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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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30 pages, 3662 KiB  
Review
The Preparation and Clinical Efficacy of Amnion-Derived Membranes: A Review
by Alison L. Ingraldi, Robert G. Audet and Aaron J. Tabor
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100531 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7725
Abstract
Biological tissues from various anatomical sources have been utilized for tissue transplantation and have developed into an important source of extracellular scaffolding material for regenerative medicine applications. Tissue scaffolds ideally integrate with host tissue and provide a homeostatic environment for cellular infiltration, growth, [...] Read more.
Biological tissues from various anatomical sources have been utilized for tissue transplantation and have developed into an important source of extracellular scaffolding material for regenerative medicine applications. Tissue scaffolds ideally integrate with host tissue and provide a homeostatic environment for cellular infiltration, growth, differentiation, and tissue resolution. The human amniotic membrane is considered an important source of scaffolding material due to its 3D structural architecture and function and as a source of growth factors and cytokines. This tissue source has been widely studied and used in various areas of tissue repair including intraoral reconstruction, corneal repair, tendon repair, microvascular reconstruction, nerve procedures, burns, and chronic wound treatment. The production of amniotic membrane allografts has not been standardized, resulting in a wide array of amniotic membrane products, including single, dual, and tri-layered products, such as amnion, chorion, amnion–chorion, amnion–amnion, and amnion–chorion–amnion allografts. Since these allografts are not processed using the same methods, they do not necessarily produce the same clinical responses. The aim of this review is to highlight the properties of different human allograft membranes, present the different processing and preservation methods, and discuss their use in tissue engineering and regenerative applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Synthetic Membranes for Tissue Regeneration and Repair)
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14 pages, 6386 KiB  
Brief Report
Evaluating the Feasibility of Hydrogel-Based Neural Cell Sprays
by Daisy Evans, Aina Mogas Barcons, Raja Haseeb Basit, Christopher Adams and Divya Maitreyi Chari
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100527 - 19 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
Neurological injuries have poor prognoses with serious clinical sequelae. Stem cell transplantation enhances neural repair but is hampered by low graft survival (<ca. 5%), necessitating the development of approaches to enhance post-transplant cell viability. Intracerebral injection exerts high mechanical forces on transplant cells [...] Read more.
Neurological injuries have poor prognoses with serious clinical sequelae. Stem cell transplantation enhances neural repair but is hampered by low graft survival (<ca. 5%), necessitating the development of approaches to enhance post-transplant cell viability. Intracerebral injection exerts high mechanical forces on transplant cells with risks of haemorrhage/infection. Transplant cell sprays can offer a non-invasive alternative. This study has assessed if the addition of protective, encapsulating polymer hydrogels to a cell spray format is feasible. Hydrogels (0.1% (1 mg/mL), 0.3% and 0.6% type I rat tail collagen) were trialled for spray deliverability. Cell-enriched hydrogels (containing mouse cortical astrocytes) were sprayed onto culture substrates. Astrocyte viability, cell-specific marker expression, morphology and proliferation were assessed at 24 h and 72 h post spraying. Intra-gel astrocytes and hydrogels could be co-stained using a double immunocytological technique (picrosirius red (PR)/DAB-peroxidase co-labelling). Astrocyte viability remained high post spraying with hydrogel encapsulation (>ca. 80%) and marker expression/proliferative potential of hydrogel-sprayed astrocytes was retained. Combining a cell spray format with polymer encapsulation technologies could form the basis of a non-invasive graft delivery method, offering potential advantages over current cell delivery approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collagen-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications)
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15 pages, 3396 KiB  
Article
Dyeing Improvement and Stability of Antibacterial Properties in Chitosan-Modified Cotton and Polyamide 6,6 Fabrics
by Marta Piccioni, Roberta Peila, Alessio Varesano and Claudia Vineis
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100524 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3176
Abstract
Cotton and polyamide 6,6 fabrics coated with chitosan, a natural biopolymer, have been tested against two different bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacterium. Using the ASTM standard method (Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity [...] Read more.
Cotton and polyamide 6,6 fabrics coated with chitosan, a natural biopolymer, have been tested against two different bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacterium. Using the ASTM standard method (Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions) for antibacterial testing, the treated fabrics is contacted for 1 h with the bacterial inoculum, the present study aims to investigate the possibility to reach interesting results considering shorter contact times. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of chitosan-treated fibers dyed with a natural dye, Carmine Red, was evaluated since chitosan has an interesting property that favors the attachment of the dye to the fiber (cross-linking ability). Finally, fabric samples were tested after washing cycles to verify the resistance of the dye and if the antibacterial property was maintained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)
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31 pages, 4498 KiB  
Review
A Review on Electroactive Polymer–Metal Composites: Development and Applications for Tissue Regeneration
by Rumi Acharya, Sayan Deb Dutta, Tejal V. Patil, Keya Ganguly, Aayushi Randhawa and Ki-Taek Lim
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100523 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3369
Abstract
Electroactive polymer–metal composites (EAPMCs) have gained significant attention in tissue engineering owing to their exceptional mechanical and electrical properties. EAPMCs develop by combining an electroactive polymer matrix and a conductive metal. The design considerations include choosing an appropriate metal that provides mechanical strength [...] Read more.
