-
Knowledge Breakthroughs through Time in Mind and Action—An Outline of a New-Old Knowledge History
-
Science Communication on Social Media during the COVID-19 Crisis
-
Knowledge Transfer in Higher Education Institutions Focused on Entrepreneurial Activities of Electronic Instrumentation
-
Catalyst Recycling in the Suzuki Coupling Reaction: Toward a Greener Synthesis in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Journal Description
Knowledge
Knowledge
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on knowledge and knowledge-related technologies published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6.2 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2022).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
subject
Imprint Information
Open Access
ISSN: 2673-9585
Latest Articles
Validity and Validation of Computer Simulations—A Methodological Inquiry with Application to Integrated Assessment Models
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 262-276; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020018 - 22 May 2023
Abstract
Our purpose is to advance a reasoned perspective on the scientific validity of computer simulation, using an example—integrated assessment modeling of climate change and its projected impacts—that is itself of great and urgent interest to policy in the real world. The spirited and
[...] Read more.
Our purpose is to advance a reasoned perspective on the scientific validity of computer simulation, using an example—integrated assessment modeling of climate change and its projected impacts—that is itself of great and urgent interest to policy in the real world. The spirited and continuing debate on the scientific status of integrated assessment models (IAMs) of global climate change has been conducted mostly among climate change modelers and users seeking guidance for climate policy. However, it raises a number and variety of issues that have been addressed, with various degrees of success, in other literature. The literature on methodology of simulation was mostly skeptical at the outset but has become more nuanced, casting light on some key issues relating to the validity and evidentiary standing of climate change IAMs (CC-IAMs). We argue that the goal of validation is credence, i.e., confidence or justified belief in model projections, and that validation is a matter of degree: (perfect) validity is best viewed as aspirational and, other things equal, it makes sense to seek more rather than less validation. We offer several conclusions. The literature on computer simulation has become less skeptical and more inclined to recognize that simulations are capable of providing evidence, albeit a different kind of evidence than, say, observation and experiments. CC-IAMs model an enormously complex system of systems and must respond to several challenges that include building more transparent models and addressing deep uncertainty credibly. Drawing on the contributions of philosophers of science and introspective practitioners, we offer guidance for enhancing the credibility of CC-IAMs and computer simulation more generally.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Cooperation in the Conceptualization of Autonomous Strategic Initiatives: The Role of Managers’ Intellectual and Social Capital
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 245-261; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020017 - 19 May 2023
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore how the social position of functional managers, as defined by their stocks of intellectual and social capital, influences their attitude towards cooperation for the integration of distributed knowledge in the conceptualization of bottom-up (autonomous) strategic
[...] Read more.
The purpose of this paper is to explore how the social position of functional managers, as defined by their stocks of intellectual and social capital, influences their attitude towards cooperation for the integration of distributed knowledge in the conceptualization of bottom-up (autonomous) strategic initiatives. Bourdieu’s social practice theory was employed for integrating the organizational conditions in the initiative conceptualization-as-knowledge-creation process. By developing and analyzing two case studies on strategic operations, it was found that the degree of engagement in productive cooperation, and hence the potential and effectiveness of functional managers as knowledge-creating agents promoting their particular interests, are influenced by their social position which in turn depends on the path of accumulation of their intellectual and social capital resources.
Full article
Open AccessReview
The Use of Technology as an Instrument to Promote School Coexistence
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 232-244; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020016 - 03 May 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The phenomenon of school coexistence has gained special relevance in recent years, mainly due to the increase in conflict situations among students. The main objective of this work has been to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature on the impact
[...] Read more.
The phenomenon of school coexistence has gained special relevance in recent years, mainly due to the increase in conflict situations among students. The main objective of this work has been to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature on the impact of the application of technologies as a didactic resource for the improvement of school coexistence, as well as to find out the current and future lines of research in this field of investigation. For this purpose, a total of 14 scientific articles indexed in the Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were selected following the principles of the PRISMA Declaration. The results show that, although the scientific literature on the implementation of technologies for school coexistence is limited, didactic strategies measured with technologies reduce cases of school conflict. Among the conclusions are that technologies are tools to be taken into account for the improvement of school coexistence; however, their misuse due to a lack of digital skills can lead to violent behaviour on the part of students.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Nonignorable Consequences of (Partially) Ignoring Missing Item Responses: Students Omit (Constructed Response) Items Due to a Lack of Knowledge
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 215-231; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020015 - 30 Apr 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In recent literature, alternative models for handling missing item responses in large-scale assessments have been proposed. Based on simulations and arguments based on psychometric test theory, it is argued in this literature that missing item responses should never be scored as incorrect in
[...] Read more.
