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Metals
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Tailor-Made Porous Biomaterials for Hard and Soft Tissues
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Tailor-Made Porous Biomaterials for Hard and Soft Tissues

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Biobased and Biodegradable Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 16866

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yadir Torres Hernández

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Materials Science and Transport, University of Seville (US), 41004 Seville, Spain
Interests: design and manufacture of porous materials; surface modification (physical and chemical); biofunctional (osseointegration, cells, and bacterial response) and tribo-mechanical (instrumented micro-indentation, fracture, fatigue, scratch resistance, and wear) behavior; biomaterials; tool materials (cemented carbides, cermets, and multi-layered alumina-zirconia, WC-Co/WC-Co, and Cermet/WC-Co); powder metallurgy (conventional and space holder techniques)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ana María Beltrán Custodio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Materials Science and Transport, University of Seville (US), Seville, Spain
Interests: design; nanostructure and chemical studies by scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques; biomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, the use of implants has become frequent due to different reasons, such as diseases, even traumas. In spite of their common use, there are still problems, which can be caused by different factors:

  • Bone-resorption due to the stress-shielding phenomenon (biomechanical incompatibility - stiffness);
  • Biointerfaces problems (low osseointegration, bacteria proliferation, and handling during surgery);
  • Failures under service conditions related to inappropriate implant design and material selection, due to use of damage tolerance vs. damage prevention philosophy.

In this context, the use of porous biomaterials (homogeneous and gradient porosity) and surface treatments is widely reported. In order to overcome the clinical limitations of current implants, it is necessary to improve the biomechanical/biofunctional balance. Additionally, thechemical and physical surface modification (thermo-chemical treatment, directed irradiation synthesis, bioactive and biofouling coatings, etc.), as well as the relationship among the micro-structural, tribo-mechanical (Young's modulus, yield strength, micro-hardness, wear, scratch resistance, etc.) and biological (response, adhesion, and proliferation of bone cells and bacterial strains, nutrient diffusion, biodegradation, ability to stimulate specific cells following physiological processes, etc.) behavior have to be implemented and evaluated.

  • Fabrication of tailored-made porous materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites) to substitute hard and soft tissues;
  • Development, fabrication, and characterization of biodegradable materials;
  • Surface modification technique (roughness, texture);
  • Thermo-chemical treatment and coating deposition (chemical composition, phases, bioactive and biofouling response, etc.);
  • Corrosion and tribo-mechanical (fracture, fatigue, wear, strength resistance, etc.) behavior;
  • Study cell cultures and/or genetic behavior of osteoblasts. Bacterial strain response;
  • Nutrient diffusion; biodegradability; and routes to stimulate specific cells.

Prof. Dr. Yadir Torres Hernández
Dr. Ana M. Beltrán
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Porous biomaterials
  • Surface modification
  • Biomechanical behavior
  • Osseointegration
  • Bacterial and biological response

