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Metals
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Sintering Process of Metallic Materials
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Sintering Process of Metallic Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Powder Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 17349

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Janusz Stefan Konstanty

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
AGH University of Science and Technology, Fac Met Engn and Ind Comp Sci, Krakow, Poland
Interests: alloy design; sintering theory; powder production; sintered diamond tools; characterisation of P/M materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sintering of metallic powders is of significant interest for the P/M community. The process itself has been practised for thousands of years. Its commercial use, however, began to flourish at the beginning of the 20th century as a consequence of increasing interest in new materials that were not possible to obtain using any other technique. Examples include tungsten lamp filaments and heavy alloys, metallic filters, cemented carbides, self-lubricating bearings, copper–graphite electrical contacts, diamond-impregnated tools, etc. Today, sintering is employed in a diverse range of products. The reason for using P/M technology is that it can be cost competitive and may offer the possibility of fabricating materials with unusual microstructures, nonequilibrium phases and unique properties.

To date, the sintering process has received a significant amount of theoretical and practical research attention. Early quantitative models were developed in the late 1940s. Since then, the theoretical framework has been continuously refined to reflect the complexity of the actual sintering practice. Many challenges, however, still remain. Therefore, submissions on both practical aspects and theoretical topics related to pressure-less and pressure-assisted consolidation, laser and electron beam melting, sintering furnaces and atmospheres, digital modelling, and new sintered materials are invited to this Issue.

Prof. Dr. Janusz Stefan Konstanty
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Solid state sintering
  • Liquid phase sintering
  • Laser and electron beam melting/sintering
  • Hot pressing (DC, SPS, and isostatic)
  • Powder sinterability
  • Sintering atmospheres
  • Sintering furnaces
  • Computer simulation of sintering.