Electroactive polymer–metal composites (EAPMCs) have gained significant attention in tissue engineering owing to their exceptional mechanical and electrical properties. EAPMCs develop by combining an electroactive polymer matrix and a conductive metal. The design considerations include choosing an appropriate metal that provides mechanical strength and electrical conductivity and selecting an electroactive polymer that displays biocompatibility and electrical responsiveness. Interface engineering and surface modification techniques are also crucial for enhancing the adhesion and biocompatibility of composites. The potential of EAPMC-based tissue engineering revolves around its ability to promote cellular responses, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, through electrical stimulation. The electrical properties of these composites can be used to mimic natural electrical signals within tissues and organs, thereby aiding tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the metallic components provide structural reinforcement and can be modified to align with the distinct demands of various tissues. EAPMCs have extraordinary potential as regenerative biomaterials owing to their ability to promote beneficial effects in numerous electrically responsive cells. This study emphasizes the characteristics and applications of EAPMCs in tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Soft and Hard Tissue Engineering)
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33 pages, 4643 KiB  
Review
Selective Laser Melting and Spark Plasma Sintering: A Perspective on Functional Biomaterials
by Ramin Rahmani, Sérgio Ivan Lopes and Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100521 - 16 Oct 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3748
Abstract
Achieving lightweight, high-strength, and biocompatible composites is a crucial objective in the field of tissue engineering. Intricate porous metallic structures, such as lattices, scaffolds, or triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs), created via the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, are utilized as load-bearing matrices [...] Read more.
Achieving lightweight, high-strength, and biocompatible composites is a crucial objective in the field of tissue engineering. Intricate porous metallic structures, such as lattices, scaffolds, or triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs), created via the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, are utilized as load-bearing matrices for filled ceramics. The primary metal alloys in this category are titanium-based Ti6Al4V and iron-based 316L, which can have either a uniform cell or a gradient structure. Well-known ceramics used in biomaterial applications include titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydroxyapatite (HA), wollastonite (W), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). To fill the structures fabricated by SLM, an appropriate ceramic is employed through the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, making them suitable for in vitro or in vivo applications following minor post-processing. The combined SLM-SPS approach offers advantages, such as rapid design and prototyping, as well as assured densification and consolidation, although challenges persist in terms of large-scale structure and molding design. The individual or combined application of SLM and SPS processes can be implemented based on the specific requirements for fabricated sample size, shape complexity, densification, and mass productivity. This flexibility is a notable advantage offered by the combined processes of SLM and SPS. The present article provides an overview of metal–ceramic composites produced through SLM-SPS techniques. Mg-W-HA demonstrates promise for load-bearing biomedical applications, while Cu-TiO2-Ag exhibits potential for virucidal activities. Moreover, a functionally graded lattice (FGL) structure, either in radial or longitudinal directions, offers enhanced advantages by allowing adjustability and control over porosity, roughness, strength, and material proportions within the composite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Biomaterials Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy Approaches)
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20 pages, 2474 KiB  
Article
In Vivo Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria through Biofunctionalization of Additively Manufactured Porous Titanium
by Ingmar Aeneas Jan van Hengel, Bruce van Dijk, Khashayar Modaresifar, Johan Frederik Felix Hooning van Duyvenbode, Faisal Ruben Hamzah Aziz Nurmohamed, Marius Alexander Leeflang, Adriaan Camille Fluit, Lidy Elena Fratila-Apachitei, Iulian Apachitei, Harrie Weinans and Amir Abbas Zadpoor
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100520 - 16 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2540
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) porous titanium implants may have an increased risk of implant-associated infection (IAI) due to their huge internal surfaces. However, the same surface, when biofunctionalized, can be used to prevent IAI. Here, we used a rat implant infection model to evaluate [...] Read more.
Additively manufactured (AM) porous titanium implants may have an increased risk of implant-associated infection (IAI) due to their huge internal surfaces. However, the same surface, when biofunctionalized, can be used to prevent IAI. Here, we used a rat implant infection model to evaluate the biocompatibility and infection prevention performance of AM porous titanium against bioluminescent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The specimens were biofunctionalized with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Infection was initiated using either intramedullary injection in vivo or with in vitro inoculation of the implant prior to implantation. Nontreated (NT) implants were compared with PEO-treated implants with Ag NPs (PT-Ag), without Ag NPs (PT) and infection without an implant. After 7 days, the bacterial load and bone morphological changes were evaluated. When infection was initiated through in vivo injection, the presence of the implant did not enhance the infection, indicating that this technique may not assess the prevention but rather the treatment of IAIs. Following in vitro inoculation, the bacterial load on the implant and in the peri-implant bony tissue was reduced by over 90% for the PT-Ag implants compared to the PT and NT implants. All infected groups had enhanced osteomyelitis scores compared to the noninfected controls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
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19 pages, 17903 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial Activity of Root Repair Cements in Contact with Dentin—An Ex Vivo Study
by Andreas Koutroulis, Håkon Valen, Dag Ørstavik, Vasileios Kapralos, Josette Camilleri and Pia Titterud Sunde
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100511 - 11 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3034
Abstract
This study assessed the antibacterial characteristics of the dentin/material interface and dentin surfaces exposed to experimental hydraulic calcium silicate cement (HCSC) with or without bioactive glass (BG) replacement (20% or 40%) or mixed with a silver nanoparticle (SNP) solution (1 or 2 mg/mL), [...] Read more.
