Journal of Functional Biomaterials

11 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Superfluorinated, Highly Water-Soluble Polyphosphazenes as Potential ¹⁹F Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agents

by Paul Strasser, Verena Schinegger, Joachim Friske, Oliver Brüggemann, Thomas H. Helbich, Ian Teasdale and Irena Pashkunova-Martic

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020040 - 10 Feb 2024

Viewed by 2518

Abstract

“Hot spot” ¹⁹F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has garnered significant attention recently for its ability to image various disease markers quantitatively. Unlike conventional gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents, which rely on proton signal modulation, ¹⁹F-MRI’s direct detection has a unique advantage in [...] Read more.

“Hot spot” ¹⁹F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has garnered significant attention recently for its ability to image various disease markers quantitatively. Unlike conventional gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents, which rely on proton signal modulation, ¹⁹F-MRI’s direct detection has a unique advantage in vivo, as the human body exhibits a negligible background ¹⁹F-signal. However, existing perfluorocarbon (PFC) or PFC-based contrast materials suffer from several limitations, including low longitudinal relaxation rates and relatively low imaging efficiency. Hence, we designed a macromolecular contrast agent featuring a high number of magnetically equivalent ¹⁹F-nuclei in a single macromolecule, adequate fluorine nucleus mobility, and excellent water solubility. This design utilizes superfluorinated polyphosphazene (PPz) polymers as the ¹⁹F-source; these are modified with sodium mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNa) to achieve water solubility exceeding 360 mg/mL, which is a similar solubility to that of sodium chloride. We observed substantial signal enhancement in MRI with these novel macromolecular carriers compared to non-enhanced surroundings and aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) used as a positive control. In conclusion, these novel water-soluble macromolecular carriers represent a promising platform for future MRI contrast agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Polymers for the Delivery of Vaccines and Therapeutics)

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23 pages, 26500 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fretting and Fretting Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-Nb-Zr Alloys in Air and Physiological Solutions

by Annsley O. Mace, Michael A. Kurtz and Jeremy L. Gilbert

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020038 - 5 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2938

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) of orthopedic implants has increased in recent years, providing benefits to surgeons, patients, and implant companies. Both traditional and new titanium alloys are under consideration for AM-manufactured implants. However, concerns remain about their wear and corrosion (tribocorrosion) performance. In this [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) of orthopedic implants has increased in recent years, providing benefits to surgeons, patients, and implant companies. Both traditional and new titanium alloys are under consideration for AM-manufactured implants. However, concerns remain about their wear and corrosion (tribocorrosion) performance. In this study, the effects of fretting corrosion were investigated on AM Ti-29Nb-21Zr (pre-alloyed and admixed) and AM Ti-6Al-4V with 1% nano yttria-stabilized zirconia (nYSZ). Low cycle (100 cycles, 3 Hz, 100 mN) fretting and fretting corrosion (potentiostatic, 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) methods were used to compare these AM alloys to traditionally manufactured AM Ti-6Al-4V. Alloy and admixture surfaces were subjected to (1) fretting in the air (i.e., small-scale reciprocal sliding) and (2) fretting corrosion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) using a single diamond asperity (17 µm radius). Wear track depth measurements, fretting currents and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of oxide debris revealed that pre-alloyed AM Ti-29Nb-21Zr generally had greater wear depths after 100 cycles (4.67 +/− 0.55 µm dry and 5.78 +/− 0.83 µm in solution) and higher fretting currents (0.58 +/− 0.07 µA). A correlation (R² = 0.67) was found between wear depth and the average fretting currents with different alloys located in different regions of the relationship. No statistically significant differences were observed in wear depth between in-air and in-PBS tests. However, significantly higher amounts of oxygen (measured by oxygen weight % by EDS analysis of the debris) were embedded within the wear track for tests performed in PBS compared to air for all samples except the ad-mixed Ti-29Nb-21Zr (p = 0.21). For traditional and AM Ti-6Al-4V, the wear track depths (dry fretting: 2.90 +/− 0.32 µm vs. 2.51 +/− 0.51 μm, respectively; fretting corrosion: 2.09 +/− 0.59 μm vs. 1.16 +/− 0.79 μm, respectively) and fretting current measurements (0.37 +/− 0.05 μA vs. 0.34 +/− 0.05 μA, respectively) showed no significant differences. The dominant wear deformation process was plastic deformation followed by cyclic extrusion of plate-like wear debris at the end of the stroke, resulting in ribbon-like extruded material for all alloys. While previous work documented improved corrosion resistance of Ti-29Nb-21Zr in simulated inflammatory solutions over Ti-6Al-4V, this work does not show similar improvements in the relative fretting corrosion resistance of these alloys compared to Ti-6Al-4V. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)

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19 pages, 7431 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multifunctional ZnO@DOX/ICG-LMHP Nanoparticles for Synergistic Multimodal Antitumor Activity

by Zhuoyue Li, Jingru Wang, Junwei Liu, Jianming Yu, Jingwen Wang, Hui Wang, Qingchao Wei, Man Liu, Meiqi Xu, Zhenhan Feng, Ting Zhong and Xuan Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020035 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3156

Abstract

Multifunctional nanoparticles are of significant importance for synergistic multimodal antitumor activity. Herein, zinc oxide (ZnO) was used as pH-sensitive nanoparticles for loading the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin (DOX) and the photosensitizer agent indocyanine green (ICG), and biocompatible low-molecular-weight heparin (LMHP) was used as the [...] Read more.

Multifunctional nanoparticles are of significant importance for synergistic multimodal antitumor activity. Herein, zinc oxide (ZnO) was used as pH-sensitive nanoparticles for loading the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin (DOX) and the photosensitizer agent indocyanine green (ICG), and biocompatible low-molecular-weight heparin (LMHP) was used as the gatekeepers for synergistic photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy/chemotherapy/immunotherapy. ZnO was decomposed into cytotoxic Zn²⁺ ions, leading to a tumor-specific release of ICG and DOX. ZnO simultaneously produced oxygen (O₂) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The released ICG under laser irradiation produced ROS for PDT and raised the tumor temperature for photothermal therapy (PTT). The released DOX directly caused tumor cell death for chemotherapy. Both DOX and ICG also induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) for immunotherapy. The in vivo and in vitro results presented a superior inhibition of tumor progression, metastasis and recurrence. Therefore, this study could provide an efficient approach for designing multifunctional nanoparticles for synergistic multimodal antitumor therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)

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35 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Use of Functional Biomaterials in Aesthetic and Functional Restoration in Orbital Surgery

by Kevin Y. Wu, Jamie K. Fujioka, Patrick Daigle and Simon D. Tran

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020033 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3744

Abstract

The integration of functional biomaterials in oculoplastic and orbital surgery is a pivotal area where material science and clinical practice converge. This review, encompassing primary research from 2015 to 2023, delves into the use of biomaterials in two key areas: the reconstruction of [...] Read more.

The integration of functional biomaterials in oculoplastic and orbital surgery is a pivotal area where material science and clinical practice converge. This review, encompassing primary research from 2015 to 2023, delves into the use of biomaterials in two key areas: the reconstruction of orbital floor fractures and the development of implants and prostheses for anophthalmic sockets post-eye removal. The discussion begins with an analysis of orbital floor injuries, including their pathophysiology and treatment modalities. It is noted that titanium mesh remains the gold standard for orbital floor repair due to its effectiveness. The review then examines the array of materials used for orbital implants and prostheses, highlighting the dependence on surgeon preference and experience, as there are currently no definitive guidelines. While recent innovations in biomaterials show promise, the review underscores the need for more clinical data before these new materials can be widely adopted in clinical settings. The review advocates for an interdisciplinary approach in orbital surgery, emphasizing patient-centered care and the potential of biomaterials to significantly enhance patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women in Science: Functional Biomaterials)

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24 pages, 3982 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biomaterials Functionalized with Inflammasome Inhibitors—Premises and Perspectives

by Norina Vinţeler, Claudia Nicoleta Feurdean, Regina Petkes, Reka Barabas, Bianca Adina Boşca, Alexandrina Muntean, Dana Feștilă and Aranka Ilea

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020032 - 28 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3176

Abstract

This review aimed at searching literature for data regarding the inflammasomes’ involvement in the pathogenesis of oral diseases (mainly periodontitis) and general pathologies, including approaches to control inflammasome-related pathogenic mechanisms. The inflammasomes are part of the innate immune response that activates inflammatory caspases [...] Read more.

This review aimed at searching literature for data regarding the inflammasomes’ involvement in the pathogenesis of oral diseases (mainly periodontitis) and general pathologies, including approaches to control inflammasome-related pathogenic mechanisms. The inflammasomes are part of the innate immune response that activates inflammatory caspases by canonical and noncanonical pathways, to control the activity of Gasdermin D. Once an inflammasome is activated, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins, are released. Thus, inflammasomes are involved in inflammatory, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. The review also investigated novel therapies based on the use of phytochemicals and pharmaceutical substances for inhibiting inflammasome activity. Pharmaceutical substances can control the inflammasomes by three mechanisms: inhibiting the intracellular signaling pathways (Allopurinol and SS-31), blocking inflammasome components (VX-765, Emricasan and VX-740), and inhibiting cytokines mediated by the inflammasomes (Canakinumab, Anakinra and Rilonacept). Moreover, phytochemicals inhibit the inflammasomes by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Biomaterials functionalized by the adsorption of therapeutic agents onto different nanomaterials could represent future research directions to facilitate multimodal and sequential treatment in oral pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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11 pages, 2244 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Silicon Carbide Fiber Length on the Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus of Short Silicon Carbide Fiber-Reinforced Resin

by Norimasa Taka, Yujin Aoyagi, Keito Miida, Mitsugu Kanatani and Hiroshi Ogawa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020030 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2186

Abstract

Silicon carbide fibers have superior flexural properties and chemical stability compared to glass fibers. We investigated the flexural strength and modulus of an experimental, short silicon carbide fiber-reinforced resin. Short silicon carbide fibers with lengths of ~0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mm were [...] Read more.

Silicon carbide fibers have superior flexural properties and chemical stability compared to glass fibers. We investigated the flexural strength and modulus of an experimental, short silicon carbide fiber-reinforced resin. Short silicon carbide fibers with lengths of ~0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mm were prepared and silanized. Urethane dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate were mixed at a 70:30 wt% ratio and used as the matrix resins. Each length of short silicon carbide fibers and the matrix resin were combined using a mixing machine and then used for specimen preparation. The three-point bending test conditions were in accordance with ISO 4049:2009. The fracture surfaces of the specimens after the three-point bending test were observed using secondary electron images. The data were statistically analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s HSD test (α = 0.05). The flexural strength and modulus of the specimens containing 2 mm or 3 mm silicon carbide fibers were significantly higher than the other specimens. The river pattern was observed more clearly in specimens containing shorter silicon carbide fibers, although this pattern was observed in all specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 3455 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Rate of ZnAg3 as a Novel Bioabsorbable Material for Osteosynthesis

by Maria Roesner, Sergej Zankovic, Adalbert Kovacs, Moritz Benner, Roland Barkhoff and Michael Seidenstuecker

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020028 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2560

Abstract

Osteosynthesis in fracture treatment typically uses hardware that remains in the patient’s body, which brings a permanent risk of negative side effects such as foreign body reactions or chronic inflammation. Bioabsorbable materials, however, can degrade and slowly be replaced by autologous bone tissue. [...] Read more.

