Use of ChatGPT as a Virtual Mentor on K-12 Students Learning Science in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
- (1)
- Increasing connectivity, data, and computational power (cloud technology, smart sensors and actuators—even wearables, blockchain…)
- (2)
- Boosting analytics and system intelligence (advanced analytics, machine learning, neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI)…)
- (3)
- Promoting machine–machine and human–machine interaction (extended reality, XR—including virtual, augmented and mixed reality, that is VR, AR and MR, respectively, digital twins, robotics, automation, autonomous guided vehicles, Internet of Things, Internet of Systems…)
- (4)
- Enhancing advanced engineering (additive manufacturing such as 3D printing, ICTs, nanotechnology, renewable energies, biotechnology…)
- (1)
- Advanced technical skills: Proficiency in information and communication technologies (ICT), Big Data and data analysis, network management, programming, 3D printing, nano/biotechnology…
- (2)
- High-order cognitive skills: Abilities that encompass critical thinking, complex problem-solving, and informed decision-making.
- (3)
- Human and interpersonal skills: Competencies including creativity, social engagement and emotional intelligence.
1.2. Education
- (1)
- The current teaching process has plenty of room for interactivity improvement (which is required for better and longer learning)
- (2)
- Assessments only evaluate the amount of learned knowledge, but not the acquired competencies/skills
- (3)
- There is a wide time gap between receiving knowledge and its application in practice.
1.3. Education 4.0
- (1)
- New student-centered learning strategies (heutagogy, peeragogy, cybergogy…)
- (2)
- Location and time-independent learning
- (3)
- Personalized learning
- (4)
- Interactive/collaborative learning
- (5)
- Gamification to raise engagement
- (6)
- Online sources of information (web, massive open online courses—MOOCs…)
- (7)
- Teacher to mentor transition
2. Literature Review
2.1. Origins of AI in Education: Intelligent Tutoring Systems
2.2. AI Evolution: Generative AI
2.3. Generative AI in Education
2.4. Generative AI in Science Education
3. Methods
- Desired outcomes: This empirical study aims to systematically assess the complementary and well-defined use of ChatGPT outside the traditional school environment (mainly focused on correcting specific homework assignments designed by the teacher and solving students’ particular doubts and needs) on K-12 (15 to 16 year-olds) students learning chemistry and physics. The outcomes to be monitored in order to evaluate the impact of AI on students were their proficiency (through grades evolution) and their perception of the AI as an educational tool, before and after the intervention.
- Appropriate level of automation: The study has been designed within a blended learning pedagogical approach, where the teacher role is essential as not only mentor but also facilitator [77]. Thus, K-12 students kept the constructivist/connectivist presential learning at school in combination with online learning experiences designed by the teacher (flipped learning/cybergogy [78]). The only difference arose for those students in the experimental group, who might complement their homework tasks by means of ChatGPT, employed as an educational tool able to correct assignments, solve doubts and guide the students towards a better understanding of the lesson and a stronger and longer-term settlement of knowledge. Therefore, only partial automation is considered.
- Ethical considerations: The procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the national and European ethical standards (European Network of Research Ethics Committees), the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, the 1978 Belmont report, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (26 October 2012), and the EU General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679). As the study involved 15 to 16-year-old students, parental informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Main ethical concerns discussed in the bibliography are related to intellectual property, privacy, biases, fairness, accuracy, transparency, lack of robustness against “jailbreaking prompts”, and the electricity and water consumption needed to sustain the AI servers [79,80,81,82]. The use of ChatGPT planned in this study leaves little room for intellectual property, privacy or transparency issues. Also, jailbreaking prompts seem not to be useful for students in this case. However, students misusing ChatGPT to do their homework instead of positively exploiting AI to correct their homework and solve their doubts might be a potential problem [56], but this technology is so new and attractive that students will easily be engaged to test ChatGPT and its potential benefits. Anyhow, the potential misuse might easily be detected by comparing students’ grades before and after the intervention, as grades of students misusing the AI should never show any improvement. Another potential consideration might be the generation of incorrect or biased information, as the AI answers are limited by the previous training and some mathematical hallucinations have already been detected [83]. Thus, a previous validation of ChatGPT’s performance in the specific field of K-12 chemistry and physics will be assessed. In the case of large language models, bias can be defined as the appearance of systematic misrepresentations, attribution errors or factual distortions based on learned patterns, that might drive support for certain groups or ideas over others, preserving stereotypes or even making incorrect assumptions [84]. Training data, algorithms and other factors might contribute to the rise of demographic, cultural, linguistic, temporal, confirmation, and ideological/political biases [84]. However, these potential preexisting biases within the model should not affect the utility of AI within the field of interest (K-12 science education), even if users should and will be aware of this possibility. Besides those considerations, the impact of this study on learners focuses on achieving a better understanding of the lesson, and a stronger and longer-term settlement of knowledge. Concerning teachers, they would be assisted in a time- and location-independent manner by AI in their task of mentoring students, leaving teachers more time to personally satisfy particular students’ needs.
