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Life
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Cultivation and Regulation of Abiotic Stress for Field Crops
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Cultivation and Regulation of Abiotic Stress for Field Crops

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 17405

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Muhammad Hamzah Saleem

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: abiotic stress; plants; crop
Dr. Aishah Alatawi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
Interests: abiotic stress; plants; crop

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plants are typically exposed to a broad myriad of abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heavy metal, and heat stress that can diminish the plant photosynthetic area and, thus, the total attained plant biomass or grain yield. In this context, the use of field crop species that can remain highly productive in environments with saline soils, recurrent drought periods, and various types of metal toxicity is an important strategy to cope with these predominant abiotic stresses in arid and semi-arid climates. Furthermore, globalization and industrialization are also factors that increase the levels of various toxic pollutants such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in soil, which can pose serious threats not only to normal plant growth and development but also to human health. Therefore, we are in need of strategies that can increase plant growth and yield in environments of abiotic stress. During past decades, various methods/approaches have been used by scientists/researchers for ameliorating the negative impact of abiotic stresses on plants. These methods include fertilizer application, seed priming with various chemicals, use of artificial chemicals, organic acids, or nutrients, amino chelation, foliar applications, and use of plant promoting rhizobacterium or plant growth regulators, among many others.

Dr. Muhammad Hamzah Saleem
Dr. Aishah Alatawi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 7545 KiB  
Article
Isogenic Japonica Rice Koshihikari Integrated with Late Flowering Gene Hd16 and Semidwarfing Gene sd1 to Prevent High Temperature Maturation and Lodging by Typhoon
by Motonori Tomita and Ryotaro Tokuyama
Life 2022, 12(8), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081237 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1845
Abstract
We developed semidwarf and late-maturing isogenics of Koshihikari to stabilize high yield and avoid high temperature maturation. Whole-genome analysis (WGS) was conducted to examine the transitional changes in the entire genome, the size of DNA fragments integrated with the target gene, and genes [...] Read more.
We developed semidwarf and late-maturing isogenics of Koshihikari to stabilize high yield and avoid high temperature maturation. Whole-genome analysis (WGS) was conducted to examine the transitional changes in the entire genome, the size of DNA fragments integrated with the target gene, and genes accompanying the target gene owing to the progress of backcrossing. In both Koshihikari Hd16 (BC7F4) and Koshihikari sd1Hd16 (BC8F2), an SNP from adenine to guanine was detected in Hd16 at 32,996,608 bp on chromosome 3, which is known to be a causative mutation of Hd16 in Nipponbare. In Koshihikari sd1Hd16 (BC8F2), an SNP from thymine to guanine was detected in sd1 at 38,267,510 bp on chromosome 1. From BC7 to BC8, the size of the DNA fragment integrated with Hd16 decreased by 5871 bp. Koshihikari sd1Hd16 flowered 12.1 days later than Koshishikari or Koshihikari sd1 did and was 14.2 cm (15%) shorter than Koshihikari. The yield in Koshishikari sd1Hd16 (63.2 kg/a) was 7.0% higher than that of Koshihikari. This is a new germplasm designed to avoid heat damage at ripening during high-temperature summer periods by late maturation owing to Hd16 as well as to avoid lodging by autumn typhoons by semidwarfness owing to sd1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Regulation of Abiotic Stress for Field Crops)
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17 pages, 3685 KiB  
Article
Validating the Impact of Water Potential and Temperature on Seed Germination of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) via Hydrothermal Time Model
by Saleha Saeed, Abd Ullah, Sami Ullah, Javaria Noor, Baber Ali, Muhammad Nauman Khan, Mohamed Hashem, Yasser S. Mostafa and Saad Alamri
Life 2022, 12(7), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12070983 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 2415
Abstract
Wheat is the most extensively cultivated crop and occupies a central place in human nutrition providing 20% of the daily food calories. This study was conducted to find both T and ψ effects on wheat germination and the cardinal Ts value; a lab [...] Read more.
Wheat is the most extensively cultivated crop and occupies a central place in human nutrition providing 20% of the daily food calories. This study was conducted to find both T and ψ effects on wheat germination and the cardinal Ts value; a lab experiment was accomplished using HTT models. Cultivars were germinated under different accelerated aging periods (AAP, 0, 24, 48, and 72 h) at each of the following constant Ts of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C at each of the ψs of 0, −0.05, −0.1, −0.15, and −0.2 MPa. GR, GP, and other germination parameters (GI, GRI, CVG, SVI-I, SVI-II, GE, and MGT) were significantly determined by solute potential, temperature, and reciprocal action in both cultivars (p ≤ 0.01). Depending on the confidence interval of the model co-efficiently between cultivars, there was no significant difference. Hence, the average of cardinal Ts was 15, 20, and 35 °C for the Tb, To, and Tc, respectively, in the control condition (0 MPa). Hydro-time values declined when Ts was raised to To in cultivars, then remained constant at Ts ≥ To (2.4 MPah−1 in Pirsabak 15 and 0.96 MPah−1 in Shahkar). The slope of the relationship between ψb(50) and TTsupra with temperature when Ts is raised above To and reaches 0 at Tc. In conclusion, the assessed parameter values in this study can easily be used in simulation models of wheat germination to quantitatively characterize the physiological status of wheat seed populations at different Ts and ψs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Regulation of Abiotic Stress for Field Crops)
