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17 pages, 16925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Toughened Seven-Wire Electrogas Welding

by Yong Chen, Yulang Xu, Xianrui Zhao, Yefang Wang, Wangwang Yu, Tao Zhang and Chenfu Fang

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071581 - 31 Mar 2025

Viewed by 125

Abstract

Based on the flexible adjustment of the seven-wire, this study will assemble a new toughened seven-wire which is combined with a common single welding wire and the existing welding wire containing ductile alloy element (Ni element), and the microstructure properties, mechanical properties and [...] Read more.

Based on the flexible adjustment of the seven-wire, this study will assemble a new toughened seven-wire which is combined with a common single welding wire and the existing welding wire containing ductile alloy element (Ni element), and the microstructure properties, mechanical properties and toughening mechanism of the welding seams were studied. The results show that the microstructure of the four combinatorial seven-wire welding seams is mainly composed of coarse proeutectoid ferrite (PF) and fine acicular ferrite (AF). Among them, the core of inclusions that induce AF nucleation and growth are mainly composed of Al, Ti, Si, and Mn-based oxides, and the edge of inclusions is mainly composed of Mn and Cu sulfides (MnS, CuS). The addition of Ti compounds further promotes AF nucleation. This is also a reason why the impact toughness of the combinatorial seven-wire W2/W3 welding seams is higher than that of other combinatorial seven-wire welding seams, but the impact toughness of the rich Ni seven-wire can meet the standard requirements of the China Classification Society (CCS). Among the four combinatorial seven-wire welding seams, the proportions of large angle grain boundaries (grain orientation difference ≥ 15°) that improve the ability of materials to prevent brittle fracture are 65.9%, 68.8%, 66.0%, 61.7%, respectively, that is, the larger proportion of large angle grain boundaries in combinatorial seven-wire W2 welding seams (Ni content is 0.0897%) is one of the reasons for the higher impact toughness of the welding seams. With the increase of Ni content in the welding seam, the AF content first increased and then decreased, the yield strength and tensile strength increased, and the elongation and section shrinkage first increased and then decreased. When the combinatorial seven-wire W2/W3 was used, the welding seam plasticity was the best. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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19 pages, 19623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Control of Adjustable-Ring-Mode (ARM) Laser Welding for Aluminum Alloys

by Jinglong Tang, Minglie Hu, Jie Su, Qijun Guo, Xiaohua Wang and Zhen Luo

Materials 2025, 18(4), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040860 - 16 Feb 2025

Viewed by 539

Abstract

In the domain of new energy vehicles, the control of welding deformation in aluminum alloy battery systems poses substantial challenges. The existing methodologies for diminishing welding deformation, such as laser segmented skip welding, alteration of welding path sequences, numerical simulation prediction, and post-weld [...] Read more.

In the domain of new energy vehicles, the control of welding deformation in aluminum alloy battery systems poses substantial challenges. The existing methodologies for diminishing welding deformation, such as laser segmented skip welding, alteration of welding path sequences, numerical simulation prediction, and post-weld heat treatment, still possess room for further optimization when applied to intricate welding structures. In this research, a novel adjustable-ring-mode laser in conjunction with the oscillation welding technique was employed to explore the impacts of fiber core diameter, laser light field brightness distribution, and process parameters on weld formation. The regulation of welding deformation was achieved through optimizing the welding process and adjusting the welding path. The results indicate that when the fiber core diameter is 50/150 µm and the light field brightness distribution is H, the weld size exhibits the highest stability. Under the conditions of process parameters p = 5300 W, v = 5.4 m/min, A = 1.6 mm, f = 120 Hz, and θ = 40°, and with the spot position located at the bottom of the side of the upper substrate, the optimal weld formation is obtained. After optimizing the welding path, the maximum Z-direction deformation of the weld is 1.403 mm, representing a reduction of 1.702 mm compared to the previous value. This work is capable of providing novel theoretical guidance and technical insights for the control of welding deformation in thin aluminum alloy plates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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18 pages, 6087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Degree of Crystallinity of Base Material and Welded Material on the Mechanical Property of Ultrasonically Welded CF/PA6 Joints

by Ruoya Shi, Mingyang Li, Sansan Ao and Yang Li

Materials 2025, 18(2), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020420 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 550

Abstract

Ultrasonic welding (USW) is considered one of the most suitable methods to join semi-crystalline carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs). The degree of crystallinity (DoC) of the semi-crystalline resin will affect the ultrasonic welding process by affecting the mechanical properties of the base material. In [...] Read more.