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 5054 KiB  
Article
Optimization of the Cutting Regime in the Turning of the AISI 316L Steel for Biomedical Purposes Based on the Initial Progression of Tool Wear
by Ricardo del Risco-Alfonso, Roberto Pérez-Rodríguez, Patricia del Carmen Zambrano Robledo, Marcelino Rivas Santana and Ramón Quiza
Metals 2021, 11(11), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111698 - 25 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2112
Abstract
The development of biomedical devices has improved the quality of life for millions of people. The increase in life expectancy generates an increase in the demand for these devices. One of the most used materials for these purposes is 316 L austenitic stainless [...] Read more.
The development of biomedical devices has improved the quality of life for millions of people. The increase in life expectancy generates an increase in the demand for these devices. One of the most used materials for these purposes is 316 L austenitic stainless steel due to its mechanical properties and good biocompatibility. The objective of the present investigation was to identify the dependence between the main cutting force, the initial speed of the tool wear, the surface roughness, and the parameters of the cutting regime. Based on these dependencies, a multi-objective optimization model is proposed to minimize the energy consumed and initial wear rate, as well as to maximize productivity, maintaining the surface roughness values below those established by the ISO 5832-1 standard. The wear of the cutting tool was measured on a scanning electron microscope. For the optimization process, a genetic algorithm based on NSGA-II (Non-nominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) was implemented. The input variables were the cutting speed and the feed in three levels. The cutting force and surface roughness were set as restrictions. It is concluded that the mathematical model allows for the optimization of the cutting regime during dry turning and with the use of MQL (Minimum Quantity Lubrication) with BIDEMICS JX1 ceramic tools (NTK Cutting Tools, Wixom, MI, USA), of AISI 316 L steel for biomedical purposes. Pareto sets and boundaries allow for choosing the most appropriate solution according to the specific conditions of the workshop where it is applied, minimizing the initial progression of tool wear and energy consumed, and maximizing productivity by guaranteeing the surface roughness values established for these types of parts according to the standard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailor-Made Porous Biomaterials for Hard and Soft Tissues)
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11 pages, 2588 KiB  
Article
Do Titanium Mini-Implants Have the Same Quality of Finishing and Degree of Contamination before and after Different Manipulations? An In Vitro Study
by Tatiana Zogheib, André Walter-Solana, Fernando de la Iglesia, Eduardo Espinar, Javier Gil and Andreu Puigdollers
Metals 2021, 11(2), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020245 - 2 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2928
Abstract
Evaluate the quality of finishing and degree of contamination before and after handling and surface treatment of titanium (Ti) orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study on ninety-six titanium OMIs was done. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) identified the present particles on [...] Read more.
Evaluate the quality of finishing and degree of contamination before and after handling and surface treatment of titanium (Ti) orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study on ninety-six titanium OMIs was done. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) identified the present particles on manufactured OMIs surfaces. Then, OMIs were manipulated with gauze (dry sterile, soaked in chlorhexidine) and gloves (latex, nitrile) to evaluate the contamination of these handling materials. Finally, OMIs underwent surface treatments and were placed in bone to observe the contaminants they released. Roughness (Ra) and wettability with contact angle parameter (CA) were measured on these treated OMIs. Machined OMIs presented surface irregularities and were contaminated with manufacturing-process particles (carbon, plastic Polyvinyl Chloride PVC, aluminum). Hand-manipulated OMIs were also contaminated by the handling materials. OMIs surface characteristics were as follows: acid-etched (Ra ≈ 1.3 μm, CA ≈ 66°), machined (Ra ≈ 0.3 μm, CA ≈ 68°), SB (Ra ≈ 3.3 μm, CA ≈ 78°), and SBAO (Ra ≈ 3.1 μm, CA ≈ 92°). Bone was contaminated by OMIs surface defects and extra particles. Manufactured OMIs have surface contaminants that increase with clinical handling. Surface treatments (SBAO, a combination of sandblasting and anodic oxidation) increase the roughness and contact angle, which play an important role in osseointegration. Surface-treated OMIs leave titanium particles in the bone during their insertion-removal. The use of a gauze soaked in chlorhexidine is recommended when handling OMIs. Further investigations would be interesting to study more variables and confirm the present results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailor-Made Porous Biomaterials for Hard and Soft Tissues)
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18 pages, 4662 KiB  
Article
Directed Irradiation Synthesis as an Advanced Plasma Technology for Surface Modification to Activate Porous and “as-received” Titanium Surfaces
by Ana Civantos, Jean Paul Allain, Juan Jose Pavón, Akshath Shetty, Osman El-Atwani, Emily Walker, Sandra L. Arias, Emily Gordon, José A. Rodríguez-Ortiz, Mike Chen and Yadir Torres
Metals 2019, 9(12), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121349 - 15 Dec 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3186
Abstract
For the design of smart titanium implants, it is essential to balance the surface properties without any detrimental effect on the bulk properties of the material. Therefore, in this study, an irradiation-driven surface modification called directed irradiation synthesis (DIS) has been developed to [...] Read more.
For the design of smart titanium implants, it is essential to balance the surface properties without any detrimental effect on the bulk properties of the material. Therefore, in this study, an irradiation-driven surface modification called directed irradiation synthesis (DIS) has been developed to nanopattern porous and “as-received” c.p. Ti surfaces with the aim of improving cellular viability. Nanofeatures were developed using singly-charged argon ions at 0.5 and 1.0 keV energies, incident angles from 0° to 75° degrees, and fluences up to 5.0 × 1017 cm−2. Irradiated surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle, observing an increased hydrophilicity (a contact angle reduction of 73.4% and 49.3%) and a higher roughness on both surfaces except for higher incident angles, which showed the smoothest surface. In-vitro studies demonstrated the biocompatibility of directed irradiation synthesis (DIS) reaching 84% and 87% cell viability levels at 1 and 7 days respectively, and a lower percentage of damaged DNA in tail compared to the control c.p. Ti. All these results confirm the potential of the DIS technique to modify complex surfaces at the nanoscale level promoting their biological performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailor-Made Porous Biomaterials for Hard and Soft Tissues)
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Review