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14 pages, 1304 KiB  
Article
Combined Role of Fe Nanoparticles (Fe NPs) and Staphylococcus aureus L. in the Alleviation of Chromium Stress in Rice Plants
by Hesham F. Alharby and Shafaqat Ali
Life 2022, 12(3), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030338 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2719
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal whose high concentration in soil badly affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and overall yield. Metal-derived nano-particles and metal-resistant bacteria can strengthen the plant defense system against different abiotic stresses; however, little is known about the use of [...] Read more.
Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal whose high concentration in soil badly affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and overall yield. Metal-derived nano-particles and metal-resistant bacteria can strengthen the plant defense system against different abiotic stresses; however, little is known about the use of nanoparticles in conjunction with bacteria. This study examined the combined effect of Fe nanoparticles (Fe NPs) and a chromium-resistant bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, on rice plants grown on chromium saturated medium. Chromium stress reduced rice growth, biomass, and chlorophyll contents by causing oxidative damage leading to overproduction of electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde. Fe NPs significantly improved plant growth, biomass, yield, and photosynthetic activity by enhancing the chlorophyll contents and alleviating oxidative damage. Application of Fe NPs also reduced the uptake and accumulation of Cr in the plants by increasing the bioavailability of micronutrients to the plant. The Fe NPs decreased oxidative damage and enhanced the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity in the plant to withstand Cr stress compared to the plants without Fe NPs treatments. The inoculation of rice plants with the chromium-resistant bacteria S. aureus further enhanced the positive impact of Fe NPs by transforming the toxic form of chromium (Cr6+) into a less toxic form of chromium (Cr3+). The bacterial inoculation reduced Cr uptake by plants through adsorption of Cr ions, resulting in decreased chromium ion bioavailability. At chromium level 100 mg/kg, the foliar application of Fe NPs from 0 to 20 mg/L increased the total chlorophyll contents from 2.8 to 3.9. The application of S. aureus further enhanced the chlorophyll contents from 4.4 to 5.4, respectively. The current study suggested that combining Fe NPs and S. aureus could be a viable strategy for reducing Cr toxicity and accumulation in rice plants and most likely other plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Regulation of Abiotic Stress for Field Crops)
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15 pages, 3280 KiB  
Article
Using Halothermal Time Model to Describe Barley (Hordeumvulgare L.) Seed Germination Response to Water Potential and Temperature
by Abd Ullah, Sadaf Sadaf, Sami Ullah, Huda Alshaya, Mohammad K. Okla, Yasmeen A. Alwasel and Akash Tariq
Life 2022, 12(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020209 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3565
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a salt-tolerant crop with considerable economic value in salinity-affected arid and semiarid areas. In the laboratory experiment, the halothermal time (HaloTT) model was used to examine barley seed germination (SG) at six constant cardinal temperatures (Ts) of [...] Read more.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a salt-tolerant crop with considerable economic value in salinity-affected arid and semiarid areas. In the laboratory experiment, the halothermal time (HaloTT) model was used to examine barley seed germination (SG) at six constant cardinal temperatures (Ts) of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C under five different water potentials (ψs) of 0, −0.5, −1.5, −1.0, and −2.0 MPa. Results showed that at optimum moisture (0 MPa), the highest germination percentage (GP) was recorded at 20 °C and the lowest at 40 °C. Moreover, GP increased with the accelerated aging period (AAP) and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with high T. In addition, with a decrease of ψ from 0 to −0.5, −1, 1.5, and −2.0 MPa, GP decreased by 93.33, 76.67, 46.67, and 33.33%, respectively, in comparison with 0 MPa. The maximum halftime constant (θHalo) and coefficient of determination (R2) values were recorded at 20 °C and 30 °C, respectively. The optimum temperature (To) for barley is 20 °C, base Ψ of 50th percentile (Ψb (50)) is −0.23 Mpa, and standard deviation of Ψb (σΨb) is 0.21 MPa. The cardinal Ts for germination is 15 °C (Tb), 20 °C (To), and 40 °C (Tc). The GP, germination rate index (GRI), germination index (GI), coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG), germination energy (GE), seed vigor index I and II (SVI-I & II), Timson germination index (GI), and root shoot ratio (RSR) were recorded maximum at 0 MPa at 20 °C and minimum at −2.0 MPa at 40 °C. Mean germination time (MGT) and time to 50% germination (T 50%) were maximum at −2 MPa at 40 °C, and minimum at 20 °C, respectively. In conclusion, the HaloTT model accurately predicted the germination time course of barley in response to T, Ψ, or NaCl. Therefore, barley can be regarded as a salt-tolerant plant and suitable for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions due to its high resistance to salinity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Regulation of Abiotic Stress for Field Crops)
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Review