In recent literature, alternative models for handling missing item responses in large-scale assessments have been proposed. Based on simulations and arguments based on psychometric test theory, it is argued in this literature that missing item responses should never be scored as incorrect in scaling models but rather treated as ignorable or handled based on a model. The present article shows that these arguments have limited validity and illustrates the consequences in a country comparison using the PIRLS 2011 study. It is argued that students omit (constructed response) items because they do not know the correct item answer. A different treatment of missing item responses than scoring them as incorrect leads to significant changes in country rankings, which induces nonignorable consequences regarding the validity of the results. Additionally, two alternative item response models are proposed based on different assumptions for missing item responses. In the first pseudo-likelihood approach, missing item responses for a particular student are replaced by a score that ranges between zero and a model-implied probability computed based on the non-missing items. In the second approach, the probability of a missing item response is predicted by a latent response propensity variable and the item response itself. The models were applied to the PIRLS 2011 study, demonstrating that country comparisons change under different modeling assumptions for missing item responses.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
From Knowledge to Wisdom: Looking beyond the Knowledge Hierarchy
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 196-214; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020014 - 27 Apr 2023
Abstract
Although there is a long history of searching for the road from knowledge to wisdom, there is no final and clear result. In fact, there are multiple ways of starting from knowledge and reaching wisdom due to the complexity of the semantic domains
[...] Read more.
Although there is a long history of searching for the road from knowledge to wisdom, there is no final and clear result. In fact, there are multiple ways of starting from knowledge and reaching wisdom due to the complexity of the semantic domains of both concepts. In addition, there are different perspectives on interpreting these conceptual maps, ranging from philosophy to psychology or management. We are interested in understanding the connecting ideas between knowledge and wisdom from the management perspective, where decision making is the key driving force for transforming knowledge into efficient actions for creating value for customers through products and services. The well-known knowledge pyramid or wisdom pyramid is a good metaphor to start with in understanding the basic concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom (DIKW) and their transformations. We analyze different interpretations of these four basic concepts and focus on the transition from knowledge to wisdom, looking beyond the DIKW pyramid. Additionally, to get a larger view of the multiple connections between knowledge and wisdom, we perform a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer as a specialized software tool. The contribution of the present paper comes from this enlarged framework of searching for links between knowledge and wisdom and analyzing their relevance to business management. The results are relevant to anyone who would like to understand how to manage efficiently knowledge in their organizations. We explain the semantic differences in interpreting the concepts of “information” and “knowledge” in philosophy, information science, and knowledge management, which can be useful both in theory and in practice.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management in the Post-pandemic Business Environment)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Managing the Knowledge Deficit in the German Automotive Industry
by
and
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 180-195; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020013 - 11 Apr 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The combined effects of decarbonization and digitalization have had a significant impact on the German automotive industry, with different business models emerging that often involve new business alliances with other automotive companies and technology companies. This rapid and dramatic change momentum has resulted
[...] Read more.
The combined effects of decarbonization and digitalization have had a significant impact on the German automotive industry, with different business models emerging that often involve new business alliances with other automotive companies and technology companies. This rapid and dramatic change momentum has resulted in a “knowledge deficit” in the industry, as regards the skills and know-how required to operate successfully in the digital economy. Using an inductive, qualitative research methodology, based on in-depth interviews with industry experts and practitioners, this article identifies the main areas in which skills, knowledge and competencies are lacking, and assesses the main ways in which the industry is trying to address the problem. A number of emergent issues are also discussed. The article finds that many years of technology outsourcing have left the industry deficient in core technology skills for software development, data management and architecture design, and that new competencies in cybersecurity, platforms and ecosystems, and sourcing management are also urgently needed. The industry is addressing this challenge through a combination of strategies, including major partnership arrangements with the big tech companies. The article concludes that entrepreneurial innovation and radical digital leadership will be required to adequately address the knowledge deficit in the digital era.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
A Comprehensive Review on E-Waste Management Strategies and Prediction Methods: A Saudi Arabia Perspective
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 163-179; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020012 - 05 Apr 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Electronic waste generation is increasing dramatically throughout the world. Consequently, this increase in E-waste harms the environment, health, and other aspects of human life. Moreover, hazardous substances and the informal disposal of E-waste severely threaten human health and the environment. Saudi Arabia is
[...] Read more.
