Machines

Research

26 pages, 12630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reverse Nonlinear Sparrow Search Algorithm Based on the Penalty Mechanism for Multi-Parameter Identification Model Method of an Electro-Hydraulic Servo System

by Bingwei Gao, Wei Shen, Hongjian Zhao, Wei Zhang and Lintao Zheng

Machines 2022, 10(7), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070561 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2063

Abstract

Aiming at the multi-parameter identification problem of an electro-hydraulic servo system, a multi-parameter identification method based on a penalty mechanism reverse nonlinear sparrow search algorithm (PRN-SSA) is proposed, which transforms the identification problem of a non-linear system into an optimization problem in a [...] Read more.

Aiming at the multi-parameter identification problem of an electro-hydraulic servo system, a multi-parameter identification method based on a penalty mechanism reverse nonlinear sparrow search algorithm (PRN-SSA) is proposed, which transforms the identification problem of a non-linear system into an optimization problem in a high-dimensional parameter space. In the initial stage of the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), the population distribution is not uniform, and the optimization process is easily disturbed by the local optimal solution. First, adopting a reverse learning strategy increases the exploratory nature of individuals in a population, improves population diversity, and prevents premature maturity. Subsequently, a flexible strain mechanism is provided through the nonlinear convergence factor, adaptive weight factor, and golden sine and cosine factor. The introduction of a nonlinear factor fully balances the global search and local development abilities of the algorithm. Finally, a punishment processing mechanism is developed for vigilantes while retaining the population, providing a suitable search scheme for individuals beyond the boundary, and making full use of the value of each sparrow individual. The effectiveness of each improved strategy is verified through simulation experiments with 23 benchmark functions, and the improved algorithm exhibits better robustness. The results of the model parameter identification of the electro-hydraulic servo system show that the method has a high fitting accuracy between the identification model data and the experimental data, and the fitting degree of the identification model exceeds 97.54%, which further verifies the superiority of the improved algorithm and the effectiveness of the proposed identification strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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15 pages, 1874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Teleoperation Framework Based on Heterogeneous Matching for Hydraulic Manipulator

by Shizhao Zhou, Chong Shen, Shiqiang Zhu, Wenwen Li, Yong Nie and Zheng Chen

Machines 2022, 10(7), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070536 - 2 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2403

Abstract

In recent years, hydraulic manipulators have been more and more widely used in the field of industrial automation because of their high power-to-weight ratio. Compared with autonomous control, bilateral teleoperation is a more reliable way to operate hydraulic manipulators on harsh occasions. However, [...] Read more.

In recent years, hydraulic manipulators have been more and more widely used in the field of industrial automation because of their high power-to-weight ratio. Compared with autonomous control, bilateral teleoperation is a more reliable way to operate hydraulic manipulators on harsh occasions. However, teleoperation application in the hydraulic field is still limited due to operation accuracy and master–slave heterogeneous problem. In this paper, a teleoperation framework based on master–slave heterogeneous matching and nonlinear precise motion control for hydraulic manipulator is proposed, including workspace mapping algorithm, velocity-limited interpolator, inverse kinematics solver, trajectory planner, model-based controller, and feedback torque generator. The high-precision teleoperation of the hydraulic manipulator in the situation of master–slave heterogeneity is finally realized based on the designed teleoperation framework. The specialized experiment is set up, and the results also show that the method proposed in this paper can satisfy the teleoperation requirements of the hydraulic manipulator with the maximum operating accuracy up to 0.02 m under the condition of master–slave heterogeneity, which can greatly improve the applicability of hydraulic manipulator teleoperation in the case of master–slave heterogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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21 pages, 7938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Flow Force and Cavitation Phenomenon in the Pilot Stage of Electrical-Hydraulic Servo Valve under Temperature Shock

by Li Ma, Hao Yan, Yukai Ren, Lei Li and Cunkun Cai

Machines 2022, 10(6), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10060423 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2698

Abstract

The flow field structure in the pilot stage of the electro-hydraulic servo valve is small and complex, and the extreme temperature environment will aggravate the self-excited oscillation, resulting in a decrease in the control accuracy of the servo valve. With the increase in [...] Read more.

