interferometry for large-aperture optics measurements; low-coherence interferometry for micro-structure measurements; freeform system design and metrology; optical simulators
Prof. Dr. Yidong Tan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: precision measurement; interferometry; laser feedback; optical imaging; fiber sensing
Prof. Dr. Zhongming Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
Interests: optical systems design; optical metrology; computational microscopy; Thz wavefront manipulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optical interferometry combines two or more light waves in such a way that an interference occurs between them. It is one of the most important optical technologies and is used for precision measurements, surface diagnostics, astrophysics, semiology, quantum information, etc. The Special Issue aims to reflect the latest research achievements and the developing trend of advanced optical interferometry. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Laser interferometry;
  • Low-coherence interferometry;
  • Interferometric measurement;
  • Astronomical interferometer;
  • Optical interferometric synthetic aperture radar;
  • Self-mixing interferometry;
  • Interferogram processing;
  • Optical imaging;
  • Frequency-modulated-continuous-wave (FMCW) laser ranging and LIDAR;
  • Fiber sensing.

Prof. Dr. Qun Yuan
Prof. Dr. Yidong Tan
Prof. Dr. Zhongming Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • interferometry
  • interferogram
  • optical testing
  • optical metrology
  • optical sensing
  • optical imaging

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2099 KiB  
Article
Research and Improvement in Magnetic Field Sensors Using Mach–Zehnder Interferometer with Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles
by Francisco Willame Coelho de Vasconcelos, Matheus Rodrigues Araújo, Luana Samara Paulino Maia, Lidia Quirino Rodrigues, Ianna Karollayne Alencar da Silva, João Isaac Silva Miranda, José Marcos Sasaki, Marcus Aurélio Ribeiro Miranda, Joacir Soares de Andrade, Yosdan Martinez Camejo and Glendo de Freitas Guimarães
Photonics 2024, 11(9), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090806 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 880
Abstract
In this work, a current and magnetic field sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated utilizing a fiber-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure. In our setup, one of the interferometer arms is coated with magnetic nanoparticles. The MZI comprises a laser source emitting an optical [...] Read more.
In this work, a current and magnetic field sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated utilizing a fiber-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure. In our setup, one of the interferometer arms is coated with magnetic nanoparticles. The MZI comprises a laser source emitting an optical signal, split by a coupler into two signals propagated by a reference fiber and a sensor fiber. The sensing fiber is encased in cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4). Upon exposure to a magnetic field, CoFe2O4 induces vibration in the fiber, modifying the sensor’s transmission and causing an imbalance between the optical signals of the interferometer arms. This enables us to evaluate the sensor performance regarding sensitivity, accuracy, and saturation. The nanoparticles were synthesized using the protein sol–gel method, resulting in an average crystallite size of 8, 27, and 67 nm for 623, 773, and 1073 K, respectively. Sample characterizations were conducted through X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, VSM magnetic measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy for further analysis of the performance. The sensor exhibited a linear response, achieving a maximum regression between 93.0% and 98.6% across all sample points in the 0 to 150 Oe range, with an output power of approximately 20 dBm, correlated with the applied magnetic field. Sensitivity was measured at 1.15, 0.93, and 1.41 dB/Oe. Previous studies have correlated the horizontal width of the hysteresis loop with sensor saturation. However, by employing a different coating in this work, we complement these findings by demonstrating that the sensor does not saturate if the maximum applied field is smaller than the hysteresis loop width. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Interferometry)
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12 pages, 3618 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Evaluation of the Batwing Effect on Depth Measurement in Coherence Scanning Interferometry for Rectangular Gratings
by Jiale Zhang, Qun Yuan, Xiaoxin Fan, Lu Chen, Lihua Lei, Yunxia Fu, Zhiyi Xu, Jianqiu Ma and Zhishan Gao
Photonics 2024, 11(4), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040341 - 8 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1098
Abstract
Coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) is a widely used non-contact method for measuring areal surface topography. The calculation of groove depth typically employs the ‘W/3 rule’ specified in ISO 5436-1. However, the batwing effect causes overshoots near the groove edges, which can introduce noise [...] Read more.
Coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) is a widely used non-contact method for measuring areal surface topography. The calculation of groove depth typically employs the ‘W/3 rule’ specified in ISO 5436-1. However, the batwing effect causes overshoots near the groove edges, which can introduce noise singularities in the selected W/3 region for depth calculation, thereby affecting the measurement of rectangular grating depth. This paper introduces the definition of batwing height and width and proposes a simulation model that considers various factors, such as the center wavelength, spectrum of the illuminating light, shadow effect, and numerical aperture, to analyze their influence on depth measurement. The simulation results demonstrate that the batwing width is the primary factor influencing depth measurement for small grating periods. Specifically, a decrease in numerical aperture increases the batwing width, leading to larger depth measurement errors, while a decrease in the center wavelength reduces the batwing width, resulting in smaller depth measurement errors. The influence of the illumination spectrum and shadow effect on depth measurement is found to be minor. Experimental validation using a step standard consisting of rectangular gratings with different periods and depths confirms the agreement between the experimental and simulated results. The proposed method provides a quantitative evaluation of depth measurement accuracy in CSI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Interferometry)
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20 pages, 9858 KiB  
Article
Wavefront Reconstruction Using Two-Frame Random Interferometry Based on Swin-Unet
by Xindong Shu, Baopeng Li and Zhen Ma
Photonics 2024, 11(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11020122 - 28 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1101
Abstract
Due to its high precision, phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) is a commonly used optical component detection method in interferometers. However, traditional PSI, which is susceptible to environmental factors, is costly, with piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) being a major contributor to the high cost of [...] Read more.
Due to its high precision, phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) is a commonly used optical component detection method in interferometers. However, traditional PSI, which is susceptible to environmental factors, is costly, with piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) being a major contributor to the high cost of interferometers. In contrast, two-frame random interferometry does not require precise multiple phase shifts, which only needs one random phase shift, reducing control costs and time requirements, as well as mitigating the impact of environmental factors (mechanical vibrations and air turbulence) when acquiring multiple interferograms. A novel method for wavefront reconstruction using two-frame random interferometry based on Swin-Unet is proposed. Besides, improvements have been made on the basis of the established algorithm to develop a new wavefront reconstruction method named Phase U-Net plus (PUN+). According to training the Swin-Unet and PUN+ with a large amount of simulated data generated by physical models, both of the methods accurately compute the wrapped phase from two frames of interferograms with an unknown phase step (except for multiples of π). The superior performance of both methods is effectively showcased by reconstructing phases from both simulated and real interferograms, in comprehensive comparisons with several classical algorithms. The proposed Swin-Unet outperforms PUN+ in reconstructing the wrapped phase and unwrapped phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Interferometry)
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14 pages, 5775 KiB  
Article
Measurement of the Optical Path Difference Caused by Steering Mirror Using an Equal-Arm Heterodyne Interferometer
by Weizhou Zhu, Yue Guo, Qiyi Jin, Xue Wang, Xingguang Qian, Yong Xie, Lingqiang Meng and Jianjun Jia
Photonics 2023, 10(12), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10121365 - 11 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1569
Abstract
In space gravitational wave detection, the inter-satellite link-building process requires a type of steering mirror to achieve point-ahead angle pointing. To verify that the background noise does not drown out the gravitational wave signal, this paper designed a laser heterodyne interferometer specifically designed [...] Read more.
In space gravitational wave detection, the inter-satellite link-building process requires a type of steering mirror to achieve point-ahead angle pointing. To verify that the background noise does not drown out the gravitational wave signal, this paper designed a laser heterodyne interferometer specifically designed to measure the optical path difference of the steering mirror. Theoretically, the impact of angle and position jitter is analyzed, which is called tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling. This interferometer is based on the design concept of equal-arm length. In a vacuum (10−3 Pa), vibration isolation (up to 1 Hz), and temperature-controlled (approximately 10 mK) experimental environment, the accuracy is increased by about four orders of magnitude through a common-mode suppression approach and can reach 390 pm/Hz when the frequency is between 1 mHz and 1 HZ. By analogy, the optical path difference caused by the steering mirror reaches 5 pm/Hz in the 1 mHz to 1 Hz frequency band. The proposed TTL noise model is subsequently verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Interferometry)
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11 pages, 3130 KiB  
Article
The Influence of On-Orbit Micro-Vibration on Space Gravitational Wave Detection
by Zhiwei Chen, Chao Fang, Zhenpeng Wang, Changxiang Yan and Zhi Wang
Photonics 2023, 10(8), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080908 - 7 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1211
Abstract
Large-aperture space telescopes have played an important role in space gravitational wave detection missions. Overcoming the influence of the space environment on interstellar laser distance measurement and realistic high-concentration laser distance measurement is one of the topics that LISA and Taiji are working [...] Read more.