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28 pages, 11009 KiB  
Review
Metallic Nanoscaffolds as Osteogenic Promoters: Advances, Challenges and Scope
by Sougata Ghosh and Thomas Jay Webster
Metals 2021, 11(9), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091356 - 29 Aug 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3764
Abstract
Bone injuries and fractures are often associated with post-surgical failures, extended healing times, infection, a lack of return to a normal active lifestyle, and corrosion associated allergies. In this regard, this review presents a comprehensive report on advances in nanotechnology driven solutions for [...] Read more.
Bone injuries and fractures are often associated with post-surgical failures, extended healing times, infection, a lack of return to a normal active lifestyle, and corrosion associated allergies. In this regard, this review presents a comprehensive report on advances in nanotechnology driven solutions for bone tissue engineering. The fabrication of metals such as copper, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, strontium, titanium, zinc oxide, and magnetic nanoparticles with tunable physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties for osteogenic scaffolds is discussed here in detail. Furthermore, the rational selection of a polymeric base such as chitosan, collagen, poly (L-lactide), hydroxyl-propyl-methyl cellulose, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyglucose-sorbitol-carboxymethy ether, polycaprolactone, natural rubber latex, and silk fibroin for scaffold preparation is also discussed. These advanced materials and fabrication strategies not only provide for appropriate mechanical strength but also render integrity, making them appealing for orthopedic applications. Further, such scaffolds can be functionalized with ligands or biomolecules such as hydroxyapatite, polypyrrole (PPy), magnesium, zinc dopants, and growth factors to stimulate osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and neovascularization to aid in rapid healing. Future directions to co-incorporate bioceramics, biogenic nanoparticles, and fourth generation biomaterials to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and rapid recovery are also included in this review. Hence, the further development of such biomimetic metal-based nano-scaffolds at a lower cost with reduced risks and greater efficacy at regrowing bone can revolutionize the future of orthopedics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailor-Made Porous Biomaterials for Hard and Soft Tissues)
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12 pages, 10694 KiB  
Review
Porous Titanium by Additive Manufacturing: A Focus on Surfaces for Bone Integration
by Sara Ferraris and Silvia Spriano
Metals 2021, 11(9), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091343 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3443
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining increasing interest for realization of customized porous titanium constructs for biomedical applications and, in particular, for bone substitution. As first, the present review gives a short introduction on the techniques used for additive manufacturing of Ti/Ti-Alloys (Direct Energy [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining increasing interest for realization of customized porous titanium constructs for biomedical applications and, in particular, for bone substitution. As first, the present review gives a short introduction on the techniques used for additive manufacturing of Ti/Ti-Alloys (Direct Energy Deposition—DED, Selective Laser Melting—SLM and Electron Beam Melting—EBM) and on the main bulk properties of additively manufactured titanium porous structures. Then, it discusses the main advancements in surface modifications of additively manufactured titanium constructs for bone contact applications. Even if specific surface modifications of constructs from AM are currently not widely explored, it is a critical open issue for application in biomedical implants. Some thermal, chemical, electrochemical, and hydrothermal treatments as well as different coatings are here described. The main aim of these treatments is the development of surface micro/nano textures, specific ion release, and addition of bioactivity to induce bone bonding and antibacterial activity. Physicochemical characterizations, in vitro bioactivity tests, protein absorption, in vitro (cellular/bacterial) and in vivo tests reported in the literature for bare and surface modified AM Ti-based constructs are here reviewed. Future perspectives for development of innovative additively manufactured titanium implants are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailor-Made Porous Biomaterials for Hard and Soft Tissues)
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