Osteosynthesis in fracture treatment typically uses hardware that remains in the patient’s body, which brings a permanent risk of negative side effects such as foreign body reactions or chronic inflammation. Bioabsorbable materials, however, can degrade and slowly be replaced by autologous bone tissue. A suitable material is requested to offer great biocompatibility alongside excellent mechanical properties and a reasonable corrosion rate. Zinc–silver alloys provide these characteristics, which makes them a promising candidate for research. This study investigated the aptitude as a bioabsorbable implant of a novel zinc–silver alloy containing 3.3 wt% silver (ZnAg3). Here, the tensile strength as well as the corrosion rate in PBS solution (phosphate buffered solution) of ZnAg3 were assessed. Furthermore, shear tests, including fatigue and quasi-static testing, were conducted with ZnAg3 and magnesium pins (MAGNEZIX^®, Syntellix AG, Hannover, Germany), which are already in clinical use. The detected corrosion rate of 0.10 mm/year for ZnAg3 was within the proposed range for bioabsorbable implants. With a tensile strength of 237.5 ± 2.12 MPa and a shear strength of 144.8 ± 13.2 N, ZnAg3 satisfied the mechanical requirements for bioabsorbable implants. The fatigue testing did not show any significant difference between ZnAg3 and magnesium pins, whereas both materials withstood the cyclic loading. Thus, the results support the assumption that ZnAg3 is qualified for further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bone Substitute Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 6823 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surface-Mediated Modulation of Different Biological Responses on Anatase-Coated Titanium

by Leila Mohammadnejad, Antonia Theurer, Julia Alber, Barbara Illing, Evi Kimmerle-Mueller, Jacob Schultheiss, Stefanie Krajewski and Frank Rupp

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020029 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

Various surface modification strategies are being developed to endow dental titanium implant surfaces with micro- and nano-structures to improve their biocompatibility, and first of all their osseointegration. These modifications have the potential to address clinical concerns by stimulating different biological processes. This study [...] Read more.

Various surface modification strategies are being developed to endow dental titanium implant surfaces with micro- and nano-structures to improve their biocompatibility, and first of all their osseointegration. These modifications have the potential to address clinical concerns by stimulating different biological processes. This study aims to evaluate the biological responses of ananatase-modified blasted/etched titanium (SLA-anatase) surfaces compared to blasted/acid etched (SLA) and machined titanium surfaces. Using unipolar pulsed direct current (DC) sputtering, a nanocrystalline anatase layer was fabricated. In vitro experiments have shown that SLA-anatase discs can effectively promote osteoblast adhesion and proliferation, which are regarded as important features of a successful dental implant with bone contact. Furthermore, anatase surface modification has been shown to partially enhance osteoblast mineralization in vitro, while not significantly affecting bacterial colonization. Consequently, the recently created anatase coating holds significant potential as a promising candidate for future advancements in dental implant surface modification for improving the initial stages of osseointegration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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17 pages, 3429 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Engineering Degradation Rate of Polyphosphazene-Based Layer-by-Layer Polymer Coatings

by Jordan Brito, Junho Moon, Raman Hlushko, Aliaksei Aliakseyeu, Alexander K. Andrianov and Svetlana A. Sukhishvili

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020026 - 23 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2715

Abstract

Degradable layer-by-layer (LbL) polymeric coatings have distinct advantages over traditional biomedical coatings due to their precision of assembly, versatile inclusion of bioactive molecules, and conformality to the complex architectures of implantable devices. However, controlling the degradation rate while achieving biocompatibility has remained a [...] Read more.

Degradable layer-by-layer (LbL) polymeric coatings have distinct advantages over traditional biomedical coatings due to their precision of assembly, versatile inclusion of bioactive molecules, and conformality to the complex architectures of implantable devices. However, controlling the degradation rate while achieving biocompatibility has remained a challenge. This work employs polyphosphazenes as promising candidates for film assembly due to their inherent biocompatibility, tunability of chemical composition, and the buffering capability of degradation products. The degradation of pyrrolidone-functionalized polyphosphazenes was monitored in solution, complexes and LbL coatings (with tannic acid), providing the first to our knowledge comparison of solution-state degradation to solid-state LbL degradation. In all cases, the rate of degradation accelerated in acidic conditions. Importantly, the tunability of the degradation rate of polyphosphazene-based LbL films was achieved by varying film assembly conditions. Specifically, by slightly increasing the ionization of tannic acid (near neutral pH), we introduce electrostatic “defects” to the hydrogen-bonded pairs that accelerate film degradation. Finally, we show that replacing the pyrrolidone side group with a carboxylic acid moiety greatly reduces the degradation rate of the LbL coatings. In practical applications, these coatings have the versatility to serve as biocompatible platforms for various biomedical applications and controlled release systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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13 pages, 4732 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemical and Ultrastructural Characterization of Dentin Treated with Remineralizing Dentifrices

by Dimitra Athanasiadou, Denise Eymael, Beshr Hajhamid, Karina M. M. Carneiro and Anuradha Prakki

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010025 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2957

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate dentin chemical and ultrastructural changes upon exposure to remineralizing dentifrices. Dentin disks were obtained from permanent human molars and treated for 7 days with the dentifrices: (1) C group—control (no dentifrice); (2) S group—Sensodyne Repair [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to investigate dentin chemical and ultrastructural changes upon exposure to remineralizing dentifrices. Dentin disks were obtained from permanent human molars and treated for 7 days with the dentifrices: (1) C group—control (no dentifrice); (2) S group—Sensodyne Repair & Protect; (3) D group—Dentalclean Daily Regenerating Gel; and (4) DB group—D group + Dentalclean regenerating booster. Afterwards, samples were submitted to an additional 7 days of toothbrushing associated with daily acidic challenge. Samples were imaged and analyzed (days 1, 7, and 14) for Young’s modulus by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). SEM and AFM revealed precipitate deposition on dentin surfaces in groups S, D, and DB, formed as early as day 1. Surface elemental analysis showed a Si increase on all brushed surfaces. Similar surface morphology was maintained after the acidic challenge period. Bright-field TEM/SAED revealed the formation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite inside the dentin tubules of groups S, D, and DB after day 7. Group C presented a gradual reduction of Young’s modulus from days-1–14, whereas all remaining groups had increased values. All evaluated dentifrices led to successful formation of hydroxyapatite and increased dentin stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Analyses of Dental Biomaterials, Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties)

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16 pages, 5352 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a Nanoparticle System for Controlled Release in Bioprinted Respiratory Scaffolds

by Amanda Zimmerling, Christina Sunil, Yan Zhou and Xiongbiao Chen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010020 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3811

Abstract

The use of nanoparticle systems for the controlled release of growth factors is a promising approach to mimicking of the biochemical environment of native tissues in tissue engineering. However, sustaining growth factor release inside an appropriate therapeutic window is a challenge, particularly in [...] Read more.

The use of nanoparticle systems for the controlled release of growth factors is a promising approach to mimicking of the biochemical environment of native tissues in tissue engineering. However, sustaining growth factor release inside an appropriate therapeutic window is a challenge, particularly in bioprinted scaffolds. In this study, a chitosan-coated alginate-based nanoparticle system loaded with hepatocyte growth factor was developed and then incorporated into bioprinted scaffolds. The release kinetics were investigated with a focus on identifying the impact of the chitosan coating and culture conditions. Our results demonstrated that the chitosan coating decreased the release rate and lessened the initial burst release, while culturing in dynamic conditions had no significant impact compared to static conditions. The nanoparticles were then incorporated into bioinks at various concentrations, and scaffolds with a three-dimensional (3D) structure were bioprinted from the bioinks containing human pulmonary fibroblasts and bronchial epithelial cells to investigate the potential use of a controlled release system in respiratory tissue engineering. It was found that the bioink loaded with a concentration of 4 µg/mL of nanoparticles had better printability compared to other concentrations, while the mechanical stability of the scaffolds was maintained over a 14-day culture period. The examination of the incorporated cells demonstrated a high degree of viability and proliferation with visualization of the beginning of an epithelial barrier layer. Taken together, this study demonstrates that a chitosan-coated alginate-based nanoparticle system allows the sustained release of growth factors in bioprinted respiratory tissue scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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15 pages, 5775 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New 3D Printed Scaffolds Based on Walstromite Synthesized by Sol–Gel Method

by Ştefania Chiriac, Roxana-Cristina Popescu, Mihnea-Mihăiță Pele, Cristina-Daniela Ghiţulică, Andreia Cucuruz, Ruxandra-Elena Geanaliu-Nicolae, Izabela-Cristina Stancu, Georgeta Voicu and Lucian-Toma Ciocan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010019 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2914

Abstract

This study explores the potential utilization of walstromite (BaCa₂Si₃O₉) as a foundational material for creating new bioceramics in the form of scaffolds through 3D printing technology. To achieve this objective, this study investigates the chemical–mineralogical, morphological, and [...] Read more.

This study explores the potential utilization of walstromite (BaCa₂Si₃O₉) as a foundational material for creating new bioceramics in the form of scaffolds through 3D printing technology. To achieve this objective, this study investigates the chemical–mineralogical, morphological, and structural characteristics, as well as the biological properties, of walstromite-based bioceramics. The precursor mixture for walstromite synthesis is prepared through the sol–gel method, utilizing pure reagents. The resulting dried gelatinous precipitate is analyzed through complex thermal analysis, leading to the determination of the optimal calcination temperature. Subsequently, the calcined powder is characterized via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, indicating the presence of calcium and barium silicates, as well as monocalcium silicate. This powder is then employed in additive 3D printing, resulting in ceramic scaffolds. The specific ceramic properties of the scaffold, such as apparent density, absorption, open porosity, and compressive strength, are assessed and fall within practical use limits. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of walstromite as a single phase in the ceramic scaffold. In vitro studies involving immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 and 14 days, as well as contact with osteoblast-like cells, reveal the scaffold’s ability to form a phosphate layer on its surface and its biocompatibility. This study concludes that the walstromite-based ceramic scaffold exhibits promising characteristics for potential applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)

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20 pages, 6414 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Association of Nanostructured Carbonated Hydroxyapatite with Denatured Albumin and Platelet-Rich Fibrin: Impacts on Growth Factors Release and Osteoblast Behavior

by Renata de Lima Barbosa, Neilane Rodrigues Santiago Rocha, Emanuelle Stellet Lourenço, Victor Hugo de Souza Lima, Elena Mavropoulos, Rafael Coutinho Mello-Machado, Carolina Spiegel, Carlos Fernando Mourão and Gutemberg Gomes Alves

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010018 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3027

Abstract

Platelet-rich Fibrin (PRF), a second-generation blood concentrate, offers a versatile structure for bone regeneration due to its composition of fibrin, growth factors, and cytokines, with adaptations like denatured albumin-enriched with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF), showing potential for enhanced stability and growth factor dynamics. Researchers [...] Read more.