Electronic waste generation is increasing dramatically throughout the world. Consequently, this increase in E-waste harms the environment, health, and other aspects of human life. Moreover, hazardous substances and the informal disposal of E-waste severely threaten human health and the environment. Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab country in terms of electronic waste generation and is the Arab country that generates the most E-waste. Over the past few decades, several initiatives and policy implementations have been undertaken in the country. However, the management of E-waste is still a source of distress and an unresolved issue. Sustainable development requires much more effort, primarily efficient E-waste management, which can only be achieved by establishing a formal collection system, early forecasting, and accurate estimations. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the fundamental and emerging trends in E-waste production worldwide and in Saudi Arabia. This paper aims to summarize the hazardous elements present in E-waste, their dangerous effects, and the economic potential for recycling E-waste as a means of developing sustainable communities. This study explores the practices regarding efficient E-waste management and E-waste estimation and prediction globally, specifically in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries. This study suggests that more than the use of a single management probe will be needed to achieve significant results. Instead, a complementary approach can be used to achieve the most effective results. Additionally, people should be aware of the importance of handling and recycling E-waste. This study emphasizes the importance of formal collection and documentation to ensure effective monitoring and sustainable development in any developed country.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Knowledge Breakthroughs through Time in Mind and Action—An Outline of a New-Old Knowledge History
by
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 149-162; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020011 - 27 Mar 2023
Abstract
An outline of a research program on knowledge progress and strategies for knowledge breakthroughs through time, in two parts: A. An outline of five steps/stages in such processes and studies via a set of cases: 1. the inception of a new finding/discovery; 2.
[...] Read more.
An outline of a research program on knowledge progress and strategies for knowledge breakthroughs through time, in two parts: A. An outline of five steps/stages in such processes and studies via a set of cases: 1. the inception of a new finding/discovery; 2. cognitive resistance to the new finding; 3. cognitive acceptance of the new finding but continuing resistance to its practical implementation or behavioural adjustment to it; 4. practical as well as cognitive acceptance; 5. openness (or not) to related further findings. B. Defense of my approach in view of criticism from representatives of new lines of research in what has been called knowledge history.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Application of Back-Propagation Neural Network in the Post-Blast Re-Entry Time Prediction
Knowledge 2023, 3(2), 128-148; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3020010 - 23 Mar 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Predicting the post-blast re-entry time precisely can improve productivity and reduce accidents significantly. The empirical formulas for the time prediction are practical to implement, but lack accuracy. In this study, a novel method based on the back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was proposed to
[...] Read more.
Predicting the post-blast re-entry time precisely can improve productivity and reduce accidents significantly. The empirical formulas for the time prediction are practical to implement, but lack accuracy. In this study, a novel method based on the back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was proposed to tackle the drawbacks. A numerical model was constructed and 300 points of sample data were recorded, with consideration to fresh air volume, occupational exposure limit, toxic gas volume per kg of explosives and roadway length. The BPNN model with six neurons in a hidden layer was then developed and prediction performance was discussed in terms of four indicators, namely, the root mean square error (RMSE), the coefficient of determination (R2), the mean absolute error (MAE) and the sum of squares error (SSE). Furthermore, one representative empirical formula was introduced and calibrated for the comparison. The obtained results showed that the BPNN model had a more remarkable performance, with RMSE of 21.45 (R2: 0.99, MAE: 10.78 and SSE: 40934), compared to the empirical formula, with RMSE of 76.89 (R2: 0.90, MAE: 42.06 and SSE: 526147). Hence, the BPNN model is a superior method for predicting the post-blast re-entry time. For better practical application, it was then embedded into the software.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Forecasting Honesty: An Investigation of the Middle Eastern Bicultural Mind
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 113-127; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010009 - 27 Feb 2023
Abstract
The present study examines the extent to which models of honesty predict the magnitude of current or future self-serving assessment of performance in Middle Eastern students, a population often neglected in the extant literature. Specifically, the study asks whether Middle Eastern students’ predictions
[...] Read more.