Ultrasonic welding (USW) is considered one of the most suitable methods to join semi-crystalline carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs). The degree of crystallinity (DoC) of the semi-crystalline resin will affect the ultrasonic welding process by affecting the mechanical properties of the base material. In addition, ultrasonic welding parameters will affect the joint performance by affecting the DoC of the welded material at the welding interface. This paper investigates the effect of DoC of carbon fiber-reinforced PA6 (CF/PA6) base material and welded material on its ultrasonically welded joints’ performance. Distinct pre-welding heat treatments are conducted on the base material before welding. The DoC is calculated by DSC, while the crystalline phases (α and γ phases) and crystallize size are determined using XRD. The results demonstrate that the heat treatment process of heating temperature of 180 °C and cooling with an oven (180-O) could increase the DoC of CF/PA6 from 27.2% to 33% and the ratio of α/γ from 0.38 to 0.75. The joint strength of 180-O sheets reached 17.7 MPa, which is 26.7% higher than that of the as-received sheets. The DoC of the welded material at the welding interface obtained with different combinations of welding parameters is characterized. Higher welding force and amplitude result in faster cooling rate at the welding interface and more effective strain-induced crystallization, leading to higher DoC of the welding interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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19 pages, 14305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Realization of Joints of Aluminosilicate Glass and 6061 Aluminum Alloy via Picosecond Laser Welding without Optical Contact

by Caiwang Tan, Xing Lu, Fuyun Liu, Wei Song, Guanghui Guo, Qige Li, Yuhang Liu, Jianhui Su and Xiaoguo Song

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174299 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3778

Abstract

To achieve laser direct welding of glass and metal without optical contact is hard, owing to the large difference in thermal expansion and thermal conductivity between glass and metal and an insignificant melting area. In this study, the high-power picosecond pulsed laser was [...] Read more.

To achieve laser direct welding of glass and metal without optical contact is hard, owing to the large difference in thermal expansion and thermal conductivity between glass and metal and an insignificant melting area. In this study, the high-power picosecond pulsed laser was selected to successfully weld the aluminosilicate glass/6061 aluminum alloy with a gap of 35 ± 5 μm between glass and metal. The results show that the molten glass and metal diffuse and mix at the interface. No defects such as microcracks or holes are observed in the diffusion mixing zone. Due to the relatively large gap, the glass collapsed after melting and caulking, resulting in an approximately arc-shaped microcrack between modified glass and unmodified glass or weakly modified glass. The shape of the glass modification zone and thermal accumulation are influenced by the single-pulse energy and linear energy density of the picosecond laser during welding, resulting in variations in the number and size of defects and the shape of the glass modification zone. By reasonably tuning the two factors, the shear strength of the joint reaches 15.98 MPa. The diffusion and mixing at the interface and the mechanical interlocking effect of the glass modification zone are the main reasons for achieving a high shear strength of the joint. This study will provide reference and new ideas for the laser transmission welding of glass and metal in the non-optical contact conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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21 pages, 20552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Co-Based Cladding Layer by Microbeam Plasma and Its Corrosion Mechanism to Molten Salt

by Kaiqi Sun, Yufeng Zhang, Yingfan Wang and Fuxing Ye

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174249 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 753

Abstract

Corrosion of the molten salts Na₂SO₄ and NaCl has become one of the major factors in the failure of steel components in boilers and engines. In this study, CoNiCrAlY cobalt-based cladding layers with different NiCr-Cr₃C₂ ratios were [...] Read more.

Corrosion of the molten salts Na₂SO₄ and NaCl has become one of the major factors in the failure of steel components in boilers and engines. In this study, CoNiCrAlY cobalt-based cladding layers with different NiCr-Cr₃C₂ ratios were prepared by microbeam plasma cladding technology. The influence of the NiCr-Cr₃C₂ content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and molten salt corrosion resistance of CoNiCrAlY was investigated. The CoNiCrAlY with a 25 wt.% NiCr-Cr₃C₂ (NC25) cladding layer possessed the highest microhardness (348.2 HV_0.3) and the smallest coefficient of friction (0.4751), exhibiting great overall mechanical properties. The generation of protective oxides Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and spinel phase (Ni,Co)Cr₂O₄ is promoted by the addition of 25 wt.% NiCr-Cr₃C₂, which significantly reduces the corrosion of the cladding layer, and this effect is much more obvious at 950 °C than that at 750 °C. Furthermore, its corrosion mechanism was clarified. From the findings emerge a viable solution for the design and development of new high-temperature corrosion-resistant coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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16 pages, 24218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonic Influence on Macrostructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Al/Mg Sheets with 2 mm Thickness

by Jialin Yin, Jie Liu and Chuansong Wu

Materials 2024, 17(16), 4044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164044 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 945

