Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 August 2025 | Viewed by 13929

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes—Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
2. IDMEC—Mechanical Engineering Institute, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: wave energy; modeling; control; PLC programming; equipment development
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E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Mechanical Engineering Department, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal
2. CENTEC—Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering, University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: renewable energy; wave energy converters; fault-tolerant control systems; multi-agent systems; soft robotics; digital factories
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is pleased to announce a Special Issue entitled "Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition" based on the great success of our previous Special Issue with the same title. The aim of this Special Issue is to collate and publish original research articles covering the latest developments in the field of offshore wind and wave energy. Some potential topics might include, but are not limited to, technological aspects, such as new devices and their designs, modeling, control algorithms and simulation approaches, power optimization, energy harnessing, storage, management and grid connection. The Guest Editors of this Special Issue, together with the Editors of the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering will provide a high-quality reviewing process and ensure efficient publication of original research and review articles.

Dr. Pedro Beirão
Dr. Mário J. G. C. Mendes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy
  • wind energy
  • wave energy
  • offshore wind devices
  • offshore wave energy converters
  • modeling
  • control
  • wind and wave energy management

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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42 pages, 10326 KiB  
Article
Analysis, Forecasting, and System Identification of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition
by Giorgio Palma, Andrea Bardazzi, Alessia Lucarelli, Chiara Pilloton, Andrea Serani, Claudio Lugni and Matteo Diez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(4), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040656 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
This article presents the data-driven equation-free modeling of the dynamics of a hexafloat floating offshore wind turbine based on the application of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). The DMD has here been used (i) to extract knowledge from the dynamic system through its modal [...] Read more.
This article presents the data-driven equation-free modeling of the dynamics of a hexafloat floating offshore wind turbine based on the application of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). The DMD has here been used (i) to extract knowledge from the dynamic system through its modal analysis, (ii) for short-term forecasting (nowcasting) from the knowledge of the immediate past of the system state, and (iii) for system identification and reduced-order modeling. All the analyses are performed on experimental data collected from an operating prototype. The nowcasting method for motions, accelerations, and forces acting on the floating system applies Hankel-DMD, a methodological extension that includes time-delayed copies of the states in an augmented state vector. The system identification task is performed by using Hankel-DMD with a control (Hankel-DMDc), which models the system as externally forced. The influence of the main hyperparameters of the methods is investigated with a full factorial analysis using error metrics analyzing complementary aspects of the prediction. A Bayesian extension of the Hankel-DMD and Hankel-DMDc is introduced by considering the hyperparameters as stochastic variables, enriching the predictions with uncertainty quantification. The results show the capability of the approaches for data-lean nowcasting and system identification, with computational costs being compatible with real-time applications. Accurate predictions are obtained up to 4 wave encounters for nowcasting and 20 wave encounters for system identification, suggesting the potential of the methods for real-time continuous-learning digital twinning and surrogate data-driven reduced-order modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 5927 KiB  
Article
Long-Term (1979–2024) Variation Trend in Wave Power in the South China Sea
by Yifeng Tong, Junmin Li, Wuyang Chen and Bo Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(3), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030524 - 9 Mar 2025
Viewed by 629
Abstract
Wave power (WP) is a strategic oceanic resource. Previous studies have extensively researched the long-term variations in WP in the South China Sea (SCS) for energy planning and utilization. This study extends the analysis of long-term trends to the last year based on [...] Read more.
Wave power (WP) is a strategic oceanic resource. Previous studies have extensively researched the long-term variations in WP in the South China Sea (SCS) for energy planning and utilization. This study extends the analysis of long-term trends to the last year based on ERA5 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5) reanalysis data from 1979 to 2024. Our results mainly indicate that the trends in WP after 2011 are significantly different from those before 2011. Before 2011, the WP in the SCS primarily showed an increasing trend, but, after 2011, it shifted to a decreasing trend. This trend has seasonal differences, manifested as being consistent with the annual trend in winter and spring while being inconsistent with the annual trend in summer and autumn. It indicates that the opposite trend in WP before and after 2011 was mainly the result of WP variations in winter and spring. To illustrate the driving factor for the WP’s variations, the contemporary long-term trend of the wind fields is systematically analyzed. Analysis results reveal that, regardless of seasonal differences or spatial distribution, the two trends are consistent in most situations, indicating that wind fields are the dominant factor for the long-term variations in WP. Meanwhile, the effects of the wind fields on the WP variations can also be modulated by environmental factors such as oceanic swell propagation and local topography. This study contributes to the knowledge of the latest trends and driving factors regarding the WP in the SCS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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25 pages, 12921 KiB  
Article
Quantum-Inspired MoE-Based Optimal Operation of a Wave Hydrogen Microgrid for Integrated Water, Hydrogen, and Electricity Supply and Trade
by Hady H. Fayek, Fady H. Fayek and Eugen Rusu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030461 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1230
Abstract
This research explores the optimal operation of an offshore wave-powered hydrogen system, specifically designed to supply electricity and water to a bay in Humboldt, California, USA, and also sell it with hydrogen. The system incorporates a desalination unit to provide the island with [...] Read more.