The flow field structure in the pilot stage of the electro-hydraulic servo valve is small and complex, and the extreme temperature environment will aggravate the self-excited oscillation, resulting in a decrease in the control accuracy of the servo valve. With the increase in temperature, the size of the orifice, the temperature characteristics of the fluid and the pressure loss in the flow pipe will influence the characteristics of the pilot stage. Considering the influence of temperature and pressure loss, a theoretical mathematical model is established to describe the flow force in the pilot stage. To verify the accuracy of the theoretical model, CFD simulations of the flow force at different inlet pressures and deflection positions and temperatures are analyzed in this paper. As the temperature rises, the oil viscosity rapidly decreases, which results in the flow force acting on the flapper increasing with the temperature. When the temperature exceeds 50 °C, the effect of oil viscosity is small, and the flow force tends to decrease slightly with the combined effect. As the supply oil pressure increases and the flapper moves toward the nozzle, the flow force acting on the flapper increases, and the trend is consistent with the CFD simulation results. An experimental device is designed, including establishing the experimental conditions and measuring the flow force to validate the theoretical model and to observe the cavitation phenomenon of the pilot stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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20 pages, 5953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Shift Control of an Electric Motor Direct Drive for an Electric Loader

by Shaole Cai, Qihuai Chen, Tianliang Lin, Mingkai Xu and Haoling Ren

Machines 2022, 10(5), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10050403 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3092

Abstract

Traditional loaders with engines present the drawbacks of high energy consumption and poor emissions performance. The usage of an electric motor instead of an engine in an electric loader can effectively improve energy efficiency and emissions. The loader is mainly used in the [...] Read more.

Traditional loaders with engines present the drawbacks of high energy consumption and poor emissions performance. The usage of an electric motor instead of an engine in an electric loader can effectively improve energy efficiency and emissions. The loader is mainly used in the earthwork construction of unstructured roads. Compared to the automobile, during the working process of the loader, the load fluctuates violently, and the vibration is serious. A large torque range during operation, a wide speed range during transfer, and frequently switching gears to ensure power are required by the loader. Therefore, the automatic shift control strategy for an automobile cannot be well applied to the loader directly. In this paper, a novel distributed electric motor-driven loader in which the walking drive system and the hydraulic system is decoupled is studied. The shift rule of the electric loader is also studied. A comprehensive automatic shift control strategy considering power and economy is proposed. Simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. The results show that under the “V” cycle operation condition of the loader, the shift rule meets the control requirements and the shift effect is obvious and reasonable. In terms of transfer conditions, the proposed control strategy yields ideal power performance and energy savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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19 pages, 2790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motion Control of a Hydraulic Manipulator with Adaptive Nonlinear Model Compensation and Comparative Experiments

by Yangxiu Xia, Yong Nie, Zheng Chen, Litong Lyu and Po Hu

Machines 2022, 10(3), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10030214 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3042

Abstract

Hydraulic manipulators play an irreplaceable role in many heavy-duty applications. Currently, there are stronger demands for the hydraulic manipulator to achieve high precision, as well as high force/power. However, due to the inherent nonlinearities of its high-order dynamics, the precision of the manipulator [...] Read more.

Hydraulic manipulators play an irreplaceable role in many heavy-duty applications. Currently, there are stronger demands for the hydraulic manipulator to achieve high precision, as well as high force/power. However, due to the inherent nonlinearities of its high-order dynamics, the precision of the manipulator has been a common weakness compared with electrically driven ones. Thus, in this paper, a nonlinear adaptive robust control method for the hydraulic manipulator is proposed. To make the controller more applicable to practical engineering projects, this study tried to control each joint independently instead of directly based on the complicated multi-degree high-order dynamics, while guaranteeing the control precision by the adaptive nonlinear model compensation, as well as a robust feedback design. The closed-loop control performance was theoretically verified. Besides, several sets of comparative motion tracking experiments were conducted, and the proposed closed-loop system achieved high precision under different trajectories and postures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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18 pages, 14577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimal Torque Control with Simultaneous Motion and Force Tracking for Hydraulic Quadruped Robots

by Yapeng Shi, Xiaolong He, Wenpeng Zou, Bin Yu, Lipeng Yuan, Mantian Li, Gang Pan and Kaixian Ba

