Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (3rd Edition)

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 September 2026 | Viewed by 6916

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università di Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
Interests: urban design; urban morphology; sustainability; public space; new technologies; water cities
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Guest Editor
Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Architecture, TU Delft (NL), 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: urban morphology; building typology; regeneration processes; infrastructure and territories
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Urban Morphology is a discipline born in the early Fifties of the 20th century as a tool for understanding the problems of the modern city. For the first time, the boundaries of the city clearly exceeded those of the historical one, which was no longer necessarily located in the “center”. For the first time, the logic through which the city had been built for millennia was thrown into crisis. It was the city of the new mass society, the society of large consumption, vehicular traffic, zoning. New methodological and conceptual tools and new theories were therefore necessary to gain understanding in order to guide the transformation processes. Today, once again, society is radically changing. It is the global society of the 21st century. The society of “networks”, of multilayer relationships, of data-driven processes, of ecology. An increasingly smart society that is rapidly transforming the spaces of its vitality, that is the city itself. We are perhaps witnessing the greatest urban phenomenon in human history and certainly the greatest socio-cultural and economic revolution of the modern era.

New tools are therefore needed to understand urban phenomena. A new theoretical–methodological framework, a new “horizon of meaning”, must therefore be defined to understand the complexity of the contemporary city. In this framework, Urban Morphology, due to its eminently “operational” nature, its potentially transdisciplinary character and its strong link with the world of scientific research, stands as a fundamental discipline for the knowledge and transformation of the 21st century city. It is no coincidence that all researchers, all public administrators and all professionals who deal with urban transformations are working in search of these “tools”. It is no coincidence that, throughout the world, there are numerous schools that deal with morphology. However, it needs to change radically.

The main goal of this issue is, on the one hand, to define the boundaries and disciplinary tools of a research that now boasts more than seventy years of history. On the other hand, to understand how these borders and these tools are transforming themselves to respond, effectively and dynamically, to the needs of society and the contemporary city.

The themes of technological innovation, smart transition and trans-disciplinarity are some of the new aspects that must become part of morphological research. Together with the environmental and ecological ones, they certainly constitute one of the major test benches of the new morphological discipline. However, it is not simply a matter of broadening the disciplinary horizon of Urban Morphology. It is a question of defining new theoretical-methodological bases and new analytical tools on which to ground the city's transformation project. In other words, it is a matter of building a new morphological discipline able of intercepting the needs of the new globalized society and translate them into physical places. A discipline that this issue tries to redefine through the contributions of leading experts in the sector, in the awareness of being able to provide a useful scientific basis for understanding and transforming the city in the 21st century.

University of Parma, Department of Engineering and Architecture/KAEBUP_Knowledge Alliance for Evidence Based Urban Practices. Co-Funded by the Erasmus + Program of the European Union.

Dr. Marco Maretto
Dr. Nicola Marzot
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • urban morphology
  • public space
  • urban design
  • new technologies
  • trans-disciplinarity