Platelet-rich Fibrin (PRF), a second-generation blood concentrate, offers a versatile structure for bone regeneration due to its composition of fibrin, growth factors, and cytokines, with adaptations like denatured albumin-enriched with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF), showing potential for enhanced stability and growth factor dynamics. Researchers have also explored the combination of PRF with other biomaterials, aiming to create a three-dimensional framework for enhanced cell recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation in bone repair studies. This study aimed to evaluate a combination of Alb-PRF with nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite microspheres (Alb-ncHA-PRF), and how this association affects the release capacity of growth factors and immunomodulatory molecules, and its impact on the behavior of MG63 human osteoblast-like cells. Alb-PRF membranes were prepared and associated with nanocarboapatite (ncHA) microspheres during polymerization. MG63 cells were exposed to eluates of both membranes to assess cell viability, proliferation, mineralization, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The ultrastructural analysis has shown that the spheres were shattered, and fragments were incorporated into both the fibrin mesh and the albumin gel of Alb-PRF. Alb-ncHA-PRF presented a reduced release of growth factors and cytokines when compared to Alb-PRF (p < 0.05). Alb-ncHA-PRF was able to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and ALP activity at lower levels than those observed by Alb-PRF and was unable to positively affect in vitro mineralization by MG63 cells. These findings indicate that the addition of ncHA spheres reduces the biological activity of Alb-PRF, impairing its initial effects on osteoblast behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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14 pages, 2773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydroxyapatite-Based Coatings on Silicon Wafers and Printed Zirconia

by Antoine Chauvin, Marie-Rose Garda, Nathan Snyder, Bai Cui, Nicolas Delpouve and Li Tan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010011 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2720

Abstract

Dental surgery needs a biocompatible implant design that can ensure both osseointegration and soft tissue integration. This study aims to investigate the behavior of a hydroxyapatite-based coating, specifically designed to be deposited onto a zirconia substrate that was intentionally made porous through additive [...] Read more.

Dental surgery needs a biocompatible implant design that can ensure both osseointegration and soft tissue integration. This study aims to investigate the behavior of a hydroxyapatite-based coating, specifically designed to be deposited onto a zirconia substrate that was intentionally made porous through additive manufacturing for the purpose of reducing the cost of material. Layers were made via sol–gel dip coating by immersing the porous substrates into solutions of hydroxyapatite that were mixed with polyethyleneimine to improve the adhesion of hydroxyapatite to the substrate. The microstructure was determined by using X-ray diffraction, which showed the adhesion of hydroxyapatite; and atomic force microscopy was used to highlight the homogeneity of the coating repartition. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed successful, selective removal of the polymer and a preserved hydroxyapatite coating. Finally, scanning electron microscopy pictures of the printed zirconia ceramics, which were obtained through the digital light processing additive manufacturing method, revealed that the mixed coating leads to a thicker, more uniform layer in comparison with a pure hydroxyapatite coating. Therefore, homogeneous coatings can be added to porous zirconia by combining polyethyleneimine with hydroxyapatite. This result has implications for improving global access to dental care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)

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16 pages, 6114 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Gloss Alteration, Surface Roughness, and Color of Direct Dental Restorative Materials after Professional Dental Prophylaxis

by Aya Miyashita-Kobayashi, Akiko Haruyama, Keigo Nakamura, Chia-Ying Wu, Akihiro Kuroiwa, Nobuo Yoshinari and Atsushi Kameyama

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010008 - 23 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

In the context of optimizing dental care for patients who are elderly, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface gloss (with a micro-area gloss meter) of, surface roughness (with a compact surface roughness measuring instrument) of, and color [...] Read more.

In the context of optimizing dental care for patients who are elderly, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface gloss (with a micro-area gloss meter) of, surface roughness (with a compact surface roughness measuring instrument) of, and color change (with a dental colorimeter) in two commercially available injectable resin-based composites (Estelite Universal Flow (EUF) and Beautifil Flow Plus F00 (BFP)) as well as two glass–ionomer cements (GC Fuji II LC CAPSULE (FLC) and GC Fuji IX GP EXTRA CAPSULE (FGP)), before and after dental prophylaxis. After 24 h, the surfaces of each specimen were polished at 2500 rpm with a prophy brush (Mersage Brush, Shofu) and one-step prophylaxis paste (Prophy Paste Pro, Directa): under 100 or 300 gf load, and for 10 or 30 s, 4× cycles of cleaning. After mechanical cleaning, conditions were found for a significant reduction in the gloss level (EUF, BFP, or FLC; p < 0.05) and a significant increase in surface roughness (BFP; 300 gf load, 10 s × four cycles of cleaning). Overall, the longer time or higher prophylaxis load tended to decrease the surface gloss. However, the observed change in surface roughness varied between the restorative materials. There was no color change post-prophylaxis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Analyses of Dental Biomaterials, Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties)

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30 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biomaterials Adapted to Vat Photopolymerization in 3D Printing: Characteristics and Medical Applications

by Iosif-Aliodor Timofticiuc, Octavian Călinescu, Adrian Iftime, Serban Dragosloveanu, Ana Caruntu, Andreea-Elena Scheau, Ioana Anca Badarau, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu, Constantin Caruntu and Cristian Scheau

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010007 - 22 Dec 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4599

Abstract

Along with the rapid and extensive advancements in the 3D printing field, a diverse range of uses for 3D printing have appeared in the spectrum of medical applications. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) stands out as one of the most extensively researched methods of 3D [...] Read more.

Along with the rapid and extensive advancements in the 3D printing field, a diverse range of uses for 3D printing have appeared in the spectrum of medical applications. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) stands out as one of the most extensively researched methods of 3D printing, with its main advantages being a high printing speed and the ability to produce high-resolution structures. A major challenge in using VPP 3D-printed materials in medicine is the general incompatibility of standard VPP resin mixtures with the requirements of biocompatibility and biofunctionality. Instead of developing completely new materials, an alternate approach to solving this problem involves adapting existing biomaterials. These materials are incompatible with VPP 3D printing in their pure form but can be adapted to the VPP chemistry and general process through the use of innovative mixtures and the addition of specific pre- and post-printing steps. This review’s primary objective is to highlight biofunctional and biocompatible materials that have been adapted to VPP. We present and compare the suitability of these adapted materials to different medical applications and propose other biomaterials that could be further adapted to the VPP 3D printing process in order to fulfill patient-specific medical requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment)

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19 pages, 8907 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fibronectin Conformations after Electrodeposition onto 316L Stainless Steel Substrates Enhanced Early-Stage Osteoblasts’ Adhesion but Affected Their Behavior

by Séverine Alfonsi, Pithursan Karunathasan, Ayann Mamodaly-Samdjee, Keerthana Balathandayutham, Sarah Lefevre, Anamar Miranda, Olivier Gallet, Damien Seyer and Mathilde Hindié

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010005 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2521

Abstract

The implantation of metallic orthopedic prostheses is increasingly common due to an aging population and accidents. There is a real societal need to implement new metal implants that combine durability, good mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, as well as affordable costs. Since the functionalization [...] Read more.

The implantation of metallic orthopedic prostheses is increasingly common due to an aging population and accidents. There is a real societal need to implement new metal implants that combine durability, good mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, as well as affordable costs. Since the functionalization of low-cost 316L stainless steel substrates through the successive electrodeposition of a polypyrrole film (PPy) and a calcium phosphate deposit doped with silicon was previously carried out by our labs, we have also developed a bio-functional coating by electrodepositing or oxidating of fibronectin (Fn) coating. Fn is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion and differentiation. Impacts of either electrodeposition or oxidation on the structure and functionality of Fn were first studied. Thus, electrodeposition is the technique that permits the highest deposition of fibronectin, compared to adsorption or oxidation. Furthermore, electrodeposition seems to strongly modify Fn conformation by the formation of intermingled long fibers, resulting in changes to the accessibility of the molecular probes tested (antibodies directed against Fn whole molecule and Fn cell-binding domain). Then, the effects of either electrodeposited Fn or oxidized Fn were validated by the resulting pre-osteoblast behavior. Electrodeposition reduced pre-osteoblasts’ ability to remodel Fn coating on supports because of a partial modification of Fn conformation, which reduced accessibility to the cell-binding domain. Electrodeposited Fn also diminished α5 integrin secretion and clustering along the plasma membrane. However, the N-terminal extremity of Fn was not modified by electrodeposition as demonstrated by Staphylococcus aureus attachment after 3 h of culture on a specific domain localized in this region. Moreover, the number of pre-osteoblasts remains stable after 3 h culture on either adsorbed, oxidized, or electrodeposited Fn deposits. In contrast, mitochondrial activity and cell proliferation were significantly higher on adsorbed Fn compared with electrodeposited Fn after 48 h culture. Hence, electro-deposited Fn seems more favorable to pre-osteoblast early-stage behavior than during a longer culture of 24 h and 48 h. The electrodeposition of matrix proteins could be improved to maintain their bio-activity and to develop this promising, fast technique to bio-functionalize metallic implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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15 pages, 3657 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photochemical Modification of the Extracellular Matrix to Alter the Vascular Remodeling Process

by Blake Anderson, Dylan Blair, Kenji Huff, John Wisniewski, Kevin S. Warner and Katalin Kauser

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(12), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14120566 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 2173

Abstract

Therapeutic interventions for vascular diseases aim at achieving long-term patency by controlling vascular remodeling. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the vessel wall plays a crucial role in regulating this process. This study introduces a novel photochemical treatment known as Natural Vascular Scaffolding, utilizing [...] Read more.

Therapeutic interventions for vascular diseases aim at achieving long-term patency by controlling vascular remodeling. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the vessel wall plays a crucial role in regulating this process. This study introduces a novel photochemical treatment known as Natural Vascular Scaffolding, utilizing a 4-amino substituted 1,8-naphthimide (10-8-10 Dimer) and 450 nm light. This treatment induces structural changes in the ECM by forming covalent bonds between amino acids in ECM fibers without harming vascular cell survival, as evidenced by our results. To further investigate the mechanism of this treatment, porcine carotid artery segments were exposed to 10-8-10 Dimer and light activation. Subsequent experiments subjected these segments to enzymatic degradation through elastase or collagenase treatment and were analyzed using digital image analysis software (MIPAR) after histological processing. The results demonstrated significant preservation of collagen and elastin structures in the photochemically treated vascular wall, compared to controls. This suggests that photochemical treatment can effectively modulate vascular remodeling by enhancing the resistance of the ECM scaffold to degradation. This approach shows promise in scenarios where vascular segments experience significant hemodynamic fluctuations as it reinforces vascular wall integrity and preserves lumen patency. This can be valuable in treating veins prior to fistula creation and grafting or managing arterial aneurysm expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)

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22 pages, 6449 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Model-Based Design to Enhance Neotissue Formation in Additively Manufactured Calcium-Phosphate-Based Scaffolds

by Bingbing Liang, Ehsan Sadeghian Dehkord, Dorien Van Hede, Mojtaba Barzegari, Bruno Verlée, Justine Pirson, Grégory Nolens, France Lambert and Liesbet Geris

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(12), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14120563 - 3 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2796

Abstract

In biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering, optimizing scaffold structure and composition remains an active field of research. Additive manufacturing has enabled the production of custom designs in a variety of materials. This study aims to improve the design of calcium-phosphate-based additively manufactured scaffolds, the [...] Read more.

In biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering, optimizing scaffold structure and composition remains an active field of research. Additive manufacturing has enabled the production of custom designs in a variety of materials. This study aims to improve the design of calcium-phosphate-based additively manufactured scaffolds, the material of choice in oral bone regeneration, by using a combination of in silico and in vitro tools. Computer models are increasingly used to assist in design optimization by providing a rational way of merging different requirements into a single design. The starting point for this study was an in-house developed in silico model describing the in vitro formation of neotissue, i.e., cells and the extracellular matrix they produced. The level set method was applied to simulate the interface between the neotissue and the void space inside the scaffold pores. In order to calibrate the model, a custom disk-shaped scaffold was produced with prismatic canals of different geometries (circle, hexagon, square, triangle) and inner diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm). The disks were produced with three biomaterials (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and a blend of both). After seeding with skeletal progenitor cells and a cell culture for up to 21 days, the extent of neotissue growth in the disks’ canals was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. The results clearly demonstrated that in the presence of calcium-phosphate-based materials, the curvature-based growth principle was maintained. Bayesian optimization was used to determine the model parameters for the different biomaterials used. Subsequently, the calibrated model was used to predict neotissue growth in a 3D gyroid structure. The predicted results were in line with the experimentally obtained ones, demonstrating the potential of the calibrated model to be used as a tool in the design and optimization of 3D-printed calcium-phosphate-based biomaterials for bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)

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13 pages, 5020 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid-Generated Bridging in a 3D-Printed Titanium Cage for Bone Regeneration

by Seong-Su Park, Ume Farwa, Mosharraf Hossain, Soobin Im and Byong-Taek Lee

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(12), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14120562 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2511

Abstract

3D-printed titanium (Ti) cages present an attractive alternative for addressing issues related to osteoporosis-induced fractures, accidental fractures, and spinal fusion surgery due to disc herniation. These Ti-based bone implants possess superior strength compared to other metals, allowing for versatile applications in orthopedic scenarios. [...] Read more.

3D-printed titanium (Ti) cages present an attractive alternative for addressing issues related to osteoporosis-induced fractures, accidental fractures, and spinal fusion surgery due to disc herniation. These Ti-based bone implants possess superior strength compared to other metals, allowing for versatile applications in orthopedic scenarios. However, when used as standalone solutions, certain considerations may arise, such as interaction with soft tissues. Therefore, to overcome these issues, the combination with hydrogel has been considered. In this study, to impart Ti with regenerative abilities a 3D-printed Ti cage was loaded with gelatin and hyaluronic acid (G-H) to improve the cell attachment ability of the Ti-based bone implants. The void spaces within the mesh structure of the 3D Ti cage were filled with G-H, creating a network of micro-sized pores. The filled G-H acted as the bridge for the cells to migrate toward the large inner pores of the 3D Ti cage. Due to the microporous surface and slow release of gelatin and hyaluronic acid, the biocompatibility of the coated Ti cage was increased with an elevation in osteoconduction as depicted by the up-regulation of bone-related gene expressions. The in vivo implantation in the rabbit femur model showed enhanced bone regeneration due to the coated G-H on the Ti cage compared to the pristine hollow Ti cage. The G-H filled the large holes of the 3D Ti cage that acted as a bridge for the cells to travel inside the implant and aided in the fast regeneration of bone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 5283 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Expanding the Scope of an Amphoteric Condensed Tannin, Tanfloc, for Antibacterial Coatings

by Somayeh Baghersad, Liszt Y. C. Madruga, Alessandro F. Martins, Ketul C. Popat and Matt J. Kipper

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(11), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14110554 - 18 Nov 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3349

Abstract

Bacterial infections are a common mode of failure for medical implants. This study aims to develop antibacterial polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings that contain a plant-derived condensed tannin polymer (Tanfloc, TAN) with inherent antimicrobial activity. Tanfloc is amphoteric, and herein we show that it [...] Read more.

Bacterial infections are a common mode of failure for medical implants. This study aims to develop antibacterial polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings that contain a plant-derived condensed tannin polymer (Tanfloc, TAN) with inherent antimicrobial activity. Tanfloc is amphoteric, and herein we show that it can be used as either a polyanion or a polycation in PEMs, thereby expanding the possibility of its use in PEM coatings. PEMs are ordinarily formed using a polycation and a polyanion, in which the functional (ionic) groups of the two polymers are complexed to each other. However, using the amphoteric polymer Tanfloc with weakly basic amine and weakly acidic catechol and pyrogallol groups enables PEM formation using only one or the other of its functional groups, leaving the other functional group available to impart antibacterial activity. This work demonstrates Tanfloc-containing PEMs using multiple counter-polyelectrolytes including three polyanionic glycosaminoglycans of varying charge density, and the polycations N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan and polyethyleneimine. The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of PEMs was monitored using in situ Fourier-transform surface plasmon resonance (FT-SPR), confirming a stable LbL assembly. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to evaluate surface chemistry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the surface roughness. The LDH release levels from cells cultured on the Tanfloc-containing PEMs were not statistically different from those on the negative control (p > 0.05), confirming their non-cytotoxicity, while exhibiting remarkable antiadhesive and bactericidal properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. The antibacterial effects were attributed to electrostatic interactions and Tanfloc’s polyphenolic nature. This work underscores the potential of Tanfloc as a versatile biomaterial for combating infections on surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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29 pages, 8887 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Functional Bionanocomposites by Combining Hybrid Host-Guest Systems with a Fully Biobased Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PLA/PBSA) Binary Blend

by Francesca Cicogna, Elisa Passaglia, Alice Telleschi, Werner Oberhauser, Maria-Beatrice Coltelli, Luca Panariello, Vito Gigante and Serena Coiai

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(11), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14110549 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2604

Abstract

In this study, we have developed innovative polymer nanocomposites by integrating magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based nanocarriers modified with functional molecules into a fully biobased poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PLA/PBSA) matrix. These LDH-based hybrid host-guest systems contain bioactive compounds like rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, [...] Read more.

In this study, we have developed innovative polymer nanocomposites by integrating magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based nanocarriers modified with functional molecules into a fully biobased poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PLA/PBSA) matrix. These LDH-based hybrid host-guest systems contain bioactive compounds like rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid, known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The bioactive molecules can be gradually released from the nanocarriers over time, allowing for sustained and controlled delivery in various applications, such as active packaging or cosmetics. The morphological analysis of the polymer composites, prepared using a discontinuous mechanical mixer, revealed the presence of macroaggregates and nano-lamellae at the polymer interface. This resulted in an enhanced water vapor permeability compared to the original blend. Furthermore, the migration kinetics of active molecules from the thin films confirmed a controlled release mechanism based on their immobilization within the lamellar system. Scaling-up experiments evaluated the materials’ morphology and mechanical and thermal properties. Remarkably, stretching deformation and a higher shear rate during the mixing process enhanced the dispersion and distribution of the nanocarriers, as confirmed by the favorable mechanical properties of the materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications)

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18 pages, 4228 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Aligned Collagen Sponges with Tunable Pore Size for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Regeneration

by Natalie G. Kozan, Sean Caswell, Milan Patel and Jonathan M. Grasman

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(11), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14110533 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3867

Abstract

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a traumatic injury where at least 20% of the mass of a skeletal muscle has been destroyed and functionality is lost. The standard treatment for VML, autologous tissue transfer, is limited as approximately 1 in 10 grafts fail [...] Read more.

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a traumatic injury where at least 20% of the mass of a skeletal muscle has been destroyed and functionality is lost. The standard treatment for VML, autologous tissue transfer, is limited as approximately 1 in 10 grafts fail because of necrosis or infection. Tissue engineering strategies seek to develop scaffolds that can regenerate injured muscles and restore functionality. Many of these scaffolds, however, are limited in their ability to restore muscle functionality because of an inability to promote the alignment of regenerating myofibers. For aligned myofibers to form on a scaffold, myoblasts infiltrate the scaffold and receive topographical cues to direct targeted myofiber growth. We seek to determine the optimal pore size for myoblast infiltration and differentiation. We developed a method of tuning the pore size within collagen scaffolds while inducing longitudinal alignment of these pores. Significantly different pore sizes were generated by adjusting the freezing rate of the scaffolds. Scaffolds frozen at −20 °C contained the largest pores. These scaffolds promoted the greatest level of cell infiltration and orientation in the direction of pore alignment. Further research will be conducted to induce higher levels of myofiber formation, to ultimately create an off-the-shelf treatment for VML injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Synthesis and Medical Application of Porous Biomaterials)

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21 pages, 2877 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An In Vitro Study regarding the Wear of Composite Materials Following the Use of Dental Bleaching Protocols

by Alexandru Dan Popescu, Mihaela Jana Ţuculină, Lelia Mihaela Gheorghiță, Andrei Osman, Claudiu Nicolicescu, Smaranda Adelina Bugălă, Mihaela Ionescu, Jaqueline Abdul-Razzak, Oana Andreea Diaconu and Bogdan Dimitriu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100532 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3183

Abstract

Composite materials used in dental restorations are considered resistant, long-lasting and aesthetic. As the wear of restorations is an important element in long-term use, the aim of this study was to evaluate the surface condition of nanohybrid and microfilled composite resins, after being [...] Read more.

Composite materials used in dental restorations are considered resistant, long-lasting and aesthetic. As the wear of restorations is an important element in long-term use, the aim of this study was to evaluate the surface condition of nanohybrid and microfilled composite resins, after being subjected to the erosive action of dental bleaching protocols. This paper reflects a comparative study between one nanofilled composite and three microfilled composites used in restorations. For each composite, three sets of samples (under the form of composite discs) were created: a control group, an “office bleach” group with discs bleached with 40% hydrogen peroxide gel, and a “home bleach” group with discs bleached with 16% carbamide peroxide gel. Wear was numerically determined as the trace and the coefficients of friction obtained using a tribometer, the ball-on-disk test method, and two balls: alumina and sapphire. For all composite groups, there were statistically significant differences between the wear corresponding to the control and bleaching groups, for both testing balls. Regarding the composite type, the largest traces were recorded for GC Gradia direct anterior, for all groups, using the alumina ball. In contrast, for the sapphire ball, 3M ESPE Filtek Z550 was characterized by the largest traces. With respect to the friction coefficients, the “office bleach” group recorded the largest values, no matter the composite or the ball type used. The 3M ESPE Valux Plus composite recorded the largest friction coefficients for the alumina ball, and 3M ESPE Filtek Z550 for the sapphire ball. Overall, the “office bleach” group was characterized by higher composite wear, compared to the “home bleach” protocol or control group. Nanofilled composite resins showed superior wear resistance to microfilled resins after undergoing a bleaching protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Dental Restorative)

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16 pages, 1784 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microbiological and Clinical Assessments of Suture Materials and Cyanoacrylate Application in Impacted Third Molar Surgeries: A Scoping Review

by Andrea Scribante, Martina Ghizzoni, Matteo Pellegrini, Pier Paolo Poli, Carlo Maiorana and Francesco Spadari

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100529 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3523

Abstract

The extraction of impacted third molars is a common but potentially complication-prone oral surgical procedure. Wound healing plays a vital role in preventing complications. This scoping review aimed to assess the clinical and microbiological aspects of various suture materials and cyanoacrylates. Unlike existing [...] Read more.

