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Micromachines
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New Advances in Wearable and Flexible Sensor Devices and Their...
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New Advances in Wearable and Flexible Sensor Devices and Their Future Prospects

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "E：Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 6930

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vincenzo Mariano Mastronardi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, 73010 Lecce, Italy
2. Department of Innovation Engineering, Università del Salento, 73010 Lecce, Italy
Interests: micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) design and fabrication; flexible piezoelectric transducers for sensing and energy harvesting; piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducers (PMUT); wearable piezoelectric sensors for vital sign monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jianliang Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA
Interests: flexible and stretchable electronics; soft machines; mechanics of nanomaterials; soft materials; thin films
Dr. Tao Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, USA
Interests: MEMS; microsystems; micromachined sensors and actuators; nontraditional microfabrication technologies; microsystem packaging and integration; sensor electronic interfaces; embedded systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, wearable and flexible sensors have attracted tremendous research interest due to their promising applications in health-care monitoring, human–machine interfaces, electronic skin (e-skin), and soft robotics. Such sensors are prominent in the non-invasive measurement of various physiological signals and biomarkers in biological fluids. However, the following questions remain: what is the current state of the art, and what is the prospect of wearable sensors? In this Special Issue, we focus on the recent advancements, current challenges, and new opportunities of wearable and flexible physical and electrochemical sensors. We invite emerging investigators, experts, and researchers working on physical sensors (e.g., pressure, strain, temperature, humidity, ECG, etc.) and electrochemical biosensors to contribute their insightful ideas through commentaries, perspectives, future outlooks, and reviews. We highly encourage authors to submit developments focused on novel sensing materials, transduction principles, sensor design strategies, and their unique applications in the formats of either full-length articles or communications. Looking forward to the prospects and attention to the key challenges, we expect that wearable and flexible sensor devices will continue to spark a greater impact in disease diagnosis, e-skin, prosthetic body organs, and body sensor networks.

Dr. Vincenzo Mariano Mastronardi
Dr. Jianliang Xiao
Dr. Tao Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • physical sensors
  • electrochemical biosensors
  • wearable electronics
  • flexible
  • stretchable
  • nanomaterials
  • composite materials
  • 2D materials
  • elastomeric substrates
  • textile-based sensors
  • sensitivity
  • limit of detection
  • reliability
  • biocompatibility

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 8928 KiB  
Article
MXene-Enhanced Laser-Induced Graphene Flexible Sensor with Rapid Response for Monitoring Pilots’ Body Motion
by Xia Lei, Hongyun Fan, Yilin Zhao, Mian Zhong, Zhanghui Wu, Lin Li, Shouqing Li, Xiaoqing Xing, Jianhua Liu, Yibo Sun, Yong Jiang and Guogang Ren
Micromachines 2025, 16(5), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16050513 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 116
Abstract
Flexible wearable strain sensors demonstrate promising application prospects in health monitoring, human-machine interaction, motion tracking, and the detection of human physiological signals. Although laser-induced graphene (LIG) materials have been extensively utilized in these scenarios, traditional types of LIG sensors are constrained by intrinsic [...] Read more.
Flexible wearable strain sensors demonstrate promising application prospects in health monitoring, human-machine interaction, motion tracking, and the detection of human physiological signals. Although laser-induced graphene (LIG) materials have been extensively utilized in these scenarios, traditional types of LIG sensors are constrained by intrinsic limitations, including discontinuous conductive networks and electromechanical responsive hysteresis. These limitations hinder their applications in micro-strain detection scenarios. Consequently, enhancing the performance of LIG-based sensors has become a crucial priority. To address this challenge, we developed a novel MXene/LIG composite featuring optimized conductive networks and interfacial coupling effects through the systematic enhancement of LIG. The flexible strain sensor fabricated using this composite exhibits exceptional performance, including an ultra-low sheet resistance of 14.1 Ω, a high sensitivity of 20.7, a micro-strain detection limit of 0.05%, and a rapid response time of approximately 65 ms. These improvements significantly enhance electromechanical responsiveness and strain detection sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits remarkable stability under varying tensile strains, particularly showing outstanding repeatability across 2500 cyclic tests. Notably, when applied to the pilot health monitoring scenarios, the MXene/LIG-based sensor demonstrates robust capability in detecting body movement signals such as micro-expressions and joint movements. This establishes a novel and highly effective technological solution for the real-time monitoring of pilots’ motion states during operational scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Wearable and Flexible Sensor Devices and Their Future Prospects)
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15 pages, 4621 KiB  
Article
MXene–MWCNT Conductive Network for Long-Lasting Wearable Strain Sensors with Gesture Recognition Capabilities
by Fei Wang, Hongchen Yu, Xue Lv, Xingyu Ma, Quanlin Qu, Hanning Wang, Da Chen and Yijian Liu
Micromachines 2025, 16(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020123 - 22 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 833
Abstract
In this work, a conductive composite film composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and multi-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets is used to construct a strain sensor on sandpaper Ecoflex substrate. The composite material forms a sophisticated conductive network with exceptional [...] Read more.
In this work, a conductive composite film composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and multi-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets is used to construct a strain sensor on sandpaper Ecoflex substrate. The composite material forms a sophisticated conductive network with exceptional electrical conductivity, resulting in sensors with broad detection ranges and high sensitivities. The findings indicate that the strain sensing range of the Ecoflex/Ti3C2Tx/MWCNT strain sensor, when the mass ratio is set to 5:2, extends to 240%, with a gauge factor (GF) of 933 within the strain interval from 180% to 240%. The strain sensor has demonstrated its robustness by enduring more than 33,000 prolonged stretch-and-release cycles at 20% cyclic tensile strain. Moreover, a fast response time of 200 ms and detection limit of 0.05% are achieved. During application, the sensor effectively enables the detection of diverse physiological signals in the human body. More importantly, its application in a data glove that is coupled with machine learning and uses the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model trained on the collected gesture data results in an impressive recognition accuracy of 93.6%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Wearable and Flexible Sensor Devices and Their Future Prospects)
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Review