This study assessed the antibacterial characteristics of the dentin/material interface and dentin surfaces exposed to experimental hydraulic calcium silicate cement (HCSC) with or without bioactive glass (BG) replacement (20% or 40%) or mixed with a silver nanoparticle (SNP) solution (1 or 2 mg/mL), and Biodentine, TotalFill BC RRM putty and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM). Human root dentin segments with test materials were assessed at 1 or 28 days. In one series, the specimens were split to expose the dentin and material surfaces. A 24 h direct contact test was conducted against three-day established Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monospecies biofilms. In another series, the dentin/material interface of intact specimens was exposed to biofilm membranes for 3 days and the antibacterial activity was assessed via confocal microscopy. The interface was additionally characterised. All one-day material and dentin surfaces were antibacterial. Dentin surfaces exposed to HCSC with 40% BG-replacement, Biodentine and IRM had decreased antibacterial properties compared to those of the other cements. The HCSC mixed with a 2 mg/mL SNP solution had the highest antimicrobial effect in the confocal assay. The interfacial characteristics of HCSCs were similar. The test materials conferred antibacterial activity onto the adjacent dentin. The BG reduced the antibacterial effect of dentin exposed to HCSC; a 2 mg/mL SNP solution increased the antibacterial potential for longer interaction periods (three-day exposure). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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14 pages, 2717 KiB  
Article
Biphasic Bioceramic Obtained from Byproducts of Sugar Beet Processing for Use in Bioactive Coatings and Bone Fillings
by Miguel Suffo-Pino, Miguel Ángel Cauqui-López, Celia Pérez-Muñoz, Daniel Goma-Jiménez, Natalia Fernández-Delgado and Miriam Herrera-Collado
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100499 - 9 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2694
Abstract
This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite synthesized from a CaCO3-rich byproduct of sugar beet processing called Carbocal® using a hydrothermal reactor. The purpose of this biomaterial is to enhance the osteoinductivity of implantable surfaces and serve as a bone filler, [...] Read more.
This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite synthesized from a CaCO3-rich byproduct of sugar beet processing called Carbocal® using a hydrothermal reactor. The purpose of this biomaterial is to enhance the osteoinductivity of implantable surfaces and serve as a bone filler, providing a sustainable and economically more affordable alternative. This research involved compositional analysis and micro- and macrostructural physicochemical characterization, complemented with bioactivity and live/dead assays. The biphasic nature of the Carbocal®-derived sample was significant within the context of the bioactivity concept previously proposed in the literature. The bioactivity of the biomaterial was demonstrated through a viability test, where the cell growth was nearly equivalent to that of the positive control. For comparison purposes, the same tests were conducted with two additional samples: hydroxyapatite obtained from CaCO3 and commercial hydroxyapatite. The resulting product of this process is biocompatible and possesses properties similar to natural hydroxyapatite. Consequently, this biomaterial shows potential as a scaffold in tissue engineering and as an adhesive filler to promote bone regeneration within the context of the circular bioeconomy in the geographical area proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatible Bioceramics: Synthesis, Characterization and Medical Applications)
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15 pages, 33484 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Mechanical Debridement Techniques on Titanium Implant Surfaces: A Comparison of Sandblasted, Acid-Etched, and Femtosecond Laser-Treated Surfaces
by Seung-Mo Eun, Keunbada Son, Sung-Min Hwang, Young-Tak Son, Yong-Gun Kim, Jo-Young Suh, Jun Ho Hwang, Sung-Min Kwon, Jong Hoon Lee, Hyun Deok Kim, Kyu-Bok Lee and Jae-Mok Lee
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100502 - 9 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2422
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of various mechanical debridement methods on the surface roughness (Ra) of dental implants, comparing femtosecond laser-treated surfaces with conventionally machined and sandblasted with large-grit sand and acid-etched (SLA) implant surfaces. The fabrication of grade 4 titanium (Ti) disks [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effects of various mechanical debridement methods on the surface roughness (Ra) of dental implants, comparing femtosecond laser-treated surfaces with conventionally machined and sandblasted with large-grit sand and acid-etched (SLA) implant surfaces. The fabrication of grade 4 titanium (Ti) disks (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick) and the SLA process were carried out by a dental implant manufacturer (DENTIS; Daegu, Republic of Korea). Subsequently, disk surfaces were treated with various methods: machined, SLA, and femtosecond laser. Disks of each surface-treated group were post-treated with mechanical debridement methods: Ti curettes, ultrasonic scaler, and Ti brushes. Scanning electron microscopy, Ra, and wettability were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, with post-hoc analyses conducted using the Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05). In the control group, no significant difference in Ra was observed between the machined and SLA groups. However, femtosecond laser-treated surfaces exhibited higher Ra than SLA surfaces (p < 0.05). The application of Ti curette or brushing further accentuated the roughness of the femtosecond laser-treated surfaces, whereas scaling reduced the Ra in SLA surfaces. Femtosecond laser-treated implant surfaces, with their unique roughness and compositional attributes, are promising alternatives in dental implant surface treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry)
