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Advances in Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Derivatives Based on Five-Membered Heterocyclic Scaffolds and Their Intermediates, 3rd Edition

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Organic Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 1759

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: organic chemistry; heterocycle chemistry; medicinal chemistry; organic synthesis and structure elucidation; 1,3-oxazole; N-acyl-α-amino acid; α-acylamino ketone; diphenyl sulfone scaffold
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: drug design; QSAR; molecular docking; anti-infective; MDR-bacteria
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: organic chemistry; organic synthesis and structural analysis; medicinal chemistry; 5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene; hydrazone; hydrazinecarbothioamide; 1,2,4-triazole; 1,3,4-oxadiazole
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Five-membered heterocyclic compounds (imidazoles, pyrazoles, oxazoles, thiazoles, triazoles, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, etc.) are very important in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, as it is known that representatives of this class are the basis of many drugs with various therapeutic actions, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiabetic activities. Currently, this field is being studied extensively by a large number of researchers in order to discover and develop new pharmaceutical agents and bioactive molecules. Thus, recent progress in synthetic approaches to nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing five-membered heterocycles includes different synthesis protocols, such as multi-step strategies, multi-component pathways, photocatalysis, click reactions, and microwave-assisted or green synthesis, with pharmacologically potent derivatives reported.

This Special Issue aims to provide a summary of the recent advances in the synthesis and biological activity of novel derivatives based on five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds and their intermediates (N-acyl-α-amino acids, α-acylamino ketones, acyl hydrazones, acyl thioureas, hydrazinecarbothioamides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, etc.). We invite you to contribute original research articles and/or reviews of the current scientific literature to this Special Issue of Molecules focused on the design, obtainment, and biological activity assessment of new pentatomic heterocyclic scaffolds and their intermediates.

Dr. Theodora Venera Apostol
Prof. Dr. George Mihai Nitulescu
Prof. Dr. Laura Ileana Socea
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • bioactive heterocycles
  • heterocyclic scaffolds
  • bioisosteric heterocyclic skeletons
  • azoles
  • pyrazole
  • oxazole
  • triazole
  • oxadiazole
  • drug design
  • in silico studies

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 1634 KB  
Article
Multifaceted Anticancer Activity of Flavanone/Chromanone Intermediates for Five-Membered Heterocyclic Derivatives: Targeting Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and MAPK Signaling in Colorectal Cancer
by Pawel Hikisz, Angelika A. Adamus-Grabicka and Elzbieta Budzisz
Molecules 2026, 31(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030534 - 3 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 576
Abstract
This study explores the multifaceted anticancer mechanisms of flavanone analogues and spiropyrazoline condensed with flavanone ring against colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Five-membered heteroaromatic scaffolds, in particular, have gained prominence in medicinal chemistry as they offer enhanced metabolic stability, solubility and bioavailability, crucial [...] Read more.
This study explores the multifaceted anticancer mechanisms of flavanone analogues and spiropyrazoline condensed with flavanone ring against colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Five-membered heteroaromatic scaffolds, in particular, have gained prominence in medicinal chemistry as they offer enhanced metabolic stability, solubility and bioavailability, crucial factors in developing effective drugs. Building upon previous findings, we investigated three lead derivatives (1, 3, and 5) with potent antiproliferative activity (IC50 < 35 μM). The compounds induced pronounced oxidative stress, evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and reduced membrane fluidity, primarily within the hydrophobic layers of cell membranes. Preincubation with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated these effects, confirming the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their cytotoxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that the derivatives triggered intrinsic apoptosis, characterized by the cleavage of PARP and the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Furthermore, the compounds modulated key signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. Specifically, they inhibited the pro-oncogenic ERK1/2 MAPK pathway while inducing cell line-dependent alterations in p38 and JNK activity. Concurrently, all derivatives reduced the level of the transcription factor Nrf2, a master regulator of antioxidant defense and a mediator of chemoresistance in CRC. Collectively, these findings indicate that flavanone/chromanone derivatives exert their anticancer activity through a synergistic mechanism involving ROS generation, disruption of redox homeostasis, inhibition of Nrf2 signaling, and modulation of MAPK-dependent apoptotic pathways. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of flavanone-based compounds and their spiropyrazoline analogues as multifunctional anticancer agents targeting oxidative stress and survival signaling in colorectal cancer. Full article
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22 pages, 4820 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Pyrrole Heterocyclic Derivatives as Selective MAO-B Inhibitors and Neuroprotectors
by Maya Georgieva, Martin Sharkov, Emilio Mateev, Alexandrina Mateeva and Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
Molecules 2026, 31(1), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010186 - 4 Jan 2026
Viewed by 660
Abstract
Novel pyrrole-based derivatives were synthesized in high purity and yields (52–89%), with 17i and 17j displaying selective MAO-B inhibition (50–60%), comparable to Selegiline, and negligible MAO-A activity. In rat brain subcellular fractions, both compounds showed low intrinsic neurotoxicity at 100 μM while exerting [...] Read more.
Novel pyrrole-based derivatives were synthesized in high purity and yields (52–89%), with 17i and 17j displaying selective MAO-B inhibition (50–60%), comparable to Selegiline, and negligible MAO-A activity. In rat brain subcellular fractions, both compounds showed low intrinsic neurotoxicity at 100 μM while exerting significant neuroprotective and antioxidant effects under 6-OHDA, t-BuOOH, and Fe2+/ascorbate-induced stress. Mechanistic studies indicate dual protection via reactive oxygen species scavenging and preservation of reduced glutathione, with mitochondria and microsomes being the most responsive compartments. The performed in silico analysis revealed no general toxicity alerts, though hydrazine groups classify the compounds as contact allergens, and the furan ring in 17i poses hepatotoxic and carcinogenic risks. Metabolic predictions suggest ester hydrolysis at the pyrrole ring as the main biotransformation pathway. Overall, 17i and 17j are promising lead compounds for developing therapeutics targeting oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, supporting further in vivo studies. Full article
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