The extraction of impacted third molars is a common but potentially complication-prone oral surgical procedure. Wound healing plays a vital role in preventing complications. This scoping review aimed to assess the clinical and microbiological aspects of various suture materials and cyanoacrylates. Unlike existing studies, we included more articles and comprehensively compared suture materials. Articles published in languages other than English; duplicate studies; studies deemed irrelevant for the specific research questions, including those analyzing different supplementary treatments or not corresponding to the abstract’s content; ex vivo or experimental animal studies; studies lacking approval from an ethics committee; and narrative reviews, systematic reviews, or systematic and meta-analysis reviews were excluded. Thus, only 17 studies, published between 2000 and 2023, were included in the search. Suture techniques varied among surgeons, with debates on primary and secondary closure methods. A comparison of different suture materials and their effects on wound healing, infection rates, and other factors was described. Cyanoacrylate has also been used as an alternative to traditional sutures. Microbiological analysis showed varying bacterial adhesion based on the suture material, with silk sutures retaining more microbes than PTFE sutures. Clinical assessments have revealed differing inflammatory responses that affect wound healing and complications. Cyanoacrylate has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional sutures, owing to its rapid polymerization and early healing. However, the choice of suture material in impacted third molar surgery remains controversial, considering microbiological factors and clinical outcomes. More extensive randomized clinical trials are required to better understand the effect of suture materials on surgical outcomes and potential improvements. This study could enhance the safety and effectiveness of this common oral surgical procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Bioengineering in Dentistry)

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23 pages, 2538 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Advancing Dentistry through Bioprinting: Personalization of Oral Tissues

by Dobromira Shopova, Anna Mihaylova, Antoniya Yaneva and Desislava Bakova

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100530 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5728

Abstract

Despite significant advancements in dental tissue restoration and the use of prostheses for addressing tooth loss, the prevailing clinical approaches remain somewhat inadequate for replicating native dental tissue characteristics. The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a promising innovation within the fields of [...] Read more.

Despite significant advancements in dental tissue restoration and the use of prostheses for addressing tooth loss, the prevailing clinical approaches remain somewhat inadequate for replicating native dental tissue characteristics. The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a promising innovation within the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This technology offers notable precision and efficiency, thereby introducing a fresh avenue for tissue regeneration. Unlike the traditional framework encompassing scaffolds, cells, and signaling factors, 3D bioprinting constitutes a contemporary addition to the arsenal of tissue engineering tools. The ongoing shift from conventional dentistry to a more personalized paradigm, principally under the guidance of bioprinting, is poised to exert a significant influence in the foreseeable future. This systematic review undertakes the task of aggregating and analyzing insights related to the application of bioprinting in the context of regenerative dentistry. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, an exhaustive literature survey spanning the years 2019 to 2023 was performed across prominent databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The landscape of regenerative dentistry has ushered in novel prospects for dentoalveolar treatments and personalized interventions. This review expounds on contemporary accomplishments and avenues for the regeneration of pulp—dentin, bone, periodontal tissues, and gingival tissues. The progressive strides achieved in the realm of bioprinting hold the potential to not only enhance the quality of life but also to catalyze transformative shifts within the domains of medical and dental practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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30 pages, 3662 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Preparation and Clinical Efficacy of Amnion-Derived Membranes: A Review

by Alison L. Ingraldi, Robert G. Audet and Aaron J. Tabor

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100531 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8530

Abstract

Biological tissues from various anatomical sources have been utilized for tissue transplantation and have developed into an important source of extracellular scaffolding material for regenerative medicine applications. Tissue scaffolds ideally integrate with host tissue and provide a homeostatic environment for cellular infiltration, growth, [...] Read more.

Biological tissues from various anatomical sources have been utilized for tissue transplantation and have developed into an important source of extracellular scaffolding material for regenerative medicine applications. Tissue scaffolds ideally integrate with host tissue and provide a homeostatic environment for cellular infiltration, growth, differentiation, and tissue resolution. The human amniotic membrane is considered an important source of scaffolding material due to its 3D structural architecture and function and as a source of growth factors and cytokines. This tissue source has been widely studied and used in various areas of tissue repair including intraoral reconstruction, corneal repair, tendon repair, microvascular reconstruction, nerve procedures, burns, and chronic wound treatment. The production of amniotic membrane allografts has not been standardized, resulting in a wide array of amniotic membrane products, including single, dual, and tri-layered products, such as amnion, chorion, amnion–chorion, amnion–amnion, and amnion–chorion–amnion allografts. Since these allografts are not processed using the same methods, they do not necessarily produce the same clinical responses. The aim of this review is to highlight the properties of different human allograft membranes, present the different processing and preservation methods, and discuss their use in tissue engineering and regenerative applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Synthetic Membranes for Tissue Regeneration and Repair)

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14 pages, 6386 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceBrief Report

Evaluating the Feasibility of Hydrogel-Based Neural Cell Sprays

by Daisy Evans, Aina Mogas Barcons, Raja Haseeb Basit, Christopher Adams and Divya Maitreyi Chari

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100527 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2789

Abstract

Neurological injuries have poor prognoses with serious clinical sequelae. Stem cell transplantation enhances neural repair but is hampered by low graft survival (<ca. 5%), necessitating the development of approaches to enhance post-transplant cell viability. Intracerebral injection exerts high mechanical forces on transplant cells [...] Read more.

Neurological injuries have poor prognoses with serious clinical sequelae. Stem cell transplantation enhances neural repair but is hampered by low graft survival (<ca. 5%), necessitating the development of approaches to enhance post-transplant cell viability. Intracerebral injection exerts high mechanical forces on transplant cells with risks of haemorrhage/infection. Transplant cell sprays can offer a non-invasive alternative. This study has assessed if the addition of protective, encapsulating polymer hydrogels to a cell spray format is feasible. Hydrogels (0.1% (1 mg/mL), 0.3% and 0.6% type I rat tail collagen) were trialled for spray deliverability. Cell-enriched hydrogels (containing mouse cortical astrocytes) were sprayed onto culture substrates. Astrocyte viability, cell-specific marker expression, morphology and proliferation were assessed at 24 h and 72 h post spraying. Intra-gel astrocytes and hydrogels could be co-stained using a double immunocytological technique (picrosirius red (PR)/DAB-peroxidase co-labelling). Astrocyte viability remained high post spraying with hydrogel encapsulation (>ca. 80%) and marker expression/proliferative potential of hydrogel-sprayed astrocytes was retained. Combining a cell spray format with polymer encapsulation technologies could form the basis of a non-invasive graft delivery method, offering potential advantages over current cell delivery approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collagen-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications)

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15 pages, 3396 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dyeing Improvement and Stability of Antibacterial Properties in Chitosan-Modified Cotton and Polyamide 6,6 Fabrics

by Marta Piccioni, Roberta Peila, Alessio Varesano and Claudia Vineis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100524 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

Cotton and polyamide 6,6 fabrics coated with chitosan, a natural biopolymer, have been tested against two different bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacterium. Using the ASTM standard method (Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity [...] Read more.

Cotton and polyamide 6,6 fabrics coated with chitosan, a natural biopolymer, have been tested against two different bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacterium. Using the ASTM standard method (Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions) for antibacterial testing, the treated fabrics is contacted for 1 h with the bacterial inoculum, the present study aims to investigate the possibility to reach interesting results considering shorter contact times. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of chitosan-treated fibers dyed with a natural dye, Carmine Red, was evaluated since chitosan has an interesting property that favors the attachment of the dye to the fiber (cross-linking ability). Finally, fabric samples were tested after washing cycles to verify the resistance of the dye and if the antibacterial property was maintained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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31 pages, 4498 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Electroactive Polymer–Metal Composites: Development and Applications for Tissue Regeneration

by Rumi Acharya, Sayan Deb Dutta, Tejal V. Patil, Keya Ganguly, Aayushi Randhawa and Ki-Taek Lim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100523 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3538

Abstract

Electroactive polymer–metal composites (EAPMCs) have gained significant attention in tissue engineering owing to their exceptional mechanical and electrical properties. EAPMCs develop by combining an electroactive polymer matrix and a conductive metal. The design considerations include choosing an appropriate metal that provides mechanical strength [...] Read more.

Electroactive polymer–metal composites (EAPMCs) have gained significant attention in tissue engineering owing to their exceptional mechanical and electrical properties. EAPMCs develop by combining an electroactive polymer matrix and a conductive metal. The design considerations include choosing an appropriate metal that provides mechanical strength and electrical conductivity and selecting an electroactive polymer that displays biocompatibility and electrical responsiveness. Interface engineering and surface modification techniques are also crucial for enhancing the adhesion and biocompatibility of composites. The potential of EAPMC-based tissue engineering revolves around its ability to promote cellular responses, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, through electrical stimulation. The electrical properties of these composites can be used to mimic natural electrical signals within tissues and organs, thereby aiding tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the metallic components provide structural reinforcement and can be modified to align with the distinct demands of various tissues. EAPMCs have extraordinary potential as regenerative biomaterials owing to their ability to promote beneficial effects in numerous electrically responsive cells. This study emphasizes the characteristics and applications of EAPMCs in tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Soft and Hard Tissue Engineering)

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33 pages, 4643 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Selective Laser Melting and Spark Plasma Sintering: A Perspective on Functional Biomaterials

by Ramin Rahmani, Sérgio Ivan Lopes and Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100521 - 16 Oct 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3962

Abstract

Achieving lightweight, high-strength, and biocompatible composites is a crucial objective in the field of tissue engineering. Intricate porous metallic structures, such as lattices, scaffolds, or triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs), created via the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, are utilized as load-bearing matrices [...] Read more.