Machines 2022, 10(3), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10030170 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3485

Abstract

Model-based force control for motion and force tracking faces significant challenges on real quadruped platforms due to the apparent model inaccuracies. In this paper, we present a multi-objective optimal torque control for hydraulic quadruped robots under significant model errors, such as non-modelable hydraulic [...] Read more.

Model-based force control for motion and force tracking faces significant challenges on real quadruped platforms due to the apparent model inaccuracies. In this paper, we present a multi-objective optimal torque control for hydraulic quadruped robots under significant model errors, such as non-modelable hydraulic components, linearization, disturbances, etc. More specifically, the centroidal dynamics are first modeled to project the dynamics of the floating-based whole-body behaviors to the centroidal frame. Model error compensation mechanisms are subsequently developed to track the reference motion of the CoM, torso, and foot-end trajectories, which are mapped into the joint space. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimal torque control scheme is formulated using quadratic programming (QP) to coordinate follow the reference motion and ground reaction forces simultaneously while satisfying all constraints. Finally, we present a series of simulations as well as experiments on a real hydraulic quadruped platform, EHbot. The results demonstrate that the proposed torque control scheme is robust to large model inaccuracies and improves the performance of the overall system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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20 pages, 22185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depth Control of an Oil Bladder Type Deep-Sea AUV Based on Fuzzy Adaptive Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control

by Fengrui Zhang, Jiaoyi Hou, Dayong Ning and Yongjun Gong

Machines 2022, 10(3), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10030163 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5037

Abstract

The deep-sea autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is equipment of vital importance for ocean exploration, monitoring, and surveying. With a variable buoyancy system (VBS), AUV can achieve rising, diving, and hovering in the water column. This paper proposes a deep-sea AUV with an oil [...] Read more.

The deep-sea autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is equipment of vital importance for ocean exploration, monitoring, and surveying. With a variable buoyancy system (VBS), AUV can achieve rising, diving, and hovering in the water column. This paper proposes a deep-sea AUV with an oil bladder type hydraulic VBS, which controls the oil flow rate with a proportional valve. However, the implementation of accurate depth control for AUV faces various challenges due to the varying water density with depth, the non-linear feature of the hydraulic system, and the disturbance from sea flows and currents. To tackle these problems, a third-order linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) and its fuzzy adaptive version were designed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink based on the state-space function of the proposed AUV system. Compared with the conventional PID controller, the simulation results indicate that the proposed LADRC controller shows strong robustness to disturbance, with other advantages including smaller steady-state error, overshoot, settling time, and response time. Moreover, the proposed fuzzy LADRC controller could further decrease the overshoot caused by the increasing target distance. The results prove that the designed depth controllers can meet the control requirements of the proposed deep-sea AUV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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18 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An MPC-LQR-LPV Controller with Quadratic Stability Conditions for a Nonlinear Half-Car Active Suspension System with Electro-Hydraulic Actuators

by Daniel Rodriguez-Guevara, Antonio Favela-Contreras, Francisco Beltran-Carbajal, Carlos Sotelo and David Sotelo

Machines 2022, 10(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10020137 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4226

Abstract

The active suspension system of a vehicle manipulated using electro-hydraulic actuators is a challenging nonlinear control problem. In this research work, a novel Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) State-Space (SS) model with a fictional input is proposed to represent a nonlinear half-car active suspension [...] Read more.