- Evaluation of the effectiveness: According to the bibliography, the gold standard for measuring change after any intervention (i.e., within educational research) is the experimental design model [85], and it was chosen to assess the proposed educational approach.
3.1. Proposition of the Experiment
3.2. Independent Variable (Factor): Complementary Use of AI
- Description: The independent variable or factor was the use of a learning tool (AI).
- Levels: This variable counts on two levels:
- ▪
- With tool (Experimental group): Students who used the learning tool.
- ▪
- Without tool (Control group): Students who did not use the learning tool.
- Objective: To assess whether using the learning tool affects both academic performance and students’ perception of its usefulness.
3.3. Response Variables (Dependent Variables): Complementary Use of AI
- The design included two response variables, each measuring the potential effects of the independent variable.
- Response variable 1: Students’ grades
- ▪
- Description: This variable represented students’ academic performance, typically expressed on a numerical scale.
- ▪
- Objective: To determine if there was a difference in academic performance between the experimental and the control group.
- ▪
- Type of variable: Continuous, as grades are generally expressed in numerical values that allow for statistical calculations.
- Response variable 2: Students’ perception of the learning tool
- ▪
- Description: This variable referred to students’ perceptions regarding the use of the learning tool.
- ▪
- Objective: To evaluate how students perceived the tool’s usefulness.
- ▪
- Type of variable: Ordinal—the students’ perception was recorded by means of a five-level Likert scale.
3.4. Type of Design: Non-Randomized Unifactorial Design with Control Group
- Unifactorial design: Only one factor is under study, which is the use of the tool.
- Non-randomized design: Randomization was not an option for the present study, as counting on two groups of students (the experimental and the control group) with balanced students’ level of proficiency (low, medium and high) might avoid potential biases coming from groups with unbalanced levels of proficiency. Despite this advantage, it implied a potential selection bias.
- Control and Experimental Groups: A control group (without tool) was used to compare outcomes with the experimental group (with tool) and to observe any significant differences.
3.5. Design Analysis
- Counting on two response variables (students’ grades and perception of AI), the analysis was conducted separately for each response variable.
- Comparison of means (grades): Grades were the primary measure of performance, so a difference-in-means test such as the t-test was used between groups to assess the tool’s impact.
3.6. Design Limitations
- Lack of randomization: As the design was non-randomized, it was subject to selection bias, as other uncontrolled factors (such as prior skills or students’ motivation) might influence the results.
- Internal and External Validity: The lack of randomization limited the internal validity, by hampering the capacity to ensure that differences are due to the tool and not to other factors, and might also affect the external validity, by not applying the generalization of the obtained results to other contexts or populations.
3.7. Participants
- Assessment of ChatGPT’s performance in the field of chemistry and physics for K-12 students
- Assessment of ChatGPT’s impact on real K-12 (15 to 16-year-old) students learning chemistry
- Strongly disagree.
- Disagree.
- Neither agree nor disagree.
- Agree.
- Strongly agree.
- (a)
- Chemical calculations (gas laws). Sheets 1 and 2 presented a concretion of the gas equation of the state, in the final form of ideal gas law, related to the mole content of the gas sample. The exercises on sheets 1 and 2 request the direct and single calculation of moles, volume, or pressure from the exercise statement including the complete dataset. Each sheet includes six exercises.
- (b)
- Gas or volume to mole relationships, as a more advanced learning. Sheets 3 and 4 introduced Avogadro’s Law. Each sheet introduces a set of six exercises considering the calculation of a single parameter (n (mole) or V (volume)) both in the reactant and/or product species of a particular chemical reaction. Pressure (in atmospheres), temperature (absolute, in Kelvin, K), and stoichiometric factors were provided in the exercise to reduce complexity. The document included a brief theoretical exercise requesting a particular reformulation of Avogadro’s Law (mole to volume ratio).