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35 pages, 1924 KiB  
Review
The Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Behavior of Mineralizing Cells Related to Bone Tissue Regeneration—A Scoping Review of In Vitro Evidence
by Renata de Lima Barbosa, Emanuelle Stellet Lourenço, Julya Vittoria de Azevedo dos Santos, Neilane Rodrigues Santiago Rocha, Carlos Fernando Mourão and Gutemberg Gomes Alves
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100503 - 9 Oct 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6345
Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation blood concentrate that serves as an autologous approach for both soft and hard tissue regeneration. It provides a scaffold for cell interaction and promotes the local release of growth factors. PRF has been investigated as an alternative [...] Read more.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation blood concentrate that serves as an autologous approach for both soft and hard tissue regeneration. It provides a scaffold for cell interaction and promotes the local release of growth factors. PRF has been investigated as an alternative to bone tissue therapy, with the potential to expedite wound healing and bone regeneration, though the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. This review aims to explore the in vitro evidence of PRF’s effects on the behavior of mineralizing cells related to bone tissue regeneration. A systematic electronic search was conducted up to August 2023, utilizing three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 76 studies were selected, which presented in vitro evidence of PRF’s usefulness, either alone or in conjunction with other biomaterials, for bone tissue treatment. PRF membranes’ influence on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of bone cells is linked to the constant release of growth factors, resulting in changes in crucial markers of bone cell metabolism and behavior. This further reinforces their therapeutic potential in wound healing and bone regeneration. While there are some notable differences among the studies, the overall results suggest a positive effect of PRF on cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and a reduction in inflammation. This points to its therapeutic potential in the field of regenerative medicine. Collectively, these findings may help enhance our understanding of how PRF impacts basic physiological processes in bone and mineralized tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Procedures of Biomaterials in Medical Applications)
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21 pages, 4814 KiB  
Article
Bioinspired Collagen/Hyaluronic Acid/Fibrin-Based Hydrogels for Soft Tissue Engineering: Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Characterization
by Bianca Bindi, Annalisa Perioli, Priscila Melo, Clara Mattu and Ana Marina Ferreira
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100495 - 7 Oct 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4208
Abstract
A major challenge for future drug development comprises finding alternative models for drug screening. The use of animal models in research is highly controversial, with an ongoing debate on their ethical acceptability. Also, animal models are often poorly predictive of therapeutic outcomes due [...] Read more.
A major challenge for future drug development comprises finding alternative models for drug screening. The use of animal models in research is highly controversial, with an ongoing debate on their ethical acceptability. Also, animal models are often poorly predictive of therapeutic outcomes due to the differences between animal and human physiological environments. In this study, we aimed to develop a biomimetic hydrogel that replicates the composition of skin for potential use in in vitro modeling within tissue engineering. The hydrogel was fabricated through the crosslinking of collagen type I, hyaluronic acid, four-arm PEG succinimidyl glutarate (4S-StarPEG), and fibrinogen. Various ratios of these components were systematically optimized to achieve a well-interconnected porosity and desirable rheological properties. To evaluate the hydrogel’s cytocompatibility, fibroblasts were embedded within the matrix. The resulting hydrogel exhibited promising properties as a scaffold, also facilitating the growth of and proliferation of the cells. This biomimetic hydrogel holds great potential for tissue engineering applications, particularly in skin regeneration and cancer research. The study used melanoma spheroids fabricated using the 96-round bottom well plate method as a potential application. The results demonstrate that the developed hydrogels allowed the maintenance of spheroid integrity and viability, meaning it has a promising use as a three-dimensional in vitro model of melanoma for both tissue engineering and drug screening applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collagen-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications)
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20 pages, 6868 KiB  
Article
High-Precision 3D Printing of Microporous Cochlear Implants for Personalized Local Drug Delivery
by Aikaterini Isaakidou, Iulian Apachitei, Lidy Elena Fratila-Apachitei and Amir Abbas Zadpoor
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100494 - 3 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3651
Abstract
Hearing loss is a highly prevalent multifactorial disorder affecting 20% of the global population. Current treatments using the systemic administration of drugs are therapeutically ineffective due to the anatomy of the cochlea and the existing blood–labyrinth barrier. Local drug delivery systems can ensure [...] Read more.