Achieving lightweight, high-strength, and biocompatible composites is a crucial objective in the field of tissue engineering. Intricate porous metallic structures, such as lattices, scaffolds, or triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs), created via the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, are utilized as load-bearing matrices for filled ceramics. The primary metal alloys in this category are titanium-based Ti6Al4V and iron-based 316L, which can have either a uniform cell or a gradient structure. Well-known ceramics used in biomaterial applications include titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), hydroxyapatite (HA), wollastonite (W), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). To fill the structures fabricated by SLM, an appropriate ceramic is employed through the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, making them suitable for in vitro or in vivo applications following minor post-processing. The combined SLM-SPS approach offers advantages, such as rapid design and prototyping, as well as assured densification and consolidation, although challenges persist in terms of large-scale structure and molding design. The individual or combined application of SLM and SPS processes can be implemented based on the specific requirements for fabricated sample size, shape complexity, densification, and mass productivity. This flexibility is a notable advantage offered by the combined processes of SLM and SPS. The present article provides an overview of metal–ceramic composites produced through SLM-SPS techniques. Mg-W-HA demonstrates promise for load-bearing biomedical applications, while Cu-TiO₂-Ag exhibits potential for virucidal activities. Moreover, a functionally graded lattice (FGL) structure, either in radial or longitudinal directions, offers enhanced advantages by allowing adjustability and control over porosity, roughness, strength, and material proportions within the composite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Biomaterials Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy Approaches)

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20 pages, 2474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vivo Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria through Biofunctionalization of Additively Manufactured Porous Titanium

by Ingmar Aeneas Jan van Hengel, Bruce van Dijk, Khashayar Modaresifar, Johan Frederik Felix Hooning van Duyvenbode, Faisal Ruben Hamzah Aziz Nurmohamed, Marius Alexander Leeflang, Adriaan Camille Fluit, Lidy Elena Fratila-Apachitei, Iulian Apachitei, Harrie Weinans and Amir Abbas Zadpoor

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100520 - 16 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

Additively manufactured (AM) porous titanium implants may have an increased risk of implant-associated infection (IAI) due to their huge internal surfaces. However, the same surface, when biofunctionalized, can be used to prevent IAI. Here, we used a rat implant infection model to evaluate [...] Read more.

Additively manufactured (AM) porous titanium implants may have an increased risk of implant-associated infection (IAI) due to their huge internal surfaces. However, the same surface, when biofunctionalized, can be used to prevent IAI. Here, we used a rat implant infection model to evaluate the biocompatibility and infection prevention performance of AM porous titanium against bioluminescent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The specimens were biofunctionalized with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Infection was initiated using either intramedullary injection in vivo or with in vitro inoculation of the implant prior to implantation. Nontreated (NT) implants were compared with PEO-treated implants with Ag NPs (PT-Ag), without Ag NPs (PT) and infection without an implant. After 7 days, the bacterial load and bone morphological changes were evaluated. When infection was initiated through in vivo injection, the presence of the implant did not enhance the infection, indicating that this technique may not assess the prevention but rather the treatment of IAIs. Following in vitro inoculation, the bacterial load on the implant and in the peri-implant bony tissue was reduced by over 90% for the PT-Ag implants compared to the PT and NT implants. All infected groups had enhanced osteomyelitis scores compared to the noninfected controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 17903 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antibacterial Activity of Root Repair Cements in Contact with Dentin—An Ex Vivo Study

by Andreas Koutroulis, Håkon Valen, Dag Ørstavik, Vasileios Kapralos, Josette Camilleri and Pia Titterud Sunde

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100511 - 11 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3180

Abstract

This study assessed the antibacterial characteristics of the dentin/material interface and dentin surfaces exposed to experimental hydraulic calcium silicate cement (HCSC) with or without bioactive glass (BG) replacement (20% or 40%) or mixed with a silver nanoparticle (SNP) solution (1 or 2 mg/mL), [...] Read more.

This study assessed the antibacterial characteristics of the dentin/material interface and dentin surfaces exposed to experimental hydraulic calcium silicate cement (HCSC) with or without bioactive glass (BG) replacement (20% or 40%) or mixed with a silver nanoparticle (SNP) solution (1 or 2 mg/mL), and Biodentine, TotalFill BC RRM putty and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM). Human root dentin segments with test materials were assessed at 1 or 28 days. In one series, the specimens were split to expose the dentin and material surfaces. A 24 h direct contact test was conducted against three-day established Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monospecies biofilms. In another series, the dentin/material interface of intact specimens was exposed to biofilm membranes for 3 days and the antibacterial activity was assessed via confocal microscopy. The interface was additionally characterised. All one-day material and dentin surfaces were antibacterial. Dentin surfaces exposed to HCSC with 40% BG-replacement, Biodentine and IRM had decreased antibacterial properties compared to those of the other cements. The HCSC mixed with a 2 mg/mL SNP solution had the highest antimicrobial effect in the confocal assay. The interfacial characteristics of HCSCs were similar. The test materials conferred antibacterial activity onto the adjacent dentin. The BG reduced the antibacterial effect of dentin exposed to HCSC; a 2 mg/mL SNP solution increased the antibacterial potential for longer interaction periods (three-day exposure). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 2717 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biphasic Bioceramic Obtained from Byproducts of Sugar Beet Processing for Use in Bioactive Coatings and Bone Fillings

by Miguel Suffo-Pino, Miguel Ángel Cauqui-López, Celia Pérez-Muñoz, Daniel Goma-Jiménez, Natalia Fernández-Delgado and Miriam Herrera-Collado

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100499 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2788

Abstract

This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite synthesized from a CaCO₃-rich byproduct of sugar beet processing called Carbocal^® using a hydrothermal reactor. The purpose of this biomaterial is to enhance the osteoinductivity of implantable surfaces and serve as a bone filler, [...] Read more.

This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite synthesized from a CaCO₃-rich byproduct of sugar beet processing called Carbocal^® using a hydrothermal reactor. The purpose of this biomaterial is to enhance the osteoinductivity of implantable surfaces and serve as a bone filler, providing a sustainable and economically more affordable alternative. This research involved compositional analysis and micro- and macrostructural physicochemical characterization, complemented with bioactivity and live/dead assays. The biphasic nature of the Carbocal^®-derived sample was significant within the context of the bioactivity concept previously proposed in the literature. The bioactivity of the biomaterial was demonstrated through a viability test, where the cell growth was nearly equivalent to that of the positive control. For comparison purposes, the same tests were conducted with two additional samples: hydroxyapatite obtained from CaCO₃ and commercial hydroxyapatite. The resulting product of this process is biocompatible and possesses properties similar to natural hydroxyapatite. Consequently, this biomaterial shows potential as a scaffold in tissue engineering and as an adhesive filler to promote bone regeneration within the context of the circular bioeconomy in the geographical area proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatible Bioceramics: Synthesis, Characterization and Medical Applications)

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15 pages, 33484 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Mechanical Debridement Techniques on Titanium Implant Surfaces: A Comparison of Sandblasted, Acid-Etched, and Femtosecond Laser-Treated Surfaces

by Seung-Mo Eun, Keunbada Son, Sung-Min Hwang, Young-Tak Son, Yong-Gun Kim, Jo-Young Suh, Jun Ho Hwang, Sung-Min Kwon, Jong Hoon Lee, Hyun Deok Kim, Kyu-Bok Lee and Jae-Mok Lee

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100502 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2535

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of various mechanical debridement methods on the surface roughness (Ra) of dental implants, comparing femtosecond laser-treated surfaces with conventionally machined and sandblasted with large-grit sand and acid-etched (SLA) implant surfaces. The fabrication of grade 4 titanium (Ti) disks [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of various mechanical debridement methods on the surface roughness (Ra) of dental implants, comparing femtosecond laser-treated surfaces with conventionally machined and sandblasted with large-grit sand and acid-etched (SLA) implant surfaces. The fabrication of grade 4 titanium (Ti) disks (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick) and the SLA process were carried out by a dental implant manufacturer (DENTIS; Daegu, Republic of Korea). Subsequently, disk surfaces were treated with various methods: machined, SLA, and femtosecond laser. Disks of each surface-treated group were post-treated with mechanical debridement methods: Ti curettes, ultrasonic scaler, and Ti brushes. Scanning electron microscopy, Ra, and wettability were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, with post-hoc analyses conducted using the Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05). In the control group, no significant difference in Ra was observed between the machined and SLA groups. However, femtosecond laser-treated surfaces exhibited higher Ra than SLA surfaces (p < 0.05). The application of Ti curette or brushing further accentuated the roughness of the femtosecond laser-treated surfaces, whereas scaling reduced the Ra in SLA surfaces. Femtosecond laser-treated implant surfaces, with their unique roughness and compositional attributes, are promising alternatives in dental implant surface treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry)

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35 pages, 1924 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Behavior of Mineralizing Cells Related to Bone Tissue Regeneration—A Scoping Review of In Vitro Evidence

by Renata de Lima Barbosa, Emanuelle Stellet Lourenço, Julya Vittoria de Azevedo dos Santos, Neilane Rodrigues Santiago Rocha, Carlos Fernando Mourão and Gutemberg Gomes Alves

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100503 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6869

Abstract

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation blood concentrate that serves as an autologous approach for both soft and hard tissue regeneration. It provides a scaffold for cell interaction and promotes the local release of growth factors. PRF has been investigated as an alternative [...] Read more.

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation blood concentrate that serves as an autologous approach for both soft and hard tissue regeneration. It provides a scaffold for cell interaction and promotes the local release of growth factors. PRF has been investigated as an alternative to bone tissue therapy, with the potential to expedite wound healing and bone regeneration, though the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. This review aims to explore the in vitro evidence of PRF’s effects on the behavior of mineralizing cells related to bone tissue regeneration. A systematic electronic search was conducted up to August 2023, utilizing three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 76 studies were selected, which presented in vitro evidence of PRF’s usefulness, either alone or in conjunction with other biomaterials, for bone tissue treatment. PRF membranes’ influence on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of bone cells is linked to the constant release of growth factors, resulting in changes in crucial markers of bone cell metabolism and behavior. This further reinforces their therapeutic potential in wound healing and bone regeneration. While there are some notable differences among the studies, the overall results suggest a positive effect of PRF on cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and a reduction in inflammation. This points to its therapeutic potential in the field of regenerative medicine. Collectively, these findings may help enhance our understanding of how PRF impacts basic physiological processes in bone and mineralized tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Procedures of Biomaterials in Medical Applications)

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21 pages, 4814 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioinspired Collagen/Hyaluronic Acid/Fibrin-Based Hydrogels for Soft Tissue Engineering: Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Characterization

by Bianca Bindi, Annalisa Perioli, Priscila Melo, Clara Mattu and Ana Marina Ferreira

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100495 - 7 Oct 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4485

Abstract

A major challenge for future drug development comprises finding alternative models for drug screening. The use of animal models in research is highly controversial, with an ongoing debate on their ethical acceptability. Also, animal models are often poorly predictive of therapeutic outcomes due [...] Read more.