The active suspension system of a vehicle manipulated using electro-hydraulic actuators is a challenging nonlinear control problem. In this research work, a novel Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) State-Space (SS) model with a fictional input is proposed to represent a nonlinear half-car active suspension system. Four different scheduling parameters are used to embed the nonlinearities of both the suspension and the electro hydraulic actuators to represent its nonlinear behavior. A recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is used to predict the future behavior of the scheduling parameters along the prediction horizon. A Model Predictive Control-Linear Quadratic Regulator (MPC-LQR) is implemented as the control strategy and, to ensure stability, Quadratic Stability conditions are imposed as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) constraints. Furthermore, the inclusion of attraction sets to overcome the conservative performance imposed by the Quadratic Stability conditions is included, as well as a terminal set were the switching between the MPC and the LQR controller is made. Simulations results for the half-car active suspension model over a typical road disturbance are tested to show the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-LQR-LPV controller with quadratic stability conditions in terms of comfort and road-holding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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17 pages, 7472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Electrohydraulic Synchronous Motion Control of a Thrust System for a Tunnel Boring Machine

by Weiqiang Wu, Guofang Gong, Quan Huan, Xinghai Zhou, Yuxi Chen and Xiongbin Peng

Machines 2022, 10(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10020119 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3003

Abstract

The thrust system of a tunnel boring machine plays a crucial role by driving the machine ahead and supporting the gripper shoes stably. A thrust hydraulic control system, assembled with a proportional flow control valve and a pressure relief valve, is established with [...] Read more.

The thrust system of a tunnel boring machine plays a crucial role by driving the machine ahead and supporting the gripper shoes stably. A thrust hydraulic control system, assembled with a proportional flow control valve and a pressure relief valve, is established with system operating parameters. The mathematical model of a thrust electrohydraulic system is presented. To improve the control characteristics of the thrust system, a self-tuning fuzzy PID controller was introduced in synchronization motion control situations. To attain the best control parameters, three synchronization motion control systems were used to control the thrust propel cylinders. Tests on a Ø2.5 m scaled TBM test rig were carried out to verify the capabilities of the ISCS, SRSCS and CRSCS. Comparative tests were conducted, and the results showed that the thrust system adopting SRSCS achieved the least oscillation and the quickest response. The steady-state displacement error decreased by about 33.3% in contrast to the ISCS and CRSCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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18 pages, 7070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Adaptive Control with Asymmetric Pressure Difference Compensation of a Hydraulic Pressure Servo System Using Two High Speed On/Off Valves

by Qiang Gao

Machines 2022, 10(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010066 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3950

Abstract

A hydraulic pressure servo system based on two high-speed on/off valves (HSV) is a discontinuous system due to the discrete flow of HSV when driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. Pressure variation in the testing chamber is determined by the flow rate [...] Read more.

A hydraulic pressure servo system based on two high-speed on/off valves (HSV) is a discontinuous system due to the discrete flow of HSV when driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. Pressure variation in the testing chamber is determined by the flow rate difference between the charging and discharging HSV. In this paper, a pressure controller consisting of a differential PWM (DPWM) scheme, asymmetric pressure difference compensation (APDC) and nonlinear adaptive control (NAC) is proposed to precisely control the pressure. The DPWM scheme is designed to improve the resolution of the net flow rate into the testing chamber. Furthermore, due to the strong asymmetry between the charging and the discharging process, the APDC method is proposed to design the two initial duty cycles of the DPWM signal which help to balance its charging and discharging ability under different working pressure points. Since the pressure system is a nonlinear, uncertain system due to oil compression and leakage, the NAC is designed to calculate the control duty cycle of the DPWM signal, which is used to overcome the unmodeled dynamic and parameter uncertainties. Comparative experiments indicate that the proposed controller can ensure good pressure tracking performance and enhance system robustness under different working pressure points and tracking frequencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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16 pages, 19861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics Modelling and Control of a Novel Fuel Metering Valve Actuated by Two Binary-Coded Digital Valve Arrays

by Qiang Gao, Yong Zhu and Jinhua Liu

Machines 2022, 10(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010055 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4017

Abstract

A fuel metering valve actuated by two binary-coded digital valve arrays (BDVAs) is proposed to improve the reliability of conventional fuel metering valves piloted by a servo valve. The design concept of this configuration is obtained from the structural characteristics of the dual [...] Read more.