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) and ultrasonic vibration enhanced FSW (UVeFSW) experiments were conducted by using 6061-T6 Al alloy and AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy sheets of thickness 2 mm. The suitable process parameters windows were obtained for the butt joining of Al/Mg sheets. The effect [...] Read more.

Friction stir welding (FSW) and ultrasonic vibration enhanced FSW (UVeFSW) experiments were conducted by using 6061-T6 Al alloy and AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy sheets of thickness 2 mm. The suitable process parameters windows were obtained for the butt joining of Al/Mg sheets. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on the macrostructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joints was studied. The results showed that the width of the weld nugget zone (WNZ) was enlarged to some extent and the hardness distribution in WNZ was more uniform in UVeFSW. In addition, the application of ultrasonic vibration effectively promoted the interpenetration degree of dissimilar materials in the WNZ so that the mechanical interlocking on the bonding interface of dissimilar Al/Mg materials was enhanced. The facture positions were changed from the bonding interface in FSW to the boundary between WNZ and the thermo-mechanical affected zone, and the ductile fracture zone was expanded. The highest ultimate tensile strength was 205 MPa at the process parameters set of 1200 rpm–50 mm/min in UVeFSW in this experiment. The average ultimate tensile strength of FSW/UVeFSW joints was 172.3 MPa and 184.4 MPa, respectively, and the average ultimate tensile strength was increased by 7.02% with the introduction of ultrasonic vibration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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16 pages, 4635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Defects Detection in Keyhole TIG Welding with Enhanced Vision

by Xuan Zhang, Shengbin Zhao and Mingdi Wang

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153871 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1638

Abstract

Keyhole tungsten inert gas (keyhole TIG) welding is renowned for its advanced efficiency, necessitating a real-time defect detection method that integrates deep learning and enhanced vision techniques. This study employs a multi-layer deep neural network trained on an extensive welding image dataset. Neural [...] Read more.

Keyhole tungsten inert gas (keyhole TIG) welding is renowned for its advanced efficiency, necessitating a real-time defect detection method that integrates deep learning and enhanced vision techniques. This study employs a multi-layer deep neural network trained on an extensive welding image dataset. Neural networks can capture complex nonlinear relationships through multi-layer transformations without manual feature selection. Conversely, the nonlinear modeling ability of support vector machines (SVM) is limited by manually selected kernel functions and parameters, resulting in poor performance for recognizing burn-through and good welds images. SVMs handle only lower-level features such as porosity and excel only in detecting simple edges and shapes. However, neural networks excel in processing deep feature maps of “molten pools” and can encode deep defects that are often confused in keyhole TIG. Applying a four-class classification task to weld pool images, the neural network adeptly distinguishes various weld states, including good welds, burn-through, partial penetration, and undercut. Experimental results demonstrate high accuracy and real-time performance. A comprehensive dataset, prepared through meticulous preprocessing and augmentation, ensures reliable results. This method provides an effective solution for quality control and defect prevention in keyhole TIG welding process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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11 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study on the Performance and Microstructure of 304NG Stainless Steel in Underwater and Air Laser Welding

by Jiaqi Sun, Yue Yang, Kai Wang, Shaohua Yin, Zhen Li and Zhen Luo

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3854; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153854 - 3 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1374

Abstract

In order to facilitate the application of underwater laser welding technology in in situ repairs of nuclear power plants, this study conducted comparative experiments between local dry underwater laser welding and laser welding in air on 304NG nitrogen-controlled stainless steel. The aim was [...] Read more.

