Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals and Alloys

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 June 2025 | Viewed by 5717

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
Interests: hydrogen embrittlement; structural materials for aerospace applications; computational materials and simulation of plasticity; material design; material processing; microstructure modelling; computational materials science; steel and ferrous alloys

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Guest Editor
Institute of Materials Engineering (IfW), University of Kassel, Moencheberg Str. 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
Interests: H in metals; H-materials interaction; materials microstructure and processing design for circular economy (Circular Metals); nano-engineering of high-performance steels for mobility and renewable energy applications; multi-scale correlative characterization of materials microstructure, e.g. SEM/EDX/EBSD/TKD/TEM/3D atom probe/synchrotron/neutron

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen plays a pivotal role in decarbonising sectors in which emissions are difficult to remove, including heavy goods vehicles, maritime, aerospace and power generation, etc. This will not only increase the demand for clean hydrogen production but also promote material development across the hydrogen supply chain, from improving hydrogen generation infrastructures, to designing large hydrogen storage systems and fast hydrogen transportation networks, as well as employing hydrogen as an energy vector. Metals are widely utilized across these applications, and it is critical to understand how hydrogen may affect their structural integrity under existing and new operating environments.

In this Special Issue, we welcome submissions on the fundamental and applied research of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals, with the aim of addressing known challenges relating to structural components of the hydrogen supply chain. Topics on the mechanisms of hydrogen-related mechanical degradation, hydrogen adsorption, diffusion, and trapping, as well as on the development of novel hydrogen-tolerant materials are welcome. Studies based on the development of multi-scale experimental and/or simulation methods are particularly encouraged.

Dr. Enrique Galindo-Nava
Prof. Dr. Wenwen Song
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • hydrogen embrittlement
  • hydrogen diffusion and trapping
  • hydrogen permeation
  • material damage
  • hydrogen storage
  • hydrogen transport
  • metal manufacturing
  • high-strength steels
  • non-ferrous alloys

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 12119 KiB  
Article
Effect of Hydrogen on Tensile Properties and Fracture Behavior of Two High-Strength American Petroleum Institute Linepipe Steels
by Dong-Kyu Oh, Min-Seop Jeong, Seung-Hyeok Shin and Byoungchul Hwang
Metals 2024, 14(12), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121397 - 6 Dec 2024
Viewed by 962
Abstract
This study explored the influence of hydrogen on the tensile properties and fracture behavior of high-strength API X70 and X80 linepipe steels with bainitic microstructures under varying hydrogen charging conditions. The X70 steel exhibited a ferritic microstructure with some pearlite, while the X80 [...] Read more.
This study explored the influence of hydrogen on the tensile properties and fracture behavior of high-strength API X70 and X80 linepipe steels with bainitic microstructures under varying hydrogen charging conditions. The X70 steel exhibited a ferritic microstructure with some pearlite, while the X80 steel showed a bainitic microstructure and fine pearlite due to the addition of molybdenum. Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) were conducted using both electrochemical ex situ and in situ hydrogen charging methods subjected to different current densities. The SSRT results showed that in situ hydrogen-charged SSRT, performed at current densities above 1 A/m2, led to more pronounced hydrogen embrittlement compared to ex situ hydrogen-charged SSRT. This occurred because hydrogen was continuously supplied during deformation, exceeding the critical concentration even in the center regions, leading to quasi-cleavage fractures marked by localized cleavage and tearing ridges. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) confirmed that a greater amount of hydrogen was trapped at dislocations during in situ hydrogen-charged SSRT, intensifying hydrogen embrittlement, even with a shorter hydrogen charging duration. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate hydrogen charging methods and understanding the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of linepipe steels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals and Alloys)
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13 pages, 41685 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Effect of Blended and Pure Hydrogen in X60 Pipeline Steel for Low-Pressure Transmission Using Hollow-Specimen Slow-Strain-Rate Tensile Testing
by Rashiga Walallawita, Matthew C. Hinchliff, Dimitry Sediako, John Quinn, Vincent Chou, Kim Walker and Matthew Hill
Metals 2024, 14(10), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14101132 - 4 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1597
Abstract
This study employs a custom hollow specimen setup to investigate the HE in API 5L X60 pipeline base and welded materials exposed to pure hydrogen and a 20% hydrogen–natural gas blend at 2.07 MPa. Results indicate embrittlement with increasing hydrogen concentration. The base [...] Read more.
This study employs a custom hollow specimen setup to investigate the HE in API 5L X60 pipeline base and welded materials exposed to pure hydrogen and a 20% hydrogen–natural gas blend at 2.07 MPa. Results indicate embrittlement with increasing hydrogen concentration. The base material showed a hydrogen embrittlement index (HEI) of 11.6% at 20% hydrogen and 12.4% at 100% hydrogen. For the welded material, the HEI was 14.6% at 20% hydrogen and 18.0% at 100% hydrogen. Fractography analysis revealed that the base and welded materials exhibited typical ductile fracture features in the absence of hydrogen, transitioning to a mixture of quasi-cleavage and micro-void coalescence (MVC) features in hydrogen environments. Additionally, with hydrogen, increased formation of secondary cracks was observed. Notably, the study identified the Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP) mechanism as a probable contributor to hydrogen-assisted fracture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals and Alloys)
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22 pages, 10891 KiB  
Article
Effect of Hydrogen Charging on the Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Copper-Base Alloys, Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 321, Inconel 625 and Ferritic Steel 1.4511
by Jens Jürgensen, Andreas Frehn, Klaus Ohla, Sandra Stolz and Michael Pohl
Metals 2024, 14(5), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050588 - 17 May 2024
Viewed by 2586
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) poses the risk of premature failure for many metals, especially high-strength steels. Due to the utilization of hydrogen as an environmentally friendly energy source, efforts are made to improve the resistance to HE at elevated pressures and temperatures. In addition, [...] Read more.
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) poses the risk of premature failure for many metals, especially high-strength steels. Due to the utilization of hydrogen as an environmentally friendly energy source, efforts are made to improve the resistance to HE at elevated pressures and temperatures. In addition, applications in hydrogen environments might require specific material properties in terms of thermal and electrical conductivity, magnetic properties as well as corrosion resistance. In the present study, three high-strength Cu-base alloys (Alloy 25, PerforMet® and ToughMet® 3) as well as austenitic stainless AISI 321, Ni-base alloy IN 625 and ferritic steel 1.4511 are charged in pressurized hydrogen and subsequently tested by means of Slow Strain Rate Testing (SSRT). The results show that high-strength Cu-base alloys exhibit a great resistance to HE and could prove to be suitable for materials for a variety of hydrogen applications with rough conditions such as high pressure, elevated temperature and corrosive environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals and Alloys)
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