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Life
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Dive into Myopia
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Dive into Myopia

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 19 June 2026 | Viewed by 9089

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Chun-Fu Liu

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Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
Interests: myopia; refraction; anisometropia; cataract; refractive surgery; zebrafish

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Myopia is a common condition in Asia, and its prevalence is rising, especially axial myopia, which affects most people and can lead to retinal pathology, known as pathological myopia. This condition may result in permanent vision loss. Therefore, controlling axial myopia starting from childhood is crucial. Pharmacological treatments like atropine show promise, though much remains to be discovered about their mechanisms. In recent years, many new optical devices have proven effective in slowing axial myopia progression in children. Adult refractive errors can be corrected by spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery, which have also been greatly improved in recent times. Therefore, we invite all interested authors to submit manuscripts about medical, optical, and surgical methods to control myopia or correct refractive errors.

This Special Issue highlights recent advances and trends in refraction research. This will contribute to a deeper understanding of axial myopia mechanisms and enhance its control, preventing vision loss from myopia-related complications in adulthood. It also contains correction methods for refractive errors in adults, capable of improving life quality.

Dr. Chun-Fu Liu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • myopia
  • hyperopia
  • myopia control
  • axial length
  • axial length retardation
  • axial length elongation
  • myopia complications
  • refraction measurement
  • atropine
  • rebound effect
  • orthokeratology
  • missight
  • defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMSs)
  • highly aspherical lenslets (HALs)
  • red light
  • repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy
  • enhance myopia control
  • customized myopia control
  • peripheral refraction
  • peripheral myopia
  • refractive surgery
  • PRK
  • LASIK
  • smile
  • contact lens
  • spectacles