A major challenge for future drug development comprises finding alternative models for drug screening. The use of animal models in research is highly controversial, with an ongoing debate on their ethical acceptability. Also, animal models are often poorly predictive of therapeutic outcomes due to the differences between animal and human physiological environments. In this study, we aimed to develop a biomimetic hydrogel that replicates the composition of skin for potential use in in vitro modeling within tissue engineering. The hydrogel was fabricated through the crosslinking of collagen type I, hyaluronic acid, four-arm PEG succinimidyl glutarate (4S-StarPEG), and fibrinogen. Various ratios of these components were systematically optimized to achieve a well-interconnected porosity and desirable rheological properties. To evaluate the hydrogel’s cytocompatibility, fibroblasts were embedded within the matrix. The resulting hydrogel exhibited promising properties as a scaffold, also facilitating the growth of and proliferation of the cells. This biomimetic hydrogel holds great potential for tissue engineering applications, particularly in skin regeneration and cancer research. The study used melanoma spheroids fabricated using the 96-round bottom well plate method as a potential application. The results demonstrate that the developed hydrogels allowed the maintenance of spheroid integrity and viability, meaning it has a promising use as a three-dimensional in vitro model of melanoma for both tissue engineering and drug screening applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collagen-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications)

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20 pages, 6868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Precision 3D Printing of Microporous Cochlear Implants for Personalized Local Drug Delivery

by Aikaterini Isaakidou, Iulian Apachitei, Lidy Elena Fratila-Apachitei and Amir Abbas Zadpoor

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100494 - 3 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3863

Abstract

Hearing loss is a highly prevalent multifactorial disorder affecting 20% of the global population. Current treatments using the systemic administration of drugs are therapeutically ineffective due to the anatomy of the cochlea and the existing blood–labyrinth barrier. Local drug delivery systems can ensure [...] Read more.

Hearing loss is a highly prevalent multifactorial disorder affecting 20% of the global population. Current treatments using the systemic administration of drugs are therapeutically ineffective due to the anatomy of the cochlea and the existing blood–labyrinth barrier. Local drug delivery systems can ensure therapeutic drug concentrations locally while preventing adverse effects caused by high dosages of systemically administered drugs. Here, we aimed to design, fabricate, and characterize a local drug delivery system for the human cochlea. The design was relevant to the size of the human ear, included two different shapes, and incorporated two different microporous structures acting as reservoirs for drug loading and release. The four cochlear implant designs were printed using the two-photon polymerization (2PP) technique and the IP-Q photoresist. The optimized 2PP process enabled the fabrication of the cochlear implants with great reproducibility and shape fidelity. Rectangular and cylindrical implants featuring cylindrical and tapered tips, respectively, were successfully printed. Their outer dimensions were 0.6 × 0.6 × 2.4 mm³ (L × W × H). They incorporated internal porous networks that were printed with high accuracy, yielding pore sizes of 17.88 ± 0.95 μm and 58.15 ± 1.62 μm for the designed values of 20 μm and 60 μm, respectively. The average surface roughness was 1.67 ± 0.24 μm, and the water contact angle was 72.3 ± 3.0°. A high degree of polymerization (~90%) of the IP-Q was identified after printing, and the printed material was cytocompatible with murine macrophages. The cochlear implants designed and 3D printed in this study, featuring relevant sizes for the human ear and tunable internal microporosity, represent a novel approach for personalized treatment of hearing loss through local drug delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials Applied in Drug Delivery)

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15 pages, 10647 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cryo-Electrospinning Generates Highly Porous Fiber Scaffolds Which Improves Trabecular Meshwork Cell Infiltration

by Devon J. Crouch, Carl M. Sheridan, Julia G. Behnsen, Raechelle A. D’Sa and Lucy A. Bosworth

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100490 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3175

Abstract

Human trabecular meshwork is a sieve-like tissue with large pores, which plays a vital role in aqueous humor outflow. Dysfunction of this tissue can occur, which leads to glaucoma and permanent vision loss. Replacement of trabecular meshwork with a tissue-engineered device is the [...] Read more.

Human trabecular meshwork is a sieve-like tissue with large pores, which plays a vital role in aqueous humor outflow. Dysfunction of this tissue can occur, which leads to glaucoma and permanent vision loss. Replacement of trabecular meshwork with a tissue-engineered device is the ultimate objective. This study aimed to create a biomimetic structure of trabecular meshwork using electrospinning. Conventional electrospinning was compared to cryogenic electrospinning, the latter being an adaptation of conventional electrospinning whereby dry ice is incorporated in the fiber collector system. The dry ice causes ice crystals to form in-between the fibers, increasing the inter-fiber spacing, which is retained following sublimation. Structural characterization demonstrated cryo-scaffolds to have closer recapitulation of the trabecular meshwork, in terms of pore size, porosity, and thickness. The attachment of a healthy, human trabecular meshwork cell line (NTM₅) to the scaffold was not influenced by the fabrication method. The main objective was to assess cell infiltration. Cryo-scaffolds supported cell penetration deep within their structure after seven days, whereas cells remained on the outer surface for conventional scaffolds. This study demonstrates the suitability of cryogenic electrospinning for the close recapitulation of trabecular meshwork and its potential as a 3D in vitro model and, in time, a tissue-engineered device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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17 pages, 26346 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

On the Biomechanical Performances of Duplex Stainless Steel Graded Scaffolds Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Tissue Engineering Applications

by Maria Laura Gatto, Giorgia Cerqueni, Riccardo Groppo, Emanuele Tognoli, Alberto Santoni, Marcello Cabibbo, Monica Mattioli-Belmonte and Paolo Mengucci

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100489 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1822

Abstract

This experimental study aims to extend the know-how on biomechanical performances of duplex stainless steel (DSS) for tissue engineering applications to a graded lattice geometry scaffold based on the F53 DSS (UNS S32750 according to ASTM A182) produced by laser powder bed fusion [...] Read more.

This experimental study aims to extend the know-how on biomechanical performances of duplex stainless steel (DSS) for tissue engineering applications to a graded lattice geometry scaffold based on the F53 DSS (UNS S32750 according to ASTM A182) produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The same dense-out graded geometry based on rhombic dodecahedral elementary unit cells investigated in previous work on 316L stainless steel (SS) was adopted here for the manufacturing of the F53 DSS scaffold (SF53). Microstructural characterization and mechanical and biological tests were carried out on the SF53 scaffold, using the in vitro behavior of the 316L stainless steel scaffold (S316L) as a control. Results show that microstructure developed as a consequence of different volume energy density (VED) values is mainly responsible for the different mechanical behaviors of SF53 and S316L, both fabricated using the same LPBF manufacturing system. Specifically, the ultimate compressive strength (σUC) and elastic moduli (E) of SF53 are three times and seven times higher than S316L, respectively. Moreover, preliminary biological tests evidenced better cell viability in SF53 than in S316L already after seven days of culture, suggesting SF53 with dense-out graded geometry as a viable alternative to 316L SS for bone tissue engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Implantable Scaffolds: Designs and Biomechanical Properties)

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13 pages, 3871 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Biofilm Formation on Zirconia Implant Surfaces Treated with Femtosecond and Nanosecond Lasers

by Soo Kyum Bihn, Keunbada Son, Young-Tak Son, Ram Hari Dahal, Shukho Kim, Jungmin Kim, Jun Ho Hwang, Sung-Min Kwon, Jong Hoon Lee, Hyun Deok Kim, Jae-Mok Lee, Myoung-Uk Jin and Kyu-Bok Lee

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100486 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2544

Abstract

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how a zirconia implant surface treated with laser technology affects the degree of biofilm formation. (2) Methods: Experimental titanium (Ti) disks were produced that were sandblasted with large grit and acid-etched (T), and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how a zirconia implant surface treated with laser technology affects the degree of biofilm formation. (2) Methods: Experimental titanium (Ti) disks were produced that were sandblasted with large grit and acid-etched (T), and they were compared with zirconia (ZrO₂) discs with a machined (M) surface topography; a hydrophilic surface topography with a femtosecond laser (HF); and a hydrophobic surface topography with a nanosecond laser (HN) (N = 12 per surface group). An in vitro three-species biofilm sample (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi)) was applied to each disc type, and bacterial adhesion was assessed after 48 and 72 h of incubation using an anaerobic flow chamber model. Statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, with Bonferroni correction used for the post-hoc test (α = 0.05). (3) Results: Compared to the T group, the M group exhibited more than twice as many viable bacterial counts in the three-species biofilm samples (p < 0.05). In comparison to the T group, the HF group had significantly higher viable bacterial counts in certain biofilm samples at 48 h (Aa and Pi) and 72 h (Pi) (p < 0.05). The HN group had higher viable bacterial counts in Pi at 48 h (5400 CFU/mL, p < 0.05) than the T group (4500 CFU/mL), while showing significantly lower viable bacterial counts in Pg at both 48 (3010 CFU/mL) and 72 h (3190 CFU/mL) (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The surface treatment method for zirconia discs greatly influences biofilm formation. Notably, hydrophobic surface treatment using a nanosecond laser was particularly effective at inhibiting Pg growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Oral Implantology)

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23 pages, 6681 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polyacrylate–Cholesterol Amphiphilic Derivative: Formulation Development and Scale-up for Health Care Applications

by Marco Viola, Claudia Migliorini, Fabio Ziarelli, Stéphane Viel, Claudia Cencetti, Daniel Di Risola, Luciana Mosca, Laura Masuelli, Pietro Matricardi and Chiara Di Meo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090482 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2300

Abstract

The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable [...] Read more.

The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable oil/water emulsions with vegetable oils, squalene, and ceramides were prepared, as well as hydrophilic medicated films loaded with diclofenac, providing a prolonged drug release. PAAbCH also formed polyelectrolyte hydrogel complexes with chitosan, both at the macro- and nano-scale. The results demonstrate that this polymer has promising potential as an innovative excipient, acting as a solubility enhancer, viscosity enhancer, and emulsifying agent with an easy scale-up transfer process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)

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20 pages, 1299 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Stem Cell Differentiation Control Using Drug Delivery Systems Based on Porous Functional Materials

by Yun-Sik Eom, Joon-Ha Park and Tae-Hyung Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090483 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4587

Abstract

The unique characteristics of stem cells, which include self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types, have paved the way for the development of various biomedical applications such as stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. The establishment of effective stem cell differentiation [...] Read more.

The unique characteristics of stem cells, which include self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types, have paved the way for the development of various biomedical applications such as stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. The establishment of effective stem cell differentiation techniques is essential for the effective application of stem cells for various purposes. Ongoing research has sought to induce stem cell differentiation using diverse differentiation factors, including chemicals, proteins, and integrin expression. These differentiation factors play a pivotal role in a variety of applications. However, it is equally essential to acknowledge the potential hazards of uncontrolled differentiation. For example, uncontrolled differentiation can give rise to undesirable consequences, including cancerous mutations and stem cell death. Therefore, the development of innovative methods to control stem cell differentiation is crucial. In this review, we discuss recent research cases that have effectively utilised porous functional material-based drug delivery systems to regulate stem cell differentiation. Due to their unique substrate properties, drug delivery systems based on porous functional materials effectively induce stem cell differentiation through the steady release of differentiation factors. These ground-breaking techniques hold considerable promise for guiding and controlling the fate of stem cells for a wide range of biomedical applications, including stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)

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15 pages, 3353 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Harnessing the Native Extracellular Matrix for Periodontal Regeneration Using a Melt Electrowritten Biphasic Scaffold

by Fanny Blaudez, Saso Ivanovski and Cedryck Vaquette

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090479 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2375

Abstract

Scaffolds have been used to promote periodontal regeneration by providing control over the spacio-temporal healing of the periodontium (cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone). This study proposes to enhance the biofunctionality of a biphasic scaffold for periodontal regeneration by means of cell-laid [...] Read more.