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23 pages, 11501 KiB  
Review
Advances in 2D Molybdenum Disulfide Transistors for Flexible and Wearable Electronics
by Kyoungwon Kwak, Hyewon Yoon, Seongin Hong and Byung Ha Kang
Micromachines 2024, 15(12), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15121476 - 5 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1563
Abstract
As the trajectory of developing advanced electronics is shifting towards wearable electronics, various methods for implementing flexible and bendable devices capable of conforming to curvilinear surfaces have been widely investigated. In particular, achieving high-performance and stable flexible transistors remains a significant technical challenge, [...] Read more.
As the trajectory of developing advanced electronics is shifting towards wearable electronics, various methods for implementing flexible and bendable devices capable of conforming to curvilinear surfaces have been widely investigated. In particular, achieving high-performance and stable flexible transistors remains a significant technical challenge, as transistors are fundamental components of electronics, playing a key role in overall performance. Among the wide range of candidates for flexible transistors, two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based transistors have emerged as potential solutions to address these challenges. Unlike other 2D materials, the 2D MoS2 offers numerous advantages, such as high carrier mobility, a tunable bandgap, superior mechanical strength, and exceptional chemical stability. This review emphasizes the novel techniques of the fabrication process, structure, and material to achieve flexible MoS2 transistor-based applications. Furthermore, the distinctive feature of this review is its focus on studies published in high-impact journals over the past decade, emphasizing their methods for developing MoS2 transistors into various applications. Finally, the review addresses technical challenges and provides an outlook for flexible and wearable MoS2 transistors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Wearable and Flexible Sensor Devices and Their Future Prospects)
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31 pages, 3274 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Sensor Technologies and Control Strategies for Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeletons: A Comprehensive Review
by Yumeng Yao, Dongqing Shao, Marco Tarabini, Seyed Alireza Moezi, Kun Li and Paola Saccomandi
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040489 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3796
Abstract
Lower-limb rehabilitation exoskeletons offer a transformative approach to enhancing recovery in patients with movement disorders affecting the lower extremities. This comprehensive systematic review delves into the literature on sensor technologies and the control strategies integrated into these exoskeletons, evaluating their capacity to address [...] Read more.
Lower-limb rehabilitation exoskeletons offer a transformative approach to enhancing recovery in patients with movement disorders affecting the lower extremities. This comprehensive systematic review delves into the literature on sensor technologies and the control strategies integrated into these exoskeletons, evaluating their capacity to address user needs and scrutinizing their structural designs regarding sensor distribution as well as control algorithms. The review examines various sensing modalities, including electromyography (EMG), force, displacement, and other innovative sensor types, employed in these devices to facilitate accurate and responsive motion control. Furthermore, the review explores the strengths and limitations of a diverse array of lower-limb rehabilitation-exoskeleton designs, highlighting areas of improvement and potential avenues for further development. In addition, the review investigates the latest control algorithms and analysis methods that have been utilized in conjunction with these sensor systems to optimize exoskeleton performance and ensure safe and effective user interactions. By building a deeper understanding of the diverse sensor technologies and monitoring systems, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing advancement of lower-limb rehabilitation exoskeletons, ultimately improving the quality of life for patients with mobility impairments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Wearable and Flexible Sensor Devices and Their Future Prospects)
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