Hearing loss is a highly prevalent multifactorial disorder affecting 20% of the global population. Current treatments using the systemic administration of drugs are therapeutically ineffective due to the anatomy of the cochlea and the existing blood–labyrinth barrier. Local drug delivery systems can ensure therapeutic drug concentrations locally while preventing adverse effects caused by high dosages of systemically administered drugs. Here, we aimed to design, fabricate, and characterize a local drug delivery system for the human cochlea. The design was relevant to the size of the human ear, included two different shapes, and incorporated two different microporous structures acting as reservoirs for drug loading and release. The four cochlear implant designs were printed using the two-photon polymerization (2PP) technique and the IP-Q photoresist. The optimized 2PP process enabled the fabrication of the cochlear implants with great reproducibility and shape fidelity. Rectangular and cylindrical implants featuring cylindrical and tapered tips, respectively, were successfully printed. Their outer dimensions were 0.6 × 0.6 × 2.4 mm3 (L × W × H). They incorporated internal porous networks that were printed with high accuracy, yielding pore sizes of 17.88 ± 0.95 μm and 58.15 ± 1.62 μm for the designed values of 20 μm and 60 μm, respectively. The average surface roughness was 1.67 ± 0.24 μm, and the water contact angle was 72.3 ± 3.0°. A high degree of polymerization (~90%) of the IP-Q was identified after printing, and the printed material was cytocompatible with murine macrophages. The cochlear implants designed and 3D printed in this study, featuring relevant sizes for the human ear and tunable internal microporosity, represent a novel approach for personalized treatment of hearing loss through local drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials Applied in Drug Delivery)
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15 pages, 10647 KiB  
Article
Cryo-Electrospinning Generates Highly Porous Fiber Scaffolds Which Improves Trabecular Meshwork Cell Infiltration
by Devon J. Crouch, Carl M. Sheridan, Julia G. Behnsen, Raechelle A. D’Sa and Lucy A. Bosworth
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100490 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2956
Abstract
Human trabecular meshwork is a sieve-like tissue with large pores, which plays a vital role in aqueous humor outflow. Dysfunction of this tissue can occur, which leads to glaucoma and permanent vision loss. Replacement of trabecular meshwork with a tissue-engineered device is the [...] Read more.
Human trabecular meshwork is a sieve-like tissue with large pores, which plays a vital role in aqueous humor outflow. Dysfunction of this tissue can occur, which leads to glaucoma and permanent vision loss. Replacement of trabecular meshwork with a tissue-engineered device is the ultimate objective. This study aimed to create a biomimetic structure of trabecular meshwork using electrospinning. Conventional electrospinning was compared to cryogenic electrospinning, the latter being an adaptation of conventional electrospinning whereby dry ice is incorporated in the fiber collector system. The dry ice causes ice crystals to form in-between the fibers, increasing the inter-fiber spacing, which is retained following sublimation. Structural characterization demonstrated cryo-scaffolds to have closer recapitulation of the trabecular meshwork, in terms of pore size, porosity, and thickness. The attachment of a healthy, human trabecular meshwork cell line (NTM5) to the scaffold was not influenced by the fabrication method. The main objective was to assess cell infiltration. Cryo-scaffolds supported cell penetration deep within their structure after seven days, whereas cells remained on the outer surface for conventional scaffolds. This study demonstrates the suitability of cryogenic electrospinning for the close recapitulation of trabecular meshwork and its potential as a 3D in vitro model and, in time, a tissue-engineered device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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17 pages, 26346 KiB  
Article
On the Biomechanical Performances of Duplex Stainless Steel Graded Scaffolds Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Tissue Engineering Applications
by Maria Laura Gatto, Giorgia Cerqueni, Riccardo Groppo, Emanuele Tognoli, Alberto Santoni, Marcello Cabibbo, Monica Mattioli-Belmonte and Paolo Mengucci
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100489 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1752
Abstract
This experimental study aims to extend the know-how on biomechanical performances of duplex stainless steel (DSS) for tissue engineering applications to a graded lattice geometry scaffold based on the F53 DSS (UNS S32750 according to ASTM A182) produced by laser powder bed fusion [...] Read more.