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2294 KB  
Article
Preoperative Parameters Associated with Vitrectomy Outcomes in Myopic Traction Maculopathy Without a Full-Thickness Macular Hole
by Su Kyung Lee, Suji Yeo, Yoo-Ri Chung, Hae Rang Kim and Ji Hun Song
Life 2026, 16(2), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020356 - 19 Feb 2026
Viewed by 521
Abstract
Pathologic myopia has become a major global cause of blindness, making timely surgical management for myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) increasingly important. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with functional and anatomical outcomes following surgery for MTM and to determine the optimal [...] Read more.
Pathologic myopia has become a major global cause of blindness, making timely surgical management for myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) increasingly important. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with functional and anatomical outcomes following surgery for MTM and to determine the optimal timing for intervention. This retrospective study included 33 eyes from 28 patients with MTM without full-thickness macular hole who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas tamponade. Better preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and lower foveal height were associated with better postoperative BCVA, whereas longer axial length, higher MTM, and higher Atrophy–Traction–Neovascularization (ATN) classification grade were correlated with thinner postoperative central foveal thickness. Foveal detachment (FD), ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, and advanced MTM grade were associated with poorer functional and anatomical outcomes. Postoperative visual outcomes should be interpreted with caution, as they may have been influenced by lens-related factors, including combined cataract surgery, post-vitrectomy cataract progression, and posterior capsule opacity. Nonetheless, consistent anatomical improvement was observed, supporting early surgical consideration in eyes with MTM showing progressive macular traction or EZ disruption, even in the absence of FD. These findings highlight the importance of serial OCT monitoring and individualized surgical timing based on preoperative assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dive into Myopia)
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12 pages, 2682 KB  
Article
Polarized Light Microscopy-Based Quantification of Scleral Collagen Fiber Bundle Remodeling in the Lens-Induced Myopia Mouse Model
by Yajing Yang, Shin-ichi Ikeda, Longdan Kang, Ziyan Ma, Kazuno Negishi, Kazuo Tsubota, Yohei Tomita, Kate Gettinger and Toshihide Kurihara
Life 2025, 15(11), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111743 - 13 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3282
Abstract
Scleral remodeling plays a crucial role in myopia development. Although ultrastructural collagen changes have been described, quantitative assessment at the fiber bundle level remains limited. This study quantitatively evaluated scleral collagen remodeling in a lens-induced myopia (LIM) mouse model using polarized light microscopy [...] Read more.
Scleral remodeling plays a crucial role in myopia development. Although ultrastructural collagen changes have been described, quantitative assessment at the fiber bundle level remains limited. This study quantitatively evaluated scleral collagen remodeling in a lens-induced myopia (LIM) mouse model using polarized light microscopy (PLM) combined with picrosirius red (PSR) staining. LIM was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by applying a monocular −30 D lens from postnatal week 3 to 6. Eyes wearing −30 D lenses showed myopic shifts in refraction (−8.42 ± 3.87 D vs. 4.42 ± 4.45 D; p = 0.002) and axial elongation (0.21 ± 0.04 mm vs. 0.18 ± 0.05 mm; p = 0.020) compared with contralateral controls. PLM revealed looser, more disorganized collagen bundles in myopic sclera. Quantitative analysis showed reduced bundle proportion (40.91 ± 6.58% vs. 48.36 ± 6.47%; p = 0.040) and mean size (147.11 ± 59.38 µm2 vs. 281.45 ± 101.00 µm2; p = 0.002). These results indicate that myopia development involves structural remodeling of the sclera and that PLM with PSR staining provides a practical approach for quantitative wide-field evaluation of collagen architecture in experimental myopia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dive into Myopia)
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19 pages, 7787 KB  
Article
Microbial and Chemical Stability of Unpreserved Atropine Sulfate 0.01% w/w Eye Drops—A Pilot Study on the Impact of Dispenser Type and Storage Temperature over 12 Weeks of Daily Use After Compounding
by Victoria Klang, Stefan Brenner, Johanna Grabner, Philip Unzeitig, My Vanessa Nguyen Hoang, Maria Lummerstorfer, Roman Pichler, Katja Steiner and Richard D. Harvey
Life 2025, 15(11), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111646 - 22 Oct 2025
Viewed by 2540
Abstract
Progressive myopia in children is a highly prevalent condition in societies worldwide and is often treated with compounded low-dose atropine sulfate (AS) eye drops without preserving agents to avoid irritation/sensitisation. Surprisingly, there is a lack of data regarding the in-use stability of contamination-free [...] Read more.
Progressive myopia in children is a highly prevalent condition in societies worldwide and is often treated with compounded low-dose atropine sulfate (AS) eye drops without preserving agents to avoid irritation/sensitisation. Surprisingly, there is a lack of data regarding the in-use stability of contamination-free LDPE dispenser units (CFDs) for this compounded multidose product, which causes uncertainty among prescribers and patients in Europe. Thus, our aim was to compare the effect of different dispenser types on the chemical and microbial stability of unpreserved AS eye drops (0.01% w/w). A dripping simulation was performed to obtain information on microbial stability over 4 weeks through plating and separately over 12 weeks through direct inoculation, HPLC and pH analysis. For CFDs, no contamination was found after 4, 8 or 12 weeks of use when stored at 23 or 4 °C as opposed to the control. AS content remained within 0.01 ± 0.0002% w/w after 12 weeks, with higher chemical stability at 4 °C despite decreasing pH. A stress test confirmed the validity of the CFD system. In conclusion, using CFDs and refrigerated storage was found to be safe for compounded unpreserved AS eye drops over 12 weeks of use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dive into Myopia)
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14 pages, 2091 KB  
Article
Blue-Light Stimulation for Myopia Prevention: Only Retinal but Not Optic Disc Stimulation Modulates the Pattern ERG
by Isabella Silke Elisabeth Mehler, Sven Pascal Heinrich, Daniel Böhringer, Valentin Simon, Tim Bleul, Sebastian Küchlin, Wolf Alexander Lagrèze and Navid Farassat
Life 2025, 15(9), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091384 - 1 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2013
Abstract
Blue-light stimulation of the optic disc has been suggested as a means of myopia prevention by activating dopaminergic amacrine cells via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. This prospective, adequately powered study investigated this approach by examining its effects on pattern electroretinogram (PERG) N95 [...] Read more.
Blue-light stimulation of the optic disc has been suggested as a means of myopia prevention by activating dopaminergic amacrine cells via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. This prospective, adequately powered study investigated this approach by examining its effects on pattern electroretinogram (PERG) N95 amplitude and choroidal thickness (ChT), established biomarkers associated with retinal ganglion cell function and myopia progression, respectively. Forty-six healthy adults received one minute of 450 nm blue-light stimulation to either the optic disc or central retina of the right eye, with the fellow left eye serving as control. PERG responses were measured before and 20 min after stimulation (N = 15 per stimulation location), while ChT, using swept-source optical coherence tomography images, was measured before, 20, and 60 min after stimulation (N = 8 per stimulation location). Only retinal stimulation significantly increased PERG N95 amplitude (baseline 16.16 µV, post-stimulation 17.61 µV [p = 0.01]), whereas optic disc stimulation did not (baseline 18.71 µV, post-stimulation 18.81 µV [p = 0.76]). Neither optic disc nor retinal stimulation significantly changed ChT at any time point. No significant differences were observed between myopic and non-myopic participants. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that short-duration blue-light stimulation of the optic disc is a viable strategy to activate retinal dopaminergic pathways for myopia prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dive into Myopia)
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