A fuel metering valve actuated by two binary-coded digital valve arrays (BDVAs) is proposed to improve the reliability of conventional fuel metering valves piloted by a servo valve. The design concept of this configuration is obtained from the structural characteristics of the dual nozzle-flapper and the flow regulation method of the digital hydraulic technology. The structure and working principle of the fuel metering valve are presented. Then, a mathematical model of the entire valve is developed for dynamic analysis. Subsequently, the mechanism of the transient flow uncertainty of the BDVA is revealed through simulation to determine the fluctuation in the velocity of the fuel metering valve. Furthermore, step response indicates that the delay time of the fuel metering valve is within 4.1 ms. Finally, to improve the position tracking accuracy of the fuel metering valve, a velocity feedforward proportional-integral controller with pulse code modulation is proposed. A series of comparative analyses indicate that compared with those of the velocity feedforward controller, the average and standard deviation of the position error for the proposed controller are reduced by 78 and 72.7%, respectively. The results prove the feasibility of the proposed valve and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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18 pages, 6347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Dynamic Characteristics of a Novel High-Pressure and Large-Flow Water Hydraulic Proportional Valve

by Heng Zhang, Yaoyao Liao, Ze Tao, Zisheng Lian and Ruihao Zhao

Machines 2022, 10(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010037 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4791

Abstract

In the field of fully mechanized coal mining equipment, the hydraulic valve used in the hydraulic support is an on/off directional valve. There are many problems caused by the valve such as large pressure shock and discontinuous flow control. Therefore, a novel two-position [...] Read more.

In the field of fully mechanized coal mining equipment, the hydraulic valve used in the hydraulic support is an on/off directional valve. There are many problems caused by the valve such as large pressure shock and discontinuous flow control. Therefore, a novel two-position three-way hydraulic proportional valve suitable for high-pressure and large-flow conditions is proposed to overcome the above problems. The novel valve utilizes a two-stage structure and the displacement follow-up principle is adopted between the pilot stage and the main stage to meet proportional control. In this paper, a simulation model of the novel proportional valve was established after a simplified analysis of the structural principle. Its reliability and the feasibility of the design were verified by the test results under different working conditions. Then, the step response characteristics of the proportional valve under different strokes were predicted and analyzed. Nonlinear characteristics were presented, and the closing time was shorter than the opening time because of the influence of nonlinear flow force. Under different ramp signals, the displacement of the main inlet spool was always approximately equal to the displacement of the pilot stage. Then, the motion relationship between the pilot stage and the main stage was studied, and the influence of the structural parameters on the stability was analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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14 pages, 4669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Unsteady Cavitation Flow and Excited Pressure Fluctuations in Regulating Valve

by Xiumei Liu, Jie He, Yongwei Xie, Beibei Li, Yujia Zhang, Jinsong Chen and Qihang Liu

Machines 2022, 10(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010032 - 2 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1970

Abstract

A multi-field synchronous measurement system for the cavitation flow in a regulating valve was established. The system combines a high-speed full-flow field display system with a pressure measurement system to realize the simultaneous acquisition of cavitation shapes and pressure pulsations. Cavitation flow occurs [...] Read more.

A multi-field synchronous measurement system for the cavitation flow in a regulating valve was established. The system combines a high-speed full-flow field display system with a pressure measurement system to realize the simultaneous acquisition of cavitation shapes and pressure pulsations. Cavitation flow occurs near the throttle orifice, which is obviously a quasi-periodic behavior. The unsteady cavitation flow mainly includes three stages: the growth of the attached cavity, the fracture and shedding of the attached cavity and the growth and collapse of the free cavity. The time evolution of the cavitation behaviors is highly related with excited pressure fluctuations. With the increasing attached cavity area, the corresponding pressure in the flow field decreases slowly. When the attached cavity falls off and develops downstream, the cavity area decreases gradually, and the pressure increases gradually. When the free cavity shrinks and collapses, the pressure in the flow field reaches the peak value. The pressure pulsation and the change of cavity area have the same dominant frequency, around 2000 Hz, at the monitoring point in the upstream, throat and expansion monitoring points. Furthermore, with increasing inlet pressure, the mean and variance values of cavitation area become larger, and the excited pressure fluctuation at each measuring point becomes more intense. The mean value of pulsating pressure at the throat gradually increases, while the pressure in the expansion section presents a downward trend. The variance of pressure pulsation and the maximum pressure also increase gradually with the increase in inlet pressure. The change of cavitation area and the pressure pulsation in the regulating valve complement each other. The results in this paper could provide experimental guidance on optimizing the structure of the valve, inhibiting cavitation occurrence and prolonging the service life of the valve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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18 pages, 48907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation on the Grasping Position Optimization-Based Control for Industrial Soft Robot Manipulator