In order to facilitate the application of underwater laser welding technology in in situ repairs of nuclear power plants, this study conducted comparative experiments between local dry underwater laser welding and laser welding in air on 304NG nitrogen-controlled stainless steel. The aim was to explore its microstructural evolution and mechanical properties in underwater environments. It was found that, near the fusion line of laser welding in air, columnar dendrites gradually evolved into cellular dendrites toward the weld center, eventually disappearing, resulting in a skeletal ferrite and serrated austenite structure. The underwater laser welding joints exhibited similar characteristics yet with more pronounced alternation between columnar and cellular dendrites. Additionally, the size of cellular dendrites decreased significantly, and needle-like ferrite was observed at the weld center. The hardness of underwater laser welded joints was slightly higher than that of in-air laser welded joints. Compared to laser welding in air, the strength of underwater laser welding joints increased from 443 MPa to 471 MPa, and the displacement increased from 2.95 mm to 3.45 mm, both types of welded joints exhibited a mixed mode fracture characterized by plasticity and brittleness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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15 pages, 5073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Laser-Remelted Al-Si Alloys: Towards Enhanced Additive Manufacturing

by Metin Kayitmazbatir and Mihaela Banu

Materials 2024, 17(14), 3622; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143622 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1096

Abstract

Laser surface remelting of aluminum alloys has emerged as a promising technique to enhance mechanical properties through refined microstructures. This process involves rapid cooling rates ranging from 10³ to 10⁸ °C/s, which increase solid solubility within aluminum alloys, shifting their eutectic [...] Read more.

Laser surface remelting of aluminum alloys has emerged as a promising technique to enhance mechanical properties through refined microstructures. This process involves rapid cooling rates ranging from 10³ to 10⁸ °C/s, which increase solid solubility within aluminum alloys, shifting their eutectic composition to a larger value of silicon content. Consequently, the resulting microstructure combines a strengthened aluminum matrix with silicon fibers. This study focuses on the laser scanning of Al-Si aluminum alloy to reduce the size of aluminum matrix spacings and transform fibrous silicon particles from micrometer to nanometer dimensions. Analysis revealed that the eutectic structure contained 17.55% silicon by weight, surpassing the equilibrium eutectic composition of 12.6% silicon. Microstructure dimensions within the molten zones, termed ‘melt pools’, were extensively examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at intervals of approximately 20 μm from the surface. A notable increase in hardness, exceeding 50% compared to the base plate, was observed in the melt pool regions. Thus, it is exemplified that laser surface remelting introduces a novel strengthening mechanism in the alloy. Moreover, this study develops an in situ method for predicting melt pool properties and dimensions. A predictive model is proposed, correlating energy density and spectral signals emitted during laser remelting with mechanical properties and melt pool dimensions. This method significantly reduces characterization time from days to seconds, offering a streamlined approach for future studies in additive manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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23 pages, 13337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Corrosion and Its Impact on the Mechanical Performance of Al–Steel Joints

by Weiling Wen, Blair Carlson and Mihaela Banu

Materials 2024, 17(14), 3542; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143542 - 17 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1107

Abstract

Aluminum–steel joints are increasingly used in the automotive industry to meet the requirements for energy saving and emission reduction. Among various joining technologies, self-pierce riveting (SPR) and resistance spot welding (RSW) are two well-established technologies for fabricating dissimilar joints with stable and high [...] Read more.

Aluminum–steel joints are increasingly used in the automotive industry to meet the requirements for energy saving and emission reduction. Among various joining technologies, self-pierce riveting (SPR) and resistance spot welding (RSW) are two well-established technologies for fabricating dissimilar joints with stable and high mechanical performance. However, corrosion will occur in these joints inevitably due to different electrochemical properties, which can degrade the surface quality and the mechanical performance, such as strength. This paper presents a method of understanding the corrosion mechanisms in joining aluminum and steel. For this understanding, a hybrid method combining experimental observations, mechanical properties identification, and analytical approaches was used to assess the evolution of the impact of corrosion on the joining performance, such as traction separation curves. The study was conducted on common combinations used in the vehicles, e.g., a 1.2 mm thickness aluminum alloy (AA 6022) and 2.0 mm thickness hot deep galvanized steel (HDG HSLA 340) joined by SPR and RSW. After the fabrication of these joints, accelerated cyclic corrosion tests of up to 104 cycles were performed, which reproduced the environmental conditions to which a vehicle was exposed. By investigating the microstructural evolution within the joints, the corrosion mechanisms of SPR and RSW joints were revealed, including the initiation and propagation. Moreover, the intrinsic impact of the corrosion on the mechanical performance, including the strength, axial stiffness, and crashworthiness, was analyzed by performing a lap-shear test. It showed that as corrosion proceeds, the fracture modes and mechanical performance are affected significantly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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13 pages, 6148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Rotational Velocity on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Friction Stir-Welded SUS301L Stainless Steel

by Jianing Dong, Yuming Xie, Shengnan Hu, Junchen Li, Yaobang Zhao, Xiangchen Meng and Yongxian Huang

Materials 2024, 17(14), 3486; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143486 - 14 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 921

Abstract

Friction stir welding was utilized to obtain high-quality SUS301L stainless steel joints, whose mechanical and corrosion properties were thoroughly evaluated. Sound joints were obtained with a wide range of rotational velocities from 400 to 700 rpm. The microstructures of the stir zone primarily [...] Read more.