This experimental study aims to extend the know-how on biomechanical performances of duplex stainless steel (DSS) for tissue engineering applications to a graded lattice geometry scaffold based on the F53 DSS (UNS S32750 according to ASTM A182) produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The same dense-out graded geometry based on rhombic dodecahedral elementary unit cells investigated in previous work on 316L stainless steel (SS) was adopted here for the manufacturing of the F53 DSS scaffold (SF53). Microstructural characterization and mechanical and biological tests were carried out on the SF53 scaffold, using the in vitro behavior of the 316L stainless steel scaffold (S316L) as a control. Results show that microstructure developed as a consequence of different volume energy density (VED) values is mainly responsible for the different mechanical behaviors of SF53 and S316L, both fabricated using the same LPBF manufacturing system. Specifically, the ultimate compressive strength (σUC) and elastic moduli (E) of SF53 are three times and seven times higher than S316L, respectively. Moreover, preliminary biological tests evidenced better cell viability in SF53 than in S316L already after seven days of culture, suggesting SF53 with dense-out graded geometry as a viable alternative to 316L SS for bone tissue engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Implantable Scaffolds: Designs and Biomechanical Properties)
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13 pages, 3871 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Biofilm Formation on Zirconia Implant Surfaces Treated with Femtosecond and Nanosecond Lasers
by Soo Kyum Bihn, Keunbada Son, Young-Tak Son, Ram Hari Dahal, Shukho Kim, Jungmin Kim, Jun Ho Hwang, Sung-Min Kwon, Jong Hoon Lee, Hyun Deok Kim, Jae-Mok Lee, Myoung-Uk Jin and Kyu-Bok Lee
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100486 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2382
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how a zirconia implant surface treated with laser technology affects the degree of biofilm formation. (2) Methods: Experimental titanium (Ti) disks were produced that were sandblasted with large grit and acid-etched (T), and [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how a zirconia implant surface treated with laser technology affects the degree of biofilm formation. (2) Methods: Experimental titanium (Ti) disks were produced that were sandblasted with large grit and acid-etched (T), and they were compared with zirconia (ZrO2) discs with a machined (M) surface topography; a hydrophilic surface topography with a femtosecond laser (HF); and a hydrophobic surface topography with a nanosecond laser (HN) (N = 12 per surface group). An in vitro three-species biofilm sample (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi)) was applied to each disc type, and bacterial adhesion was assessed after 48 and 72 h of incubation using an anaerobic flow chamber model. Statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, with Bonferroni correction used for the post-hoc test (α = 0.05). (3) Results: Compared to the T group, the M group exhibited more than twice as many viable bacterial counts in the three-species biofilm samples (p < 0.05). In comparison to the T group, the HF group had significantly higher viable bacterial counts in certain biofilm samples at 48 h (Aa and Pi) and 72 h (Pi) (p < 0.05). The HN group had higher viable bacterial counts in Pi at 48 h (5400 CFU/mL, p < 0.05) than the T group (4500 CFU/mL), while showing significantly lower viable bacterial counts in Pg at both 48 (3010 CFU/mL) and 72 h (3190 CFU/mL) (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The surface treatment method for zirconia discs greatly influences biofilm formation. Notably, hydrophobic surface treatment using a nanosecond laser was particularly effective at inhibiting Pg growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Oral Implantology)
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23 pages, 6681 KiB  
Article
Polyacrylate–Cholesterol Amphiphilic Derivative: Formulation Development and Scale-up for Health Care Applications
by Marco Viola, Claudia Migliorini, Fabio Ziarelli, Stéphane Viel, Claudia Cencetti, Daniel Di Risola, Luciana Mosca, Laura Masuelli, Pietro Matricardi and Chiara Di Meo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090482 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2212
Abstract
The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable [...] Read more.
The novel amphiphilic polyacrylate grafted with cholesterol moieties, PAAbCH, previously synthesized, was deeply characterized and investigated in the lab and on a pre-industrial scale. Solid-state NMR analysis confirmed the polymer structure, and several water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products were developed. In particular, stable oil/water emulsions with vegetable oils, squalene, and ceramides were prepared, as well as hydrophilic medicated films loaded with diclofenac, providing a prolonged drug release. PAAbCH also formed polyelectrolyte hydrogel complexes with chitosan, both at the macro- and nano-scale. The results demonstrate that this polymer has promising potential as an innovative excipient, acting as a solubility enhancer, viscosity enhancer, and emulsifying agent with an easy scale-up transfer process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)
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20 pages, 1299 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Stem Cell Differentiation Control Using Drug Delivery Systems Based on Porous Functional Materials
by Yun-Sik Eom, Joon-Ha Park and Tae-Hyung Kim
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090483 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4384
Abstract
The unique characteristics of stem cells, which include self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types, have paved the way for the development of various biomedical applications such as stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. The establishment of effective stem cell differentiation [...] Read more.
The unique characteristics of stem cells, which include self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types, have paved the way for the development of various biomedical applications such as stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. The establishment of effective stem cell differentiation techniques is essential for the effective application of stem cells for various purposes. Ongoing research has sought to induce stem cell differentiation using diverse differentiation factors, including chemicals, proteins, and integrin expression. These differentiation factors play a pivotal role in a variety of applications. However, it is equally essential to acknowledge the potential hazards of uncontrolled differentiation. For example, uncontrolled differentiation can give rise to undesirable consequences, including cancerous mutations and stem cell death. Therefore, the development of innovative methods to control stem cell differentiation is crucial. In this review, we discuss recent research cases that have effectively utilised porous functional material-based drug delivery systems to regulate stem cell differentiation. Due to their unique substrate properties, drug delivery systems based on porous functional materials effectively induce stem cell differentiation through the steady release of differentiation factors. These ground-breaking techniques hold considerable promise for guiding and controlling the fate of stem cells for a wide range of biomedical applications, including stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)
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15 pages, 3353 KiB  
Article
Harnessing the Native Extracellular Matrix for Periodontal Regeneration Using a Melt Electrowritten Biphasic Scaffold
by Fanny Blaudez, Saso Ivanovski and Cedryck Vaquette
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090479 - 19 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2277
Abstract
Scaffolds have been used to promote periodontal regeneration by providing control over the spacio-temporal healing of the periodontium (cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone). This study proposes to enhance the biofunctionality of a biphasic scaffold for periodontal regeneration by means of cell-laid [...] Read more.