by Guangcheng Zhang, Shenchen Li, Yi Wu and Mingkang Zhu

Machines 2021, 9(12), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120363 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2792

Abstract

Mitigating fatigue damage and improving grasping performance are the two main challenging tasks of applying the soft manipulator into industrial production. In this paper, the grasping position optimization-based control strategy is proposed for the soft manipulator and the corresponding characteristics are studied theoretically [...] Read more.

Mitigating fatigue damage and improving grasping performance are the two main challenging tasks of applying the soft manipulator into industrial production. In this paper, the grasping position optimization-based control strategy is proposed for the soft manipulator and the corresponding characteristics are studied theoretically and experimentally. Specifically, based on the simulation, the resultant stress of step-function-type channels at the same pressure condition that was smallest compared with those of sine-function- and ramp-function-type channels, hence, a pneumatic network with step-function-type channels was selected for the proposed soft manipulator. Furthermore, in order to improve the grasping performance, the kinematics, mechanical, and grasping modeling for the soft manipulator were established, and a control strategy considering the genetic algorithm is introduced to detect the optimal position of the soft manipulator. The corresponding fabrication process and experiments were conducted to cross verify the results of the modeling and the control strategy. It is demonstrated that the internal pressure of the soft manipulator was reduced by 13.05% at the optimal position, which effectively helped mitigate the fatigue damage of the soft manipulator and prolonged the lifespan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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15 pages, 2985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sliding Mode Control of Electro-Hydraulic Servo System Based on Optimization of Quantum Particle Swarm Algorithm

by Xinyu Zheng and Xiaoyu Su

Machines 2021, 9(11), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9110283 - 11 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2837

Abstract

This paper investigates a sliding mode controller based on quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm (QPSO) to solve the nonlinearity of electro-hydraulic servo systems, external disturbance problems, and jitter of sliding mode controller. The electro-hydraulic servo system state space equations are established, constructing the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates a sliding mode controller based on quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm (QPSO) to solve the nonlinearity of electro-hydraulic servo systems, external disturbance problems, and jitter of sliding mode controller. The electro-hydraulic servo system state space equations are established, constructing the sliding surface according to the tracking error and obtaining the output of the sliding mode controller. The ITAE metric is used as an adaptation function of the QPSO algorithm to evaluate the parameters in the sliding mode controller, which has good engineering utility and parameter selectivity. The QPSO algorithm is used to increase the randomicity of the search and to expand the search space, which can effectively prevent falling into a local optimum solution. Finally, a comparative simulation is presented to illustrate global search performance of QPSO algorithm and the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed control method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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16 pages, 4900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite-Time Output Feedback Control for Electro-Hydraulic Servo Systems with Parameter Adaptation

by Luyue Yin, Wenxiang Deng, Xiaowei Yang and Jianyong Yao

Machines 2021, 9(10), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9100214 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

Measurement noise, parametric uncertainties, and external disturbances broadly exist in electro-hydraulic servo systems, which terribly deteriorate the system control performance. To figure out this problem, a novel finite-time output feedback controller with parameter adaptation is proposed for electro-hydraulic servo systems in this paper. [...] Read more.