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 29830 KB  
Article
Berlin Block Reform: Urban Morphology and Architectural Types for the Young Metropolis
by Silvia Malcovati
Land 2026, 15(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15020286 - 9 Feb 2026
Viewed by 899
Abstract
This article investigates the potential of the block as a tool for sustainable and inclusive urban design. It aims to identify the morphological and typological principles that make the block a resilient structure, capable of ensuring density, spatial clarity, and a balanced relationship [...] Read more.
This article investigates the potential of the block as a tool for sustainable and inclusive urban design. It aims to identify the morphological and typological principles that make the block a resilient structure, capable of ensuring density, spatial clarity, and a balanced relationship between public, collective, and private spheres. Focusing on reformed urban blocks built in Berlin between 1890 and 1940, this paper examines the intersection of urban morphology, housing reform, and metropolitan architecture, addressing them not primarily as historical objects, but as spatial and typological models relevant to contemporary urban challenges. The research is based on historical and archival sources, morphological analysis, typological classification, and the systematic redrawing of selected case studies at multiple scales, from the urban fabric to apartment layouts and architectural details. Exemplary cases were selected and redrawn in order to allow direct comparison and measurement of spatial and typological features. The results identify recurring block configurations, housing layouts, and architectural solutions that mediate density, livability, and urban clarity, showing the Berlin reform block as a lasting design paradigm that offers enduring lessons for contemporary challenges of density, sustainability, and urban quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (3rd Edition))
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25 pages, 7647 KB  
Article
Urban Morphology, Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence-Based Characterization of Urban Heritage with the Recognition of Urban Patterns
by Elif Sarihan and Éva Lovra
Land 2026, 15(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15020230 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 672
Abstract
The tangible patterns of urban heritage sites are composed of complex components, and their interaction is involved in the process of formation and transformation. The past of cities also partially survives in the structure of the settlement, even if many buildings are demolished [...] Read more.
The tangible patterns of urban heritage sites are composed of complex components, and their interaction is involved in the process of formation and transformation. The past of cities also partially survives in the structure of the settlement, even if many buildings are demolished or significantly transformed. In this study, we introduce a model based on the integration of urban morphology, deep learning, and artificial intelligence methods for exploring the tangible patterns of urban heritage areas at different levels of scale. The proposed model is able to define and recognize the characteristics of the basic elements of urban forms at different resolution levels and reveal the patterns of the heritage. The basic principle of the model is the analysis of urban heritage sites located in different parts of the historical city center of Istanbul. We first define the relationship patterns and complexity levels, and form the characteristics of the urban form by using geographic information systems (GIS), based on the cartographic and contemporary maps. We then employ deep-learning-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automatic segmentation, using OpenCV and NumPy in Python to extract streets and blocks on both historical and contemporary map sources. Based on the results integrated with human intelligence and the CNNs model, we finally generate several prompts for AI for better reasoning in the process of pattern recognition. Our results reveal that this integration increases GPT-4o’s assumptions in the pattern recognition process and, thus, it is able to reveal similar results to those obtained from the form features with different levels of specificity that are interdependent and complementary to human assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (3rd Edition))
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23 pages, 4895 KB  
Article
How Landscape Morphology Shapes Urban Park Cooling Effects Across Different Scales? A Case Study of Wuhan, China
by Wenchen Zhang and Dongyun Liu
Land 2026, 15(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010137 - 9 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 699
Abstract
As a typical nature-based solution, urban parks play an important role in mitigating urban heat island effects. Although previous studies highlighted the complex impacts of landscape morphology on urban park cooling effects (PCE), the interactions and impact thresholds between specific features on PCE [...] Read more.
As a typical nature-based solution, urban parks play an important role in mitigating urban heat island effects. Although previous studies highlighted the complex impacts of landscape morphology on urban park cooling effects (PCE), the interactions and impact thresholds between specific features on PCE remain insufficiently explored across different scales. Here, taking 119 parks in Wuhan, China, as examples, the PCE and their responses to landscape morphology were quantified across three scales, including 47 small, 41 medium, and 31 large parks. Results showed that 79.8% of parks (95) exhibited obvious cooling effects. From small to large parks, the largest park cooling distance (LPCD), area (LPCA), and intensity (LPCI), as well as the accumulative park cooling gradient (APCG) and intensity (APCI), showed upward trends, while largest park cooling efficiency (LPCE) declined. Scale-dependent differences in landscape morphology impacting PCE were evident. In small and medium parks, LPCD and LPCA were mainly shaped by the surrounding environment, while LPCI and LPCE were primarily determined by internal morphology. In large parks, LPCA, APCI, and APCG were impacted by the surrounding environment, while LPCD and LPCI were dominated by internal morphology. Moreover, interactions between specific landscape morphology features significantly enhanced the model explanatory power and exhibited clear impact thresholds on PCE. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of cross-scale cooling mechanisms of urban parks and offers practical implications for heat-governance-oriented park planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (3rd Edition))
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38 pages, 5632 KB  
Article
Explication of Urban Park Narratives: From Land to the La Villette
by Esin Yılmaz and Muzaffer Tolga Akbulut
Land 2025, 14(12), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122391 - 8 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1462
Abstract
The ongoing ontological tension between architecture, art, and science is analyzed using semantic tools. This line of analysis addresses the gap in the literature caused by the lack of a systematic and traceable framework for defining the theatrical meaning of the relationship between [...] Read more.
The ongoing ontological tension between architecture, art, and science is analyzed using semantic tools. This line of analysis addresses the gap in the literature caused by the lack of a systematic and traceable framework for defining the theatrical meaning of the relationship between multiple coding and performative space. The study examines Bernard Tschumi’s Parc de la Villette design from Architecture and Disjunction within the critical framework of Roland Barthes and Bertolt Brecht, and is conducted in the MAXQDA environment. Adopting a qualitative structural narrative analysis methodology and structured around three analytical operations (segmentation–inventory–structuring), the study is validated through interdisciplinary triangulation. At the segmentation phase, Tschumi’s text is divided into 19 meaning units under theoretical nodes based on Brecht’s principles of epic theater. These units were analyzed using closed (deductive) coding with a coding table derived from the literature and developed iteratively to ensure reliability through consensus between the two researchers. During the inventory phase, these meaning units were reinterpreted through open (inductive) coding using Barthes’ five codes, yielding 62 productive terms. During the structuring phase, the distribution and relationships between codes were thematized within the park’s 4 spatial configurations, based on evaluative and inferential layers of meaning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (3rd Edition))
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Review

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32 pages, 3338 KB  
Review
Toward an Integrative Framework of Urban Morphology: Bridging Typomorphological, Sociological, and Morphogenetic Traditions
by Emad Noaime and Mohammed Mashary Alnaim
Land 2025, 14(12), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122323 - 26 Nov 2025
Viewed by 2423
Abstract
This research reexamines key urban morphology traditions to develop a cohesive framework connecting form, process, and structure. Through a selective narrative review of key works from 1960 to 2025, this analysis examines the European typomorphological, Chicago sociological, and morphogenetic approaches using a seven-dimensional [...] Read more.
This research reexamines key urban morphology traditions to develop a cohesive framework connecting form, process, and structure. Through a selective narrative review of key works from 1960 to 2025, this analysis examines the European typomorphological, Chicago sociological, and morphogenetic approaches using a seven-dimensional analytical matrix that encompasses ontology, scale, mechanism, and social–spatial coupling. The results show that the European school offers static and structural clarity, the Chicago school introduces dynamic processual reasoning, and the morphogenetic approach explains systemic emergence. Their convergence establishes a meta-framework of integrative urban morphology, viewing the city as a complex adaptive system characterized by continuous interactions of continuity, change, material, and social dimensions. This synthesis integrates diverse perspectives, augmenting the significance of morphological analysis in architecture and sociology. The paper thus advances urban theory by demonstrating how conceptual complementarities among traditions strengthen the explanatory and methodological coherence of urban morphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (3rd Edition))
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