Friction stir welding was utilized to obtain high-quality SUS301L stainless steel joints, whose mechanical and corrosion properties were thoroughly evaluated. Sound joints were obtained with a wide range of rotational velocities from 400 to 700 rpm. The microstructures of the stir zone primarily consisted of austenite and lath martensite without the formation of detrimental phases. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints improved with higher rotational velocities apart from 400 rpm. The ultimate tensile strength reached 813 ± 16 MPa, equal to 98.1 ± 1.9% of the base materials (BMs) with a rotational velocity of 700 rpm. The corrosion resistance of the FSW joints was improved, and the corrosion rates related to uniform corrosion with lower rotational velocities were one order of magnitude lower than that of the BMs, which was attributed to the lower martensite content. However, better anti-pitting corrosion performance was obtained with a high rotational velocity of 700 rpm, which was inconsistent with the uniform corrosion results. It could be speculated that a higher martensitic content had a negative effect on the uniform corrosion performance, but had a positive effect on the improvement of the anti-pitting corrosion ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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Review

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24 pages, 15401 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dissimilar Welding of Magnesium Alloys and Aluminum Alloys by Explosive Welding

by Mami Mihara-Narita, Konosuke Asai, Hisashi Sato, Yoshimi Watanabe, Isao Nakatsugawa, Naobumi Saito and Yasumasa Chino

Materials 2025, 18(5), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051013 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

Welding of dissimilar magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys is challenging due to the formation of interlayers composed of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the bonding interface, which reduces the bonding strength. In our studies, we applied explosive welding to facilitate dissimilar welding of [...] Read more.

Welding of dissimilar magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys is challenging due to the formation of interlayers composed of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the bonding interface, which reduces the bonding strength. In our studies, we applied explosive welding to facilitate dissimilar welding of magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys. This method utilized a high-speed impact from an explosive to bond magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys in a short time, effectively suppressing the formation of the interlayer. Our research confirmed the presence of a thin interlayer of the γ-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase at the interface of the cladding plates. The alloy compositions of both magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys influenced the thickness of this interlayer. Furthermore, annealing of the cladding plates increased the thickness of the interlayer, resulting in the formation of the aluminum-rich β-Al₃Mg₂ phase on the aluminum alloy side after annealing at 473 K. The formation of the brittle β-Al₃Mg₂ phase led to crack initiation, which reduced the shear strength. In terms of corrosion resistance, the corrosion weight loss of the explosively welded cladding plates was slightly less than that of mechanically fastened samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that explosive welding is highly effective for bonding magnesium alloys to aluminum alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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30 pages, 13814 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Resistance Welding of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics

by Zhanyi Geng, Shibao Yu, Shiyuan Wang, Zengtai Tian, Zhonglin Gao, Kaifeng Wang and Yang Li

Materials 2024, 17(19), 4693; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194693 - 24 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1593

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTPs) have become a new generation of lightweight materials due to their superior mechanical properties, good weldability and environmental resistance, potential for recycling, etc. The market for FRTPs is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% [...] Read more.

Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTPs) have become a new generation of lightweight materials due to their superior mechanical properties, good weldability and environmental resistance, potential for recycling, etc. The market for FRTPs is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% from 2022 to 2030. Many researchers have been trying to solve the problems in their processing and joining process, and gradually expand their application. Resistance welding is one of the most suitable techniques to join FRTPs. This paper summarizes the research progress of FRTP resistance welding in terms of the basic process of FRTP resistance welding, factors affecting joint performance, joint failure behavior, numerical simulation, weld quality control, and resistance welding of thermoplastic/thermoset composites. The objective of this paper is to provide a deeper insight into the knowledge of FRTP resistance welding and provide reference for the further development and application of FRTP resistance welding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding in Alloys and Composites)

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