Scaffolds have been used to promote periodontal regeneration by providing control over the spacio-temporal healing of the periodontium (cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone). This study proposes to enhance the biofunctionality of a biphasic scaffold for periodontal regeneration by means of cell-laid extracellular matrix (ECM) decoration. To this end, a melt electrowritten scaffold was cultured with human osteoblasts for the deposition of bone-specific ECM. In parallel, periodontal ligament cells were used to form a cell sheet, which was later combined with the bone ECM scaffold to form a biphasic PDL–bone construct. The resulting biphasic construct was decellularised to remove all cellular components while preserving the deposited matrix. Decellularisation efficacy was confirmed in vitro, before the regenerative performance of freshly decellularised constructs was compared to that of 3-months stored freeze-dried scaffolds in a rodent periodontal defect model. Four weeks post-surgery, microCT revealed similar bone formation in all groups. Histology showed higher amounts of newly formed cementum and periodontal attachment in the fresh and freeze-dried ECM functionalised scaffolds, although it did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrated that the positive effect of ECM decoration was preserved after freeze-drying and storing the construct for 3 months, which has important implications for clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Periodontal Regeneration)

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11 pages, 2988 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Production of Feline Universal Erythrocytes with Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol

by Hyung Kyu Kim, Dan Bi Ahn, Han Byeol Jang, Jing Ma, Juping Xing, Joo Won Yoon, Kyung Hee Lee, Dong Min Lee, Chang Hyun Kim and Hee Young Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090476 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. [...] Read more.

Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. While A-type cats are most common, there is a shortage of feline B-type blood groups in cats. By using methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) to protect antigenic epitopes on red blood cells (RBCs), we aimed to find the optimal conditions for the production of feline universal RBCs. The surfaces of feline A-type RBCs were treated with mPEG at various molecular weights and concentrations. Agglutination tests showed that the coating of feline A-type RBCs with mPEG of 20 kDa and 2 mM blocked hemagglutination to feline anti-A alloantibodies over 8 h. While no differences in RBC size and shape between intact and mPEG-treated RBCs were seen, coating RBCs with mPEG inhibited the binding of feline anti-A alloantibodies. Furthermore, the mPEG-treated RBCs did not cause spontaneous hemolysis or osmotic fragility, compared to control RBCs. According to a monocyte monolayer assay, mPEG treatment significantly reduced feline anti-A antibody-mediated phagocystosis of RBCs. These results confirm the potential of using activated mPEG on feline A-type RBC to create universal erythrocytes for transfusion to B-type cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)

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15 pages, 28047 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adhesion and Activation of Blood Platelets on Laser-Structured Surfaces of Biomedical Metal Alloys

by Marta Kamińska, Aleksandra Jastrzębska, Magdalena Walkowiak-Przybyło, Marta Walczyńska, Piotr Komorowski and Bogdan Walkowiak

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090478 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

The laser surface modification of metallic implants presents a promising alternative to other surface modification techniques. A total of four alloyed metallic biomaterials were used for this study: medical steel (AISI 316L), cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb). Samples of [...] Read more.

The laser surface modification of metallic implants presents a promising alternative to other surface modification techniques. A total of four alloyed metallic biomaterials were used for this study: medical steel (AISI 316L), cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb). Samples of metallic biomaterials after machining were subjected to polishing or laser modification in two different versions. The results of surface modification were documented using SEM imaging and roughness measurement. After modification, the samples were sterilized with dry hot air, then exposed to citrate blood, washed with PBS buffer, fixed with glutaraldehyde, sputtered with a layer of gold and imaged using SEM to enable the quantification of adhered, activated and aggregated platelets on the surface of biomaterial samples. The average total number, counted in the field of view, of adhered platelets on the surfaces of the four tested biomaterials, regardless of the type of modification, did not differ statistically significantly (66 ± 81, 67 ± 75, 61 ± 70 and 57 ± 61 for AISI 316L, CoCrMo, Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, respectively) and the average number of platelet aggregates was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) on the surfaces of AISI 316L medical steel (42 ± 53) and of the CoCrMo alloy (42 ± 52) compared to the surfaces of the titanium alloys Ti6Al4V (33 ± 39) and Ti6Al7Nb (32 ± 37). Remaining blood after contact was used to assess spontaneous platelet activation and aggregation in whole blood by flow cytometry. An in-depth analysis conducted on the obtained results as a function of the type of modification indicates small but statistically significant differences in the interaction of platelets with the tested surfaces of metallic biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Application)

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15 pages, 3926 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cellulose/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) Composites with Antibacterial Properties for the Management of Wound Infections

by Valentina Di Matteo, Maria Francesca Di Filippo, Barbara Ballarin, Giovanna Angela Gentilomi, Francesca Bonvicini, Silvia Panzavolta and Maria Cristina Cassani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090472 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3527

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with outstanding physical and chemical properties that make them suitable candidates in many fields, such as catalysis, sensing, energy production, and drug delivery. By combining MOFs with polymeric substrates, advanced functional materials are [...] Read more.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with outstanding physical and chemical properties that make them suitable candidates in many fields, such as catalysis, sensing, energy production, and drug delivery. By combining MOFs with polymeric substrates, advanced functional materials are devised with excellent potential for biomedical applications. In this research, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 (ZIF-8), a zinc-based MOF, was selected together with cellulose, an almost inexhaustible polymeric raw material produced by nature, to prepare cellulose/ZIF-8 composite flat sheets via an in-situ growing single-step method in aqueous media. The composite materials were characterized by several techniques (IR, XRD, SEM, TGA, ICP, and BET) and their antibacterial activity as well as their biocompatibility in a mammalian model system were investigated. The cellulose/ZIF-8 samples remarkably inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference strains, and, notably, they proved to be effective against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa presenting different antibiotic resistance profiles. As these pathogens are of primary importance in skin diseases and in the delayed healing of wounds, and the cellulose/ZIF-8 composites met the requirements of biological safety, the herein materials reveal a great potential for use as gauze pads in the management of wound infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Evaluation and Biomedical Applications of Novel Biomimetic Systems)

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16 pages, 6662 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ligand Composition and Coating Density Co-Modulate the Chondrocyte Function on Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate)

by Yue Qin and Rhima M. Coleman

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090468 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

Inducing chondrocyte redifferentiation and promoting cartilaginous matrix accumulation are key challenges in the application of biomaterials in articular cartilage repair. Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) (PGD) is a viable candidate for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). However, the surface properties of PGD are not ideal [...] Read more.

Inducing chondrocyte redifferentiation and promoting cartilaginous matrix accumulation are key challenges in the application of biomaterials in articular cartilage repair. Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) (PGD) is a viable candidate for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). However, the surface properties of PGD are not ideal for cell attachment and growth due to its relative hydrophobicity compared with natural extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, PGD was coated with various masses of collagen type I or hyaluronic acid, individually or in combination, to generate a cell–material interface with biological cues. The effects of ligand composition and density on the PGD surface properties and shape, metabolic activity, cell phenotype, and ECM production of human articular chondrocytes (hACs) were evaluated. Introducing ECM ligands on PGD significantly improved its hydrophilicity and promoted the chondrocyte’s anabolic activity. The morphology and anabolic activity of hACs on PGD were co-modulated by ligand composition and density, suggesting a combinatorial effect of both coating parameters on chondrocyte function during monolayer culture. Hyaluronic acid and its combination with collagen maintained a round cell shape and redifferentiated phenotype. This study demonstrated the complex mechanism of ligand-guided interactions between cell and biomaterial substrate and the potential of PGD as a scaffold material in the field of CTE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)

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17 pages, 8935 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fabrication and Optimization of 3D-Printed Silica Scaffolds for Neural Precursor Cell Cultivation

by Georgia Kastrinaki, Eleftheria-Maria Pechlivani, Ioannis Gkekas, Nikolaos Kladovasilakis, Evdokia Gkagkari, Spyros Petrakis and Akrivi Asimakopoulou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090465 - 9 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2243

Abstract

The latest developments in tissue engineering scaffolds have sparked a growing interest in the creation of controlled 3D cellular structures that emulate the intricate biophysical and biochemical elements found within versatile in vivo microenvironments. The objective of this study was to 3D-print a [...] Read more.

The latest developments in tissue engineering scaffolds have sparked a growing interest in the creation of controlled 3D cellular structures that emulate the intricate biophysical and biochemical elements found within versatile in vivo microenvironments. The objective of this study was to 3D-print a monolithic silica scaffold specifically designed for the cultivation of neural precursor cells. Initially, a preliminary investigation was conducted to identify the critical parameters pertaining to calcination. This investigation aimed to produce sturdy and uniform scaffolds with a minimal wall-thickness of 0.5 mm in order to mitigate the formation of cracks. Four cubic specimens, with different wall-thicknesses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mm, were 3D-printed and subjected to two distinct calcination profiles. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to examine the freshly printed material, revealing critical temperatures associated with increased mass loss. Isothermal steps were subsequently introduced to facilitate controlled phase transitions and reduce crack formation even at the minimum wall thickness of 0.5 mm. The optimized structure stability was obtained for the slow calcination profile (160 min) then the fast calcination profile (60 min) for temperatures up to 900 °C. In situ X-ray diffraction analysis was also employed to assess the crystal phases of the silicate based material throughout various temperature profiles up to 1200 °C, while scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe micro-scale crack formation. Then, ceramic scaffolds were 3D-printed, adopting a hexagonal and spherical channel structures with channel opening of 2 mm, and subsequently calcined using the optimized slow profile. Finally, the scaffolds were evaluated in terms of biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and differentiation using neural precursor cells (NPCs). These experiments indicated proliferation of NPCs (for 13 days) and differentiation into neurons which remained viable (up to 50 days in culture). In parallel, functionality was verified by expression of pre- (SYN1) and post-synaptic (GRIP1) markers, suggesting that 3D-printed scaffolds are a promising system for biotechnological applications using NPCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Devices)

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26 pages, 3037 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Targeted EGFR Nanotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

by Andreea Crintea, Anne-Marie Constantin, Alexandru C. Motofelea, Carmen-Bianca Crivii, Maria A. Velescu, Răzvan L. Coșeriu, Tamás Ilyés, Alexandra M. Crăciun and Ciprian N. Silaghi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090466 - 9 Sep 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5194

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The present review explores the potential of targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanotherapy as [...] Read more.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The present review explores the potential of targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanotherapy as an alternative treatment for NSCLC, showing that EGFR-targeted nanoparticles are efficiently taken up by NSCLC cells, leading to a significant reduction in tumor growth in mouse models. Consequently, we suggest that targeted EGFR nanotherapy could be an innovative treatment strategy for NSCLC; however, further studies are needed to optimize the nanoparticles and evaluate their safety and efficacy in clinical settings and human trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanosciences in Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Treatment)

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