Scaffolds have been used to promote periodontal regeneration by providing control over the spacio-temporal healing of the periodontium (cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone). This study proposes to enhance the biofunctionality of a biphasic scaffold for periodontal regeneration by means of cell-laid extracellular matrix (ECM) decoration. To this end, a melt electrowritten scaffold was cultured with human osteoblasts for the deposition of bone-specific ECM. In parallel, periodontal ligament cells were used to form a cell sheet, which was later combined with the bone ECM scaffold to form a biphasic PDL–bone construct. The resulting biphasic construct was decellularised to remove all cellular components while preserving the deposited matrix. Decellularisation efficacy was confirmed in vitro, before the regenerative performance of freshly decellularised constructs was compared to that of 3-months stored freeze-dried scaffolds in a rodent periodontal defect model. Four weeks post-surgery, microCT revealed similar bone formation in all groups. Histology showed higher amounts of newly formed cementum and periodontal attachment in the fresh and freeze-dried ECM functionalised scaffolds, although it did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrated that the positive effect of ECM decoration was preserved after freeze-drying and storing the construct for 3 months, which has important implications for clinical translation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Periodontal Regeneration)
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11 pages, 2988 KiB  
Article
Production of Feline Universal Erythrocytes with Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol
by Hyung Kyu Kim, Dan Bi Ahn, Han Byeol Jang, Jing Ma, Juping Xing, Joo Won Yoon, Kyung Hee Lee, Dong Min Lee, Chang Hyun Kim and Hee Young Kim
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090476 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2055
Abstract
Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. [...] Read more.
Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. While A-type cats are most common, there is a shortage of feline B-type blood groups in cats. By using methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) to protect antigenic epitopes on red blood cells (RBCs), we aimed to find the optimal conditions for the production of feline universal RBCs. The surfaces of feline A-type RBCs were treated with mPEG at various molecular weights and concentrations. Agglutination tests showed that the coating of feline A-type RBCs with mPEG of 20 kDa and 2 mM blocked hemagglutination to feline anti-A alloantibodies over 8 h. While no differences in RBC size and shape between intact and mPEG-treated RBCs were seen, coating RBCs with mPEG inhibited the binding of feline anti-A alloantibodies. Furthermore, the mPEG-treated RBCs did not cause spontaneous hemolysis or osmotic fragility, compared to control RBCs. According to a monocyte monolayer assay, mPEG treatment significantly reduced feline anti-A antibody-mediated phagocystosis of RBCs. These results confirm the potential of using activated mPEG on feline A-type RBC to create universal erythrocytes for transfusion to B-type cats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)
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15 pages, 28047 KiB  
Article
Adhesion and Activation of Blood Platelets on Laser-Structured Surfaces of Biomedical Metal Alloys
by Marta Kamińska, Aleksandra Jastrzębska, Magdalena Walkowiak-Przybyło, Marta Walczyńska, Piotr Komorowski and Bogdan Walkowiak
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090478 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
The laser surface modification of metallic implants presents a promising alternative to other surface modification techniques. A total of four alloyed metallic biomaterials were used for this study: medical steel (AISI 316L), cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb). Samples of [...] Read more.