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28 pages, 2743 KiB  
Review
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biosynthesis: Overview
by Hareb Al Jabri, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Muhammad Rizwan, Iqbal Hussain, Kamal Usman and Mohammed Alsafran
Life 2022, 12(4), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040594 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 5556
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is plant micronutrient, which is involved in many physiological functions, and an inadequate supply will reduce crop yields. Its deficiency is the widest spread micronutrient deficiency problem; almost all crops and calcareous, sandy soils, as well as peat soils and soils [...] Read more.
Zinc (Zn) is plant micronutrient, which is involved in many physiological functions, and an inadequate supply will reduce crop yields. Its deficiency is the widest spread micronutrient deficiency problem; almost all crops and calcareous, sandy soils, as well as peat soils and soils with high phosphorus and silicon content are expected to be deficient. In addition, Zn is essential for growth in animals, human beings, and plants; it is vital to crop nutrition as it is required in various enzymatic reactions, metabolic processes, and oxidation reduction reactions. Finally, there is a lot of attention on the Zn nanoparticles (NPs) due to our understanding of different forms of Zn, as well as its uptake and integration in the plants, which could be the primary step toward the larger use of NPs of Zn in agriculture. Nanotechnology application in agriculture has been increasing over recent years and constitutes a valuable tool in reaching the goal of sustainable food production worldwide. A wide array of nanomaterials has been used to develop strategies of delivery of bioactive compounds aimed at boosting the production and protection of crops. ZnO-NPs, a multifunctional material with distinct properties and their doped counterparts, were widely being studied in different fields of science. However, its application in environmental waste treatment and many other managements, such as remediation, is starting to gain attention due to its low cost and high productivity. Nano-agrochemicals are a combination of nanotechnology with agrochemicals that have resulted in nano-fertilizers, nano-herbicides, nano-fungicides, nano-pesticides, and nano-insecticides being developed. They have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and optical capabilities. Green approaches using plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae have been implemented due to the high rate of harmful chemicals and severe situations used in the manufacturing of the NPs. This review summarizes the data on Zn interaction with plants and contributes towards the knowledge of Zn NPs and its impact on plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Regulation of Abiotic Stress for Field Crops)
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