The present study examines the extent to which models of honesty predict the magnitude of current or future self-serving assessment of performance in Middle Eastern students, a population often neglected in the extant literature. Specifically, the study asks whether Middle Eastern students’ predictions regarding future performance rectify prior self-serving inflated assessment, thereby restoring honesty, or glorify it through enhanced optimism, thereby discounting prior dishonesty. In this study, students believed that their self-assessment of performance would be either anonymous, allowing them to cheat, or identifiable. Before self-assessment, participants were exposed to reminders of honesty or dishonesty (i.e., priming conditions) or neutral reminders (i.e., the control condition). In agreement with the self-concept maintenance model and evidence of earlier studies conducted in the Western world, students inflated their self-assessments very little, and even less when presented with either secular or religious reminders of honesty. However, reminders were ineffective on participants’ predictions of future performance, which were biased in favor of optimism. The study offers concrete evidence on the presumed generality of a theoretical model of ethical conduct while it also adds evidence on its limitations.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Interdisciplinary Analysis of Science Communication on Social Media during the COVID-19 Crisis
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 97-112; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010008 - 13 Feb 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In times of crisis, science communication needs to be accessible and convincing. In order to understand whether these two criteria apply to concrete science communication formats, it is not enough to merely study the communication product. Instead, the recipient’s perspective also needs to
[...] Read more.
In times of crisis, science communication needs to be accessible and convincing. In order to understand whether these two criteria apply to concrete science communication formats, it is not enough to merely study the communication product. Instead, the recipient’s perspective also needs to be taken into account. What do recipients value in popular science communication formats concerning COVID-19? What do they criticize? What elements in the formats do they pay attention to? These questions can be answered by reception studies, for example, by analyzing the reactions and comments of social media users. This is particularly relevant since scientific information was increasingly disseminated over social media channels during the COVID-19 crisis. This interdisciplinary study, therefore, focuses both on science communication strategies in media formats and the related comments on social media. First, we selected science communication channels on YouTube and performed a qualitative multi-modal analysis. Second, the comments responding to science communication content online were analyzed by identifying Twitter users who are doctors, researchers, science communicators and those who represent research institutes and then, subsequently, performing topic modeling on the textual data. The main goal was to find topics that directly related to science communication strategies. The qualitative video analysis revealed, for example, a range of strategies for accessible communication and maintaining transparency about scientific insecurities. The quantitative Twitter analysis showed that few tweets commented on aspects of the communication strategies. These were mainly positive while the sentiment in the overall collection was less positive. We downloaded and processed replies for 20 months, starting at the beginning of the pandemic, which resulted in a collection of approximately one million tweets from the German science communication market.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Supply Chain Disruption versus Optimization: A Review on Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 80-96; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010007 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 1
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In response to significant disruption, supply chain optimization became sensitive to increasing consumer expectations, unexpected demand fluctuation, and inventory costs. Proactive movement, understanding, and empowerment have fostered the beneficial results of supply chain optimization, cooperation, and operational resilience. These pioneering activities are critical
[...] Read more.
In response to significant disruption, supply chain optimization became sensitive to increasing consumer expectations, unexpected demand fluctuation, and inventory costs. Proactive movement, understanding, and empowerment have fostered the beneficial results of supply chain optimization, cooperation, and operational resilience. These pioneering activities are critical to achieving a paradigm shift in the supply chain, even agility in response to changing demand. However, sophisticated analytics such as artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain are supposed to overcome these challenges to make smarter decisions on a daily basis. Due to these facts, this study aimed to model AI’s and blockchain’s role in supply chain optimization by conducting a systematic literature review based on the idealized framework of Rejeb et al. (2022) and the SALSA mechanism. In addition, this paradigm-shifting approach will provide fairer views and options for managing forecasting, planning, monitoring, and reporting across the entire supply chain. The emphasis remains on real-time accuracy, easy access, and optimization of operational indicators such as sales, visibility, and end-to-end supply chain operations at all times and from any location. It will be an eye-opening experience to enable stakeholders and partners to communicate information collaboratively, consistently, and efficiently.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Students’ Representative Processes in Solving Mathematical Word Problems
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 70-79; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010006 - 28 Jan 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Representation in mathematics is essential as a basis for students to be able to understand and apply mathematical ideas. This study aims to describe how students produce different representations in solving word problems. In solving word problems, students make verbal–written representations, image representations,
[...] Read more.