Large-aperture space telescopes have played an important role in space gravitational wave detection missions. Overcoming the influence of the space environment on interstellar laser distance measurement and realistic high-concentration laser distance measurement is one of the topics that LISA and Taiji are working hard on. It includes solar temperature, spatial stress relief, pointing shake and tilt, etc. However, when considering the impact of vibration on the telescope, both LISA and Taiji only consider the resonance impact of vibration on structural parts, which greatly ignores the impact of high-frequency micro-vibration on space ranging. This paper first considers space gravitational wave detection. Then, we establish the heterodyne interference model and demodulation algorithm of the optical phase-locked loop, and then introduce the vibration component for theoretical analysis. The results show that, although the resonance effect of low-frequency vibration on the system structure is avoided in space gravitational wave detection, the influence of high-frequency micro-vibration on heterodyne interference cannot be ignored. At the same time, we quantitatively analyze the influence efficiency of amplitude and frequency; in the premise of small amplitudes, the influence of vibration frequency is related to the frequency of the heterodyne signal, which has important guiding significance in engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Interferometry)
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12 pages, 2274 KiB  
Communication
Anisotropic Purcell Effect and Quantum Interference in Fractal Aggregates of Nanoparticles
by Vassilios Yannopapas and Emmanuel Paspalakis
Photonics 2023, 10(8), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080898 - 3 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1816
Abstract
We study theoretically the emergence of an anisotropic Purcell factor in random two-dimensional fractal aggregates of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can either be metallic nanoparticles made of silver, which exhibit surface plasmon resonances, or high-index dielectric nanoparticles like silicon, which possess optical Mie resonances. [...] Read more.
We study theoretically the emergence of an anisotropic Purcell factor in random two-dimensional fractal aggregates of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can either be metallic nanoparticles made of silver, which exhibit surface plasmon resonances, or high-index dielectric nanoparticles like silicon, which possess optical Mie resonances. To calculate the spontaneous emission rates of a quantum emitter, we utilize the electromagnetic Green’s tensor within the framework of the coupled-dipole method. Our findings reveal that the Purcell factor exhibits spatial variations, with certain regions, referred to as hot spots, displaying high values for dipoles oriented within the plane of the fractal aggregate, while dipoles oriented vertically to the aggregate have values close to unity. This anisotropy in the Purcell factor leads to significant quantum interference effects in the spontaneous emission paths of multi-level quantum emitters. As a consequence of this quantum interference, we demonstrate the occurrence of population trapping in a V-type quantum emitter embedded within a fractal aggregate of nanoparticles which cannot otherwise take place if the emitter is placed in vacuum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Interferometry)
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15 pages, 4558 KiB  
Article
Particle Shape Recognition with Interferometric Particle Imaging Using a Convolutional Neural Network in Polar Coordinates
by Alexis Abad, Alexandre Fahy, Quentin Frodello, Barbara Delestre, Mohamed Talbi and Marc Brunel
Photonics 2023, 10(7), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070779 - 4 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1348
Abstract
A convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to identify the morphology of rough particles from their interferometric images. The tested particles had the shapes of sticks, crosses, and dendrites as well as Y-like, L-like, and T-like shapes. A conversion of the interferometric images [...] Read more.
A convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to identify the morphology of rough particles from their interferometric images. The tested particles had the shapes of sticks, crosses, and dendrites as well as Y-like, L-like, and T-like shapes. A conversion of the interferometric images to polar coordinates enabled particle shape recognition despite the random orientations and random sizes of the particles. For the non-centrosymmetric particles (Y, L, and T), the CNN was not disturbed by the twin image problem, which would affect some classical reconstructions based on phase retrieval algorithms. A 100% recognition rate was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Interferometry)
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