This research explores the optimal operation of an offshore wave-powered hydrogen system, specifically designed to supply electricity and water to a bay in Humboldt, California, USA, and also sell it with hydrogen. The system incorporates a desalination unit to provide the island with fresh water and feed the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen. The optimization process utilizes a mixture of experts in conjunction with the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) algorithm traditionally used in drug design, to achieve two main objectives: minimizing operational costs and maximizing revenue from the sale of water, hydrogen, and electricity. Many case studies are examined, representing typical electricity demand and wave conditions during typical summer, winter, spring, and fall days. The simulation, optimization, and results are carried out using MATLAB 2018 and SAM 2024 software applications. The findings demonstrate that the combination of the QSAR algorithm and quantum-inspired MoE results in higher revenue and lower costs compared to other current techniques, with hydrogen sales being the primary contributor to increased income. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 9412 KiB  
Article
Research on Decoupling Duty Cycle Optimization Control Method of a Multiport Converter for Dual-Port Direct Drive Wave Power Generation System
by Lei Huang, Shixiang Wang, Baoyi Pan, Haitao Liu, Jiyu Zhang and Shiquan Wu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(10), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101811 - 11 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1137
Abstract
Dual-port direct drive wave energy power generation systems (DP-DDWEPGS) have received widespread attention due to their smooth and zero-free output power, compared to single-port direct drive wave energy power generation systems (SP-DDWEPGS) which have the disadvantage of large out-put power fluctuations. To further [...] Read more.
Dual-port direct drive wave energy power generation systems (DP-DDWEPGS) have received widespread attention due to their smooth and zero-free output power, compared to single-port direct drive wave energy power generation systems (SP-DDWEPGS) which have the disadvantage of large out-put power fluctuations. To further enhance the performance of the DP-DDWEPGS, optimal power capture control is proposed to achieve maximum power point tracking. Meanwhile, a multiport converter is applied to the DP-DDWEPGS to solve the problem caused by an excessive number of switching devices in the overall system converter. The multiport converter fulfills all the functional requirements of the DP-DDWEPGS while reducing the number of switching devices. However, switch multiplexing of the multiport converter also introduces coupling relationships between each port and the wave force exhibits time-varying characteristics, necessitating advanced control methods with superior fast-tracking capability. Therefore, in this paper, a decoupling duty cycle optimization model predictive control for DP-DDWEPGS is proposed. Based on the characteristics of switching multiplexing, NSC finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) decouples the current prediction and the cost function, reduces the number of candidate voltage vectors in each operation, and shortens the operation time by 70%. To address the issues of high ripple value and increased error due to decoupling in FCS-MPC, duty cycle optimization control is added, greatly reducing the fluctuations in electromagnetic force and power of the permanent magnet linear generator (PMLG). Based on the established simulation model, the feasibility and superiority of the multiport converter and decoupling duty cycle optimization model predictive current control method are verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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33 pages, 12159 KiB  
Article
Advancing Offshore Renewable Energy: Integrative Approaches in Floating Offshore Wind Turbine-Oscillating Water Column Systems Using Artificial Intelligence-Driven Regressive Modeling and Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control
by Irfan Ahmad, Fares M’zoughi, Payam Aboutalebi, Aitor J. Garrido and Izaskun Garrido
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(8), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081292 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 2318
Abstract
This research investigates the integration of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) with Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs) to enhance sustainable energy generation, focusing on addressing dynamic complexities and uncertainties inherent in such systems. The novelty of this study lies in its dual approach, which [...] Read more.
This research investigates the integration of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) with Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs) to enhance sustainable energy generation, focusing on addressing dynamic complexities and uncertainties inherent in such systems. The novelty of this study lies in its dual approach, which integrates regressive modeling with an aero-hydro-elasto-servo-mooring coupled system with a deep data-driven network and implements a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control mechanism to improve system stability. By employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), the study circumvents the challenges of real-time closed-loop control on FOWT structures using the OpenFAST simulation tool. Data-driven models, trained on OpenFAST datasets, facilitate real-time predictive behavior analysis and decision-making. Advanced computational learning techniques, particularly ANNs, accurately replicate the dynamics of FOWT-OWC numerical models. An intelligent PID control mechanism is subsequently applied to mitigate structural vibrations, ensuring effective control. A comparative analysis with traditional barge-based FOWT systems underscores the enhanced modeling and control methodologies’ effectiveness. In this sense, the experimental results demonstrate substantial reductions in the mean oscillation amplitude, with reductions from 5% to 35% observed across various scenarios. Specifically, at a wave period from 20 s and a wind speed of 5 m/s, the fore-aft displacement was reduced by 35%, exemplifying the PID control system’s robustness and efficacy under diverse conditions. This study highlights the potential of ANN-driven modeling as an alternative to managing the complex non-linear dynamics of NREL 5 MW FOWT models and underscores the significant improvements in system stability through tailored PID gain scheduling across various operational scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 5004 KiB  
Article
A Jacket-Frame Mounted Oscillating Water Column with a Variable Aperture Skirt
by Carlos Pérez-Collazo, Deborah M. Greaves and Gregorio Iglesias
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(12), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122383 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1791
Abstract
During the last decade jacket-frames have emerged as the main kind of substructure for bottom-mounted offshore wind farms in intermediate water depths. With the offshore wind industry moving towards deeper waters, the predominance of jacket-frames is expected to increase in future years. Multipurpose [...] Read more.