Representation in mathematics is essential as a basis for students to be able to understand and apply mathematical ideas. This study aims to describe how students produce different representations in solving word problems. In solving word problems, students make verbal–written representations, image representations, and symbol representations. This research uses a qualitative descriptive study involving 75 fifth-grade students at one of the private schools in Makassar, Indonesia. Setting and Participants: two subjects were chosen from 75 participants based on the completion of word problems that resulted in different representations, including verbal–written representations, picture representations, and symbol representations. The instruments used were word problems and interview sheets, although some other students only used one or two forms of mathematical representation. The results of this study indicate that, from the different representations produced that include verbal–written representations, image representations, and symbol representations, students carry out the process of translation, integration, solution, and evaluation until finding answers. In addition, other findings were students’ ‘mathematical literacy which immensely helped the students’ representation process in solving word problems. three forms of representation were found to be produced by students: verbal–written, image representation, and symbol representation. Furthermore, the three forms of representation were created through carrying out four representation processes, namely the processes of translation, integration, solution, and evaluation.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Knowledge in 2022
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 68-69; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010005 - 19 Jan 2023
Abstract
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Pedagogical Agents on Learners’ Knowledge Acquisition and Motivation in Digital Learning Environments
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 53-67; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010004 - 13 Jan 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
We assume that learners generate self-reference to a topic dealt with in class through motivational prompts of a pedagogical agent (PA). This assumption is based on self-determination theory and organismic integration theory. Consequently, learners are more motivated and achieve better learning results. We
[...] Read more.
We assume that learners generate self-reference to a topic dealt with in class through motivational prompts of a pedagogical agent (PA). This assumption is based on self-determination theory and organismic integration theory. Consequently, learners are more motivated and achieve better learning results. We examined the influence of motivational prompts on learning success and motivation in a digital learning environment. Therefore, we implemented a PA within a web-based learning environment in order to scaffold learners’ autonomous motivation. In an experimental pre-post design (n = 60), learning success and motivation were analyzed comparing learning environments with and without PA/prompting. Results suggest that learners with a PA reach a higher level of knowledge than learners without a PA. There was no significant influence of motivational prompts on motivation itself. The limitations and conclusions of this study are discussed.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method in the Field of University Education: Application to a Course on Energy Markets
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 40-52; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010003 - 09 Jan 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The Bologna Plan adopted by European universities ended the hegemony of an evaluation system exclusively based on the performance of traditional examinations. In this area, with a view to revitalizing grading models in university education, a wide range of evaluation mechanisms has been
[...] Read more.
The Bologna Plan adopted by European universities ended the hegemony of an evaluation system exclusively based on the performance of traditional examinations. In this area, with a view to revitalizing grading models in university education, a wide range of evaluation mechanisms has been developed in recent years. Using them, teachers may evaluate the learning levels of their students, including both the specific competences of the taught subject and the transversal competences that help students further develop their professional careers. This article presents a methodology based on a multi-criteria procedure through which students could be evaluated from different points of view, based on different types of evaluation mechanisms that are diversely weighted. Therefore, their levels of learning could be assessed more objectively. This article shows a practical case of applying this methodology, which has been used for the last five years in a course on energy markets taught as part of the Degree in Energy Engineering at the UPV.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Managing Knowledge in Romanian KIBS during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by
, , , and
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 18-39; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010002 - 09 Jan 2023
Abstract
KIBS are increasingly important organizations for ensuring sustainable development. Their core asset is knowledge, manifested in many ways and managed in a complex manner, sometimes jointly with clients. Like other organizations, KIBS companies have been greatly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the
[...] Read more.
KIBS are increasingly important organizations for ensuring sustainable development. Their core asset is knowledge, manifested in many ways and managed in a complex manner, sometimes jointly with clients. Like other organizations, KIBS companies have been greatly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, they could provide support to their customers to better cope with the challenges associated with the pandemic. Therefore, the present paper investigates how Romanian KIBS coped with the pandemic by developing 16 interviews with key persons from four different organizations, covering a range of specializations (technical, professional, and creative). The purpose of the present study is to identify the challenges for knowledge management caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and how the pandemic influenced knowledge management performance within Romanian KIBS. The investigation reveals that the pandemic was an opportunity for organizational development and adopting more formal knowledge management practices, as well as for developing the digital profile of companies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management in the Post-pandemic Business Environment)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Catalyst Recycling in the Suzuki Coupling Reaction: Toward a Greener Synthesis in the Pharmaceutical Industry
by
and
Knowledge 2023, 3(1), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge3010001 - 27 Dec 2022
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The Suzuki coupling is a transition metal-catalyzed, cross-coupling carbon–carbon (C–C) bond forming reaction between organic boron compounds and organic halides. As an operationally simple and versatilely applicable procedure, the Suzuki coupling reaction has found immense applications in drug discovery and development in the
[...] Read more.