- How long did it take you to complete the session?
- What aspects of the session have you found more difficult?
- Rate your level of agreement (1: Strongly disagree, 2: Disagree, 3: Neither agree nor disagree, 4: Agree, 5: Strongly agree) with the following sentences:
- 3.1
- You have understood the theoretical concepts.
- 3.2
- You know how to apply the theoretical concepts.
- 4.
- Rate your level of agreement (1–5) with the following sentences:
- 4.1
- The approach offered by ChatGPT to solve the exercise is correct.
- 4.2
- The numerical result of the exercise provided by ChatGPT is correct.
- 4.3
- ChatGPT is useful as a complementary educational tool (for solving theoretical doubts or correcting problems) in the absence of a teacher.
4. Results
4.1. Assessment of ChatGPT’s Performance in the Field of Chemistry and Physics for K-12 Students
- ChatGPT performance in 2023
- ChatGPT, being a language model, handled understanding questions and providing answers in different languages perfectly (Figures S7 and S8).
- The AI, being a language model, elaborated the answers according to the literal request of information.
- The chatbot provided an answer in real-time, but it was written word by word, probably in an attempt to resemble a human, which contributed to a closer and meaningful experience for the user.
- ChatGPT was responsive to different prompts (write, act, create, list, translate, summarize, define, analyze etc.). In this case, the prompt “act” was exploited to request the AI to behave as a science teacher able to explain in detail the solutions to the different questions (Figure S4).
- The chatbot took into account the context of the conversation, which might improve its comprehension of the subject being debated and allow it to make reference to a concept or idea that was previously discussed (Figure S5).
- ChatGPT furnished information that was sensitive to operators as “TRUE, FALSE” (question 8, Figures S22 and S23).
- The AI could handle not only theoretical doubts, but also problem-solving tasks. In the latter case, the chatbot perfectly recognized and applied the values, unities and, more importantly, the concept being requested.
- ChatGPT could return answers to several questions formulated at the same time. However, it usually provided more detailed answers when questions were divided.
- Being a language model, ChatGPT could not recognize images as proper inputs.
- When the inputs required to understand the question (such as subindexes and superindexes) could not be normally written, the user was forced to develop an alternative code to introduce the lacking data (such as that in question 1, involving a customized notation created in real-time to make the AI understand how to recognize the atomic mass and atomic number of some isotopes that were provided within the question, Figure S5).
- The chatbot could not create images as outputs even with the first version of GPT-4 (i.e., question 21), though the textual description that was offered instead was very clear, illustrative and correct.
- The AI, being a language model, encountered some problems with mathematical calculations (question 50, Figures S81 and S82). Even if they were more frequent in the GPT-3.5 model, occasional mathematical hallucinations persisted in the GPT-4 model.
- The chatbot did not handle correctly all the periodic properties of elements.
- ChatGPT performance in 2023
4.2. Assessment of ChatGPT’s Impact on Real K-12 (15 to 16-Year-Old) Students Learning Chemistry
4.2.1. How Long Did It Take You to Complete the Session?
4.2.2. In What Aspects of the Session Have You Found More Difficulties?
4.2.3. Rate Your Level of Agreement (1: Strongly Disagree, 2: Disagree, 3: Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4: Agree, 5: Strongly Agree) with the Following Statements
- You have understood the theoretical concepts.
- You know how to apply the theoretical concepts.
4.2.4. Rate Your Level of Agreement (1–5) with the Following Sentences
- The approach offered by ChatGPT to solve the exercise is correct.
- The numerical result of the exercise provided by ChatGPT is correct.