Measurement noise, parametric uncertainties, and external disturbances broadly exist in electro-hydraulic servo systems, which terribly deteriorate the system control performance. To figure out this problem, a novel finite-time output feedback controller with parameter adaptation is proposed for electro-hydraulic servo systems in this paper. First, to avoid using noise-polluted signals and attain active disturbance compensation, a finite-time state observer is adopted to estimate unknown system states and disturbances, which attenuates the impact of measurement noise and external disturbances on tracking performance. Second, by adopting a parameter adaptive law, the parametric uncertainties in the electro-hydraulic servo system can be much lessened, which is beneficial to averting the high-gain feedback in practice. Then, integrating the backstepping framework and the super-twisting sliding mode technique, a synthesized output feedback controller is constructed to achieve high-accuracy tracking performance for electro-hydraulic servo systems. Lyapunov stability analysis demonstrates that the proposed control scheme can acquire finite-time stability. The excellent tracking performance of the designed control law is verified by comparative simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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17 pages, 10667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RISE-Based Composite Adaptive Control of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator with Asymptotic Stability

by Yaowen Ge, Xiaowei Yang, Wenxiang Deng and Jianyong Yao

Machines 2021, 9(9), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9090181 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), the actuator of electric drive and hydraulic transmission, is competitive since it is small in size, light in weight and high in power density. However, the existence of the velocity loop error of servo motors, unmodeled dynamics and highly [...] Read more.

The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), the actuator of electric drive and hydraulic transmission, is competitive since it is small in size, light in weight and high in power density. However, the existence of the velocity loop error of servo motors, unmodeled dynamics and highly nonlinear uncertainties restrict the improvement of the tracking accuracy of the EHA system. In order to achieve high-precision motion control of EHAs, a RISE-based composite adaptive control scheme is proposed in this paper. In the proposed composite adaptive control design, a novel parameter adaptive law is synthesized to compensate for the parametric uncertainties and a robust integral of the sign of error (RISE) feedback is utilized to suppress the adverse effects caused by the lumped disturbances, including the velocity loop error of a servo motor and other unmodeled dynamics. The synthesized parameter adaptive law possesses the advantage of fast convergence, which is beneficial to achieve transient tracking performance improvement. In addition, the proposed controller is more suitable for practical applications since it is chattering free. The closed-loop system stability analysis shows that the proposed control scheme guarantees an excellent asymptotic tracking performance. Finally, comparative simulations are conducted to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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24 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synchronization Control of a Dual-Cylinder Lifting Gantry of Segment Erector in Shield Tunneling Machine under Unbalance Loads

by Litong Lyu, Xiao Liang and Jingbo Guo

Machines 2021, 9(8), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9080152 - 2 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3333

Abstract

Segment assembling is one of the principle processes during tunnel construction using shield tunneling machines. The segment erector is a robotic manipulator powered by a hydraulic system to assemble prefabricated concrete segments onto the excavated tunnel surface. Nowadays, automation of the segment erector [...] Read more.

Segment assembling is one of the principle processes during tunnel construction using shield tunneling machines. The segment erector is a robotic manipulator powered by a hydraulic system to assemble prefabricated concrete segments onto the excavated tunnel surface. Nowadays, automation of the segment erector has become one of the definite developing trends to further improve the efficiency and safety during construction; thus, closed-loop motion control is an essential technology. Within the segment erector, the lifting gantry is driven by dual cylinders to lift heavy segments in the radial direction. Different from the dual-cylinder mechanism used in other machines such as forklifts, the lifting gantry usually works at an inclined angle, leading to unbalanced loads on the two sides. Although strong guide rails are applied to ensure synchronization, the gantry still occasionally suffers from chattering, “pull-and-drag”, or even being stuck in practice. Therefore, precise motion tracking control as well as high-level synchronization of the dual cylinders have become essential for the lifting gantry. In this study, a complete dynamics model of the dual-cylinder lifting gantry is constructed, considering the linear motion as well as the additional rotational motion of the crossbeam, which reveals the essence of poor synchronization. Then, a two-level synchronization control scheme is synthesized. The thrust allocation is designed to coordinate the dual cylinders and keep the rotational angle of the crossbeam within a small range. The motion tracking controller is designed based on the adaptive robust control theory to guarantee the linear motion tracking precision. The theoretical performance is analyzed with corresponding proof. Finally, comparative simulations are conducted and the results show that the proposed scheme achieves high-precision motion tracking performance and simultaneous high-level synchronization of dual cylinders under unbalanced loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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20 pages, 4845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision Interaction Force Control of an Underactuated Hydraulic Stance Leg Exoskeleton Considering the Constraint from the Wearer