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 37024 KiB  
Article
Easily Sinterable Low-Alloy Steel Powders for P/M Diamond Tools
by Janusz Konstanty and Dorota Tyrala
Metals 2021, 11(8), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081204 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1811
Abstract
The work presents the design and fabrication procedures used to manufacture inexpensive iron-base powders employed as a matrix in diamond-impregnated tool components. Three newly developed low alloy steel powders, containing from 94.4 to 99.4 wt.% Fe, have been formulated with the assistance of [...] Read more.
The work presents the design and fabrication procedures used to manufacture inexpensive iron-base powders employed as a matrix in diamond-impregnated tool components. Three newly developed low alloy steel powders, containing from 94.4 to 99.4 wt.% Fe, have been formulated with the assistance of ThermoCalc software and produced by means of a proprietary process patented by AGH-UST. It has been shown that the powders are readily pressureless sintered to a closed porosity condition (>95% theoretical density) at a temperature range between 840 and 950 °C. All as-consolidated materials achieve the desired tool matrix hardness of more than 200 HV. One of the experimental powders has been designed to partly melt within the sintering window. This is particularly important in fabrication of wire saw beads by the conventional press and sinter route because sintering of a diamond-impregnated ring and its further brazing to a tubular steel holder can be combined into one operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sintering Process of Metallic Materials)
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21 pages, 4902 KiB  
Article
Sintering High Green Density Direct Powder Rolled Titanium Strips, in Argon Atmosphere
by Anthony Govender, Clinton Bemont and Silethelwe Chikosha
Metals 2021, 11(6), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060936 - 9 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4665
Abstract
Presently, the majority of titanium powder metallurgy components produced are sintered under high vacuum due to the associated benefits of the vacuum atmosphere. However, high-vacuum sintering is a batch process, which limits daily production. A higher daily part production is achievable via a [...] Read more.
Presently, the majority of titanium powder metallurgy components produced are sintered under high vacuum due to the associated benefits of the vacuum atmosphere. However, high-vacuum sintering is a batch process, which limits daily production. A higher daily part production is achievable via a continuous sintering process, which uses argon gas to shield the part from air contamination. To date, there has been limited work published on argon gas sintering of titanium in short durations. This study investigated the properties of thin high green density titanium strips, which were sintered at the temperatures of 1100 °C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C for a duration of 30 min, 60 min and 90 min in argon. The strips were produced by rolling of −45 µm near ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) grade 3 hydride–dehydride commercially pure titanium powder. The density, hardness, tensile properties and microstructure of the sintered strips were assessed. It was found that near-full densities, between 96 and 99%, are attainable after 30–90 min of sintering. The optimum sintering temperature range was found to be 1100–1200 °C, as this produced the highest elongation of 4–5.5%. Sintering at 1300 °C resulted in lower elongation due to higher contaminant pick-up. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sintering Process of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 12486 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Effect of Ultrafine SiC Additions on Corrosion and Wear Performance of Alumina-Silicon Carbide Composite Material Produced by SPS Sintering
by Ntebogeng F. Mogale and Wallace R. Matizamhuka
Metals 2020, 10(10), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101337 - 7 Oct 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
Alumina-silicon carbide (Al2O3–SiC) composites of varying compositions (15, 20, 25 and 30 vol.%)–SiC were produced by the ball milling of Al2O3 and SiC powders, followed by spark plasma sintering. The samples were sintered at a temperature [...] Read more.
Alumina-silicon carbide (Al2O3–SiC) composites of varying compositions (15, 20, 25 and 30 vol.%)–SiC were produced by the ball milling of Al2O3 and SiC powders, followed by spark plasma sintering. The samples were sintered at a temperature and pressure of 1600 °C and 50 MPa, respectively, thermally etched at 1400 °C and mechanically fractured by hammer impact. The effect of SiC additions to monolithic Al2O3 on the densification response, microstructural and phase evolutions, and fracture morphologies were evaluated. The wear performance of the composites using a ball-on-sample configuration was evaluated and compared to that of monolithic Al2O3. In addition, the corrosion performance of the composites in a 3.5% NaCl solution was examined using open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization assessments. SiC additions to monolithic Al2O3 delayed densification due to the powder agglomeration resulting from the powder processing. SiC particles were observed to be located inside Al2O3 grains and some at grain boundaries. Intergranular and transgranular fracture modes were observed on the fractured composite surfaces. The study has shown that the Al2O3–SiC composite is a promising material for improved wear resistance with SiC content increments higher than 15 vol.%. Moreover, the increase in SiC content displayed no improvement in corrosion performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sintering Process of Metallic Materials)
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Review

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37 pages, 6647 KiB  
Review
Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Potential Superalloys: A Review
by Prince Valentine Cobbinah, Rivel Armil Nzeukou, Omoyemi Temitope Onawale and Wallace Rwisayi Matizamhuka
Metals 2021, 11(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010058 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 7540
Abstract
The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an additive manufacturing technology involving a gradual build-on of layers to form a complete component according to a computer-aided design. The LPBF process boasts of manufacturing value-added parts with higher accuracy and complex geometries for the [...] Read more.
The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an additive manufacturing technology involving a gradual build-on of layers to form a complete component according to a computer-aided design. The LPBF process boasts of manufacturing value-added parts with higher accuracy and complex geometries for the transport, aviation, energy, and biomedical industries. TiAl-based alloys and high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are two materials envisaged as potential replacements of nickel-based superalloys for high temperature structural applications. The success of these materials hinge on optimization and implementation of tailored microstructures through controlled processing and appropriate alloy manipulations that can promote and stabilize new microstructures. Therefore, it is important to understand the LPBF technique, and its associated microstructure-mechanical property relationships. This paper discusses the metallurgical sintering processes of LPBF, the effects of process parameters on densification, microstructures, and mechanical properties of LPBFed TiAl-based alloys and HEAs. This paper also, presents updates and future studies recommendations on the LPBFed TiAl-based alloys and HEAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sintering Process of Metallic Materials)
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