- ChatGPT is useful as a complementary educational tool (for solving theoretical doubts or correcting problems) in the absence of a teacher.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Question | Score | Question | Score | Question | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 37 | 1 |
2 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 38 | 0 |
3 | 1 | 21 | 0.67 | 39 | 1 |
4 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 40 | 1 |
5 | 0 | 23 | 1 | 41 | 1 |
6 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 42 | 1 |
7 | 1 | 25 | 1 | 43 | 1 |
8 | 1 | 26 | 1 | 44 | 1 |
9 | 0.50 | 27 | 1 | 45 | 1 |
10 | 1 | 28 | 1 | 46 | 1 |
11 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 47 | 1 |
12 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 48 | 0.67 |
13 | 1 | 31 | 1 | 49 | 1 |
14 | 1 | 32 | 1 | 50 | 0.50 |
15 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 51 | 1 |
16 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 52 | 1 |
17 | 1 | 35 | 1 | ||
18 | 1 | 36 | 1 | Final Score | 9.3/10 |
Question | Score | Question | Score | Question | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 37 | 1 |
2 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 38 | 1 |
3 | 1 | 21 | 0.67 | 39 | 1 |
4 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 40 | 1 |
5 | 0 | 23 | 1 | 41 | 1 |
6 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 42 | 1 |
7 | 1 | 25 | 1 | 43 | 1 |
8 | 1 | 26 | 1 | 44 | 1 |
9 | 0.50 | 27 | 1 | 45 | 1 |
10 | 1 | 28 | 1 | 46 | 1 |
11 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 47 | 1 |
12 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 48 | 1 |
13 | 1 | 31 | 1 | 49 | 1 |
14 | 1 | 32 | 1 | 50 | 0.50 |
15 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 51 | 1 |
16 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 52 | 1 |
17 | 1 | 35 | 1 | ||
18 | 1 | 36 | 1 | Final Score | 9.7/10 |
Control Group | Before | After | Experimental Group | Before | After |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 5.62 | 6.69 | Mean | 4.37 | 7.11 |
Standard deviation | 6.8225 | 5.2588 | Standard deviation | 2.5190 | 4.3867 |
Observations | 4 | 4 | Observations | 19 | 19 |
Pearson correlation coefficient | 0.7697 | Pearson correlation coefficient | 0.5951 | ||
Hypothetical difference of means | 0 | Hypothetical difference of means | 0 | ||
Degrees of freedom | 3 | Degrees of freedom | 18 | ||
t statistic | −1.2654 | t statistic | −6.9602 | ||
P(T ≤ t) one-tailed test | 0.1475 | P(T ≤ t) one-tailed test | 8.3829 × 10−7 | ||
t critical value (one-tailed test) | 2.3533 | t critical value (one-tailed test) | 1.7341 | ||
P(T ≤ t) two-tailed test | 0.2951 | P(T ≤ t) two-tailed test | 1.6766 × 10−6 | ||
t critical value (two-tailed test) | 3.1824 | t critical value (two-tailed test) | 2.10092204 |
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Castañeda, R.; Martínez-Gómez-Aldaraví, A.; Mercadé, L.; Gómez, V.J.; Mengual, T.; Díaz-Fernández, F.J.; Sinusia Lozano, M.; Navarro Arenas, J.; Barreda, Á.; Gómez, M.; et al. Use of ChatGPT as a Virtual Mentor on K-12 Students Learning Science in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Knowledge 2024, 4, 582-614. https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4040031
Castañeda R, Martínez-Gómez-Aldaraví A, Mercadé L, Gómez VJ, Mengual T, Díaz-Fernández FJ, Sinusia Lozano M, Navarro Arenas J, Barreda Á, Gómez M, et al. Use of ChatGPT as a Virtual Mentor on K-12 Students Learning Science in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Knowledge. 2024; 4(4):582-614. https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4040031
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastañeda, Rafael, Andrea Martínez-Gómez-Aldaraví, Laura Mercadé, Víctor Jesús Gómez, Teresa Mengual, Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández, Miguel Sinusia Lozano, Juan Navarro Arenas, Ángela Barreda, Maribel Gómez, and et al. 2024. "Use of ChatGPT as a Virtual Mentor on K-12 Students Learning Science in the Fourth Industrial Revolution" Knowledge 4, no. 4: 582-614. https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4040031
APA StyleCastañeda, R., Martínez-Gómez-Aldaraví, A., Mercadé, L., Gómez, V. J., Mengual, T., Díaz-Fernández, F. J., Sinusia Lozano, M., Navarro Arenas, J., Barreda, Á., Gómez, M., Pinilla-Cienfuegos, E., & Ortiz de Zárate, D. (2024). Use of ChatGPT as a Virtual Mentor on K-12 Students Learning Science in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Knowledge, 4(4), 582-614. https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4040031