by Shan Chen, Tenghui Han, Fangfang Dong, Lei Lu, Haijun Liu, Xiaoqing Tian and Jiang Han

Machines 2021, 9(5), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9050096 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5177

Abstract

Hydraulic lower limb exoskeletons are wearable robotic systems, which can help people carry heavy loads. Recently, underactuated exoskeletons with some passive joints have been developed in large numbers for the purpose of decreasing the weight and energy consumption of the system. There are [...] Read more.

Hydraulic lower limb exoskeletons are wearable robotic systems, which can help people carry heavy loads. Recently, underactuated exoskeletons with some passive joints have been developed in large numbers for the purpose of decreasing the weight and energy consumption of the system. There are many control algorithms for a multi-joint fully actuated exoskeleton, which cannot be applied for underactuated systems due to the reduction in the number of control inputs. Besides, since the hydraulic actuator is not a desired force output source, there exist high order nonlinearities in hydraulic exoskeletons, which makes the controller design more challenging than motor driven exoskeleton systems. This paper proposed a precision interaction force controller for a 3DOF underactuated hydraulic stance leg exoskeleton. First, the control effect of the wearer is considered and the posture of the exoskeleton back is assumed as a desired trajectory under the control of the wearer. Under this assumption, the system dynamics are changed from a 3DOF underactuated system in joint space to a 2DOF fully actuated system in Cartesian space. Then, a three-level interaction force controller is designed in which the high-level controller conducts human motion intent inference, the middle level controller tracks human motion and the low-level controller achieves output force tracking of hydraulic cylinders. The MIMO adaptive robust control algorithm is applied in the controller design to effectively address the high order nonlinearities of the hydraulic system, multi-joint couplings and various model uncertainties. A gain tuning method is also provided to facilitate the controller gains selection for engineers. Comparative simulations are conducted, which demonstrate that the principal human-machine interaction force components can be minimized and good robust performance to load change and modeling errors can be achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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18 pages, 2499 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Valve Deadzone/Backlash Compensation for Lifting Motion Control of Hydraulic Manipulators

by Lan Li, Ziying Lin, Yi Jiang, Cungui Yu and Jianyong Yao

Machines 2021, 9(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9030057 - 8 Mar 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3732

Abstract

In this paper, a novel nonlinear model and high-precision lifting motion control method of a hydraulic manipulator driven by a proportional valve are presented, with consideration of severe system nonlinearities, various uncertainties as well as valve backlash/deadzone input nonlinearities. To accomplish this mission, [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel nonlinear model and high-precision lifting motion control method of a hydraulic manipulator driven by a proportional valve are presented, with consideration of severe system nonlinearities, various uncertainties as well as valve backlash/deadzone input nonlinearities. To accomplish this mission, based on the independent valve orifice throttling process, a new comprehensive pressure-flow model is proposed to uniformly indicate both the backlash and deadzone effects on the flow characteristics. Furthermore, in the manipulator lifting dynamics, considering mechanism nonlinearity and utilizing a smooth LuGre friction model to describe the friction dynamics, a nonlinear state-space mathematical model of hydraulic manipulation system is then established. To suppress the adverse effects of severe nonlinearities and uncertainties in the system, a high precision adaptive robust control method is proposed via backstepping, in which a projection-type adaptive law in combination with a robust feedback term is conducted to attenuate various uncertainties and disturbances. Lyapunov stability analysis demonstrates that the proposed control scheme can acquire transient and steady-state close-loop stability, and the excellent tracking performance of the designed control law is verified by comparative simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Systems)

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