During the last decade jacket-frames have emerged as the main kind of substructure for bottom-mounted offshore wind farms in intermediate water depths. With the offshore wind industry moving towards deeper waters, the predominance of jacket-frames is expected to increase in future years. Multipurpose platforms combining wind and wave energy are proposed as an innovative solution to enhance the sustainability of offshore wind energy. In this research, a multipurpose platform is investigated with a novel feature in its oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter—a variable geometry skirt. A comprehensive physical modelling campaign was carried out using a 1:50 scale model. The performance of the OWC and its interaction with the wave field were investigated under four different skirt aperture angles. It was found that the skirt aperture angle plays a significant role in the capture-width ratio and the pneumatic mean power of the OWC. The best performance was obtained with a skirt aperture angle of 140 deg. More generally, these results prove that the variable-geometry skirt is a promising innovation for hybrid wave-wind systems mounted on jacket-frame substructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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23 pages, 8364 KiB  
Article
A Novel Composite Pitch Control Scheme for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines with Actuator Fault Consideration
by Shuang Liu, Yaozhen Han, Ronglin Ma, Mingdong Hou and Chao Kang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(12), 2272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122272 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1484
Abstract
It is of great importance to simultaneously stabilize output power and suppress platform motion and fatigue loads in floating offshore wind turbine control systems. In this paper, a novel composite blade pitch control scheme considering actuator fault is proposed based on an augmented [...] Read more.
It is of great importance to simultaneously stabilize output power and suppress platform motion and fatigue loads in floating offshore wind turbine control systems. In this paper, a novel composite blade pitch control scheme considering actuator fault is proposed based on an augmented linear quadratic regulator (LQR), a fuzzy proportional integral (PI) and an adaptive second-order sliding-mode observer. Collective pitch control was achieved via the fuzzy PI, while individual pitch control was based on the augmented LQR. In the case of actuator fault, an adaptive second-order sliding-mode observer was constructed to effectively eliminate the need for the upper bound of unknown fault derivatives and suppress the chattering effect. This paper conducted co-simulations based on FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) and MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed scheme under different environmental conditions. It is shown that platform roll was reduced by approximately 54% compared to that under PI control. For the tower fore–aft moment, load reductions of 45% or more were achievable. The proposed scheme can greatly reduce the pitch and roll of the floating platform and loads in the windward direction of the wind turbine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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Review

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34 pages, 11771 KiB  
Review
A Review and Design Principle of Fixed-Bottom Foundation Scour Protection Schemes for Offshore Wind Energy
by Dongyue Gao, Xinying Pan, Bingchen Liang, Bo Yang, Guoxiang Wu and Zhenlu Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040660 - 16 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3588
Abstract
Foundation scour is the erosion of sediments around pile foundations by wave and current in offshore wind energy. This phenomenon destabilizes foundations and poses a threat to pile safety. Therefore, scour protection becomes a crucial challenge in offshore wind projects. This paper reviews [...] Read more.
Foundation scour is the erosion of sediments around pile foundations by wave and current in offshore wind energy. This phenomenon destabilizes foundations and poses a threat to pile safety. Therefore, scour protection becomes a crucial challenge in offshore wind projects. This paper reviews and synthesizes recent publications and patented technologies related to scour protection. Considering the primary engineering concerns, the paper proposes design principles for effective scour protection schemes to standardize evaluation criteria. These principles prioritize efficacy, independence, and cost-efficiency, enabling the analysis of scour protection scheme applicability. In addition, this paper summarizes and describes common protection schemes in the literature. The effectiveness of their protection is analyzed and summarized, and their economic and performance independence is evaluated. This paper categorizes flow-altering scour protection schemes found in the literature. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and engineering requirements of scour protection, the paper proposes a focus on determining the erosion reduction rate curve (EpU/Uc curve) as a key criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of protection schemes under varying flow velocities and the erosion reduction rate of scour protection schemes under extreme conditions. The study highlights the necessity of establishing a comprehensive design evaluation methodology, which is crucial for addressing the significant challenges related to scour encountered in offshore wind power projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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