The Suzuki coupling is a transition metal-catalyzed, cross-coupling carbon–carbon (C–C) bond forming reaction between organic boron compounds and organic halides. As an operationally simple and versatilely applicable procedure, the Suzuki coupling reaction has found immense applications in drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, the topic of catalyst recycling has undergone intensive investigations with ever-growing interest in eco-friendly and sustainable synthesis. To recapitulate the latest progress in catalyst recycling in the Suzuki coupling reaction, this invited paper reviews key principles, benefits, challenges, and cutting-edge applications of recyclable catalysts for green synthesis of industrially valuable bioactive molecules. This review paper also discusses how artificial intelligence (AI) could further advance green synthesis of pharmaceutical products.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Overview of STEM Science as Process, Method, Material, and Data Named Entities
Knowledge 2022, 2(4), 735-754; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge2040042 - 19 Dec 2022
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
We are faced with an unprecedented production in scholarly publications worldwide. Stakeholders in the digital libraries posit that the document-based publishing paradigm has reached the limits of adequacy. Instead, structured, machine-interpretable, fine-grained scholarly knowledge publishing as Knowledge Graphs (KG) is strongly advocated. In
[...] Read more.
We are faced with an unprecedented production in scholarly publications worldwide. Stakeholders in the digital libraries posit that the document-based publishing paradigm has reached the limits of adequacy. Instead, structured, machine-interpretable, fine-grained scholarly knowledge publishing as Knowledge Graphs (KG) is strongly advocated. In this work, we develop and analyze a large-scale structured dataset of STEM articles across 10 different disciplines, viz. Agriculture, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Earth Science, Engineering, Material Science, Mathematics, and Medicine. Our analysis is defined over a large-scale corpus comprising 60K abstracts structured as four scientific entities process, method, material, and data. Thus, our study presents, for the first time, an analysis of a large-scale multidisciplinary corpus under the construct of four named entity labels that are specifically defined and selected to be domain-independent as opposed to domain-specific. The work is then inadvertently a feasibility test of characterizing multidisciplinary science with domain-independent concepts. Further, to summarize the distinct facets of scientific knowledge per concept per discipline, a set of word cloud visualizations are offered. The STEM-NER-60k corpus, created in this work, comprises over 1 M extracted entities from 60k STEM articles obtained from a major publishing platform and is publicly released.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Technology Transfer Offices and Their Role with Information Mechanisms for Innovation Performance in Firms: The Case of Ghana
Knowledge 2022, 2(4), 719-734; https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge2040041 - 12 Dec 2022
Abstract
Research into formal and informal technology transfer between universities and industry in economical developed counties is well-documented. However, such studies are limited in number in developing economies. In the context of developing economies, this study analyses technology transfer offices’ role in university technology
[...] Read more.
Research into formal and informal technology transfer between universities and industry in economical developed counties is well-documented. However, such studies are limited in number in developing economies. In the context of developing economies, this study analyses technology transfer offices’ role in university technology transfer to Ghanaian firms. We incorporate informal mechanisms as a moderating variable to explore the role of human interaction in the technology transfer value chain. In a cross-sectional survey in Ghana, using structural equation modelling with 245 firms, our research finds a negative moderating effect of informal mechanisms on the effect of technology transfer offices on innovation performance in firms. The findings are of significance to universities and corporate bodies in economically developing nations such as Ghana. Policies to improve the effect of informal mechanisms of university technology transfer offices are proposed in developing economies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision-Making: Processes and Perspectives)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Knowledge
Knowledge Management in the Post-pandemic Business Environment
Guest Editor: Constantin BratianuDeadline: 30 July 2023
Special Issue in
Knowledge
Transdisciplinary Research: Implications for Generating Knowledge in Social Sciences and Humanities
Guest Editors: Mansour Amini, Latha Ravindran, Davoud AminiDeadline: 31 August 2023
Special Issue in
Knowledge
Knowledge Development Life Cycles in Science
Guest Editors: Peter Kokol, Helena Vošner, Jernej ZavršnikDeadline: 30 September 2023
Special Issue in
Knowledge
Creating and Sharing Knowledge on Digital Platforms in Education
Guest Editor: Spyridon DoukakisDeadline: 25 November 2023