The laser surface modification of metallic implants presents a promising alternative to other surface modification techniques. A total of four alloyed metallic biomaterials were used for this study: medical steel (AISI 316L), cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb). Samples of metallic biomaterials after machining were subjected to polishing or laser modification in two different versions. The results of surface modification were documented using SEM imaging and roughness measurement. After modification, the samples were sterilized with dry hot air, then exposed to citrate blood, washed with PBS buffer, fixed with glutaraldehyde, sputtered with a layer of gold and imaged using SEM to enable the quantification of adhered, activated and aggregated platelets on the surface of biomaterial samples. The average total number, counted in the field of view, of adhered platelets on the surfaces of the four tested biomaterials, regardless of the type of modification, did not differ statistically significantly (66 ± 81, 67 ± 75, 61 ± 70 and 57 ± 61 for AISI 316L, CoCrMo, Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, respectively) and the average number of platelet aggregates was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) on the surfaces of AISI 316L medical steel (42 ± 53) and of the CoCrMo alloy (42 ± 52) compared to the surfaces of the titanium alloys Ti6Al4V (33 ± 39) and Ti6Al7Nb (32 ± 37). Remaining blood after contact was used to assess spontaneous platelet activation and aggregation in whole blood by flow cytometry. An in-depth analysis conducted on the obtained results as a function of the type of modification indicates small but statistically significant differences in the interaction of platelets with the tested surfaces of metallic biomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Application)
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15 pages, 3926 KiB  
Article
Cellulose/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) Composites with Antibacterial Properties for the Management of Wound Infections
by Valentina Di Matteo, Maria Francesca Di Filippo, Barbara Ballarin, Giovanna Angela Gentilomi, Francesca Bonvicini, Silvia Panzavolta and Maria Cristina Cassani
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090472 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3275
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with outstanding physical and chemical properties that make them suitable candidates in many fields, such as catalysis, sensing, energy production, and drug delivery. By combining MOFs with polymeric substrates, advanced functional materials are [...] Read more.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with outstanding physical and chemical properties that make them suitable candidates in many fields, such as catalysis, sensing, energy production, and drug delivery. By combining MOFs with polymeric substrates, advanced functional materials are devised with excellent potential for biomedical applications. In this research, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 (ZIF-8), a zinc-based MOF, was selected together with cellulose, an almost inexhaustible polymeric raw material produced by nature, to prepare cellulose/ZIF-8 composite flat sheets via an in-situ growing single-step method in aqueous media. The composite materials were characterized by several techniques (IR, XRD, SEM, TGA, ICP, and BET) and their antibacterial activity as well as their biocompatibility in a mammalian model system were investigated. The cellulose/ZIF-8 samples remarkably inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference strains, and, notably, they proved to be effective against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa presenting different antibiotic resistance profiles. As these pathogens are of primary importance in skin diseases and in the delayed healing of wounds, and the cellulose/ZIF-8 composites met the requirements of biological safety, the herein materials reveal a great potential for use as gauze pads in the management of wound infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Evaluation and Biomedical Applications of Novel Biomimetic Systems)
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16 pages, 6662 KiB  
Article
Ligand Composition and Coating Density Co-Modulate the Chondrocyte Function on Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate)
by Yue Qin and Rhima M. Coleman
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090468 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1682
Abstract
Inducing chondrocyte redifferentiation and promoting cartilaginous matrix accumulation are key challenges in the application of biomaterials in articular cartilage repair. Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) (PGD) is a viable candidate for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). However, the surface properties of PGD are not ideal [...] Read more.
Inducing chondrocyte redifferentiation and promoting cartilaginous matrix accumulation are key challenges in the application of biomaterials in articular cartilage repair. Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) (PGD) is a viable candidate for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). However, the surface properties of PGD are not ideal for cell attachment and growth due to its relative hydrophobicity compared with natural extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, PGD was coated with various masses of collagen type I or hyaluronic acid, individually or in combination, to generate a cell–material interface with biological cues. The effects of ligand composition and density on the PGD surface properties and shape, metabolic activity, cell phenotype, and ECM production of human articular chondrocytes (hACs) were evaluated. Introducing ECM ligands on PGD significantly improved its hydrophilicity and promoted the chondrocyte’s anabolic activity. The morphology and anabolic activity of hACs on PGD were co-modulated by ligand composition and density, suggesting a combinatorial effect of both coating parameters on chondrocyte function during monolayer culture. Hyaluronic acid and its combination with collagen maintained a round cell shape and redifferentiated phenotype. This study demonstrated the complex mechanism of ligand-guided interactions between cell and biomaterial substrate and the potential of PGD as a scaffold material in the field of CTE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis)
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17 pages, 8935 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Optimization of 3D-Printed Silica Scaffolds for Neural Precursor Cell Cultivation
by Georgia Kastrinaki, Eleftheria-Maria Pechlivani, Ioannis Gkekas, Nikolaos Kladovasilakis, Evdokia Gkagkari, Spyros Petrakis and Akrivi Asimakopoulou
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090465 - 9 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2157
Abstract
The latest developments in tissue engineering scaffolds have sparked a growing interest in the creation of controlled 3D cellular structures that emulate the intricate biophysical and biochemical elements found within versatile in vivo microenvironments. The objective of this study was to 3D-print a [...] Read more.
The latest developments in tissue engineering scaffolds have sparked a growing interest in the creation of controlled 3D cellular structures that emulate the intricate biophysical and biochemical elements found within versatile in vivo microenvironments. The objective of this study was to 3D-print a monolithic silica scaffold specifically designed for the cultivation of neural precursor cells. Initially, a preliminary investigation was conducted to identify the critical parameters pertaining to calcination. This investigation aimed to produce sturdy and uniform scaffolds with a minimal wall-thickness of 0.5 mm in order to mitigate the formation of cracks. Four cubic specimens, with different wall-thicknesses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mm, were 3D-printed and subjected to two distinct calcination profiles. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to examine the freshly printed material, revealing critical temperatures associated with increased mass loss. Isothermal steps were subsequently introduced to facilitate controlled phase transitions and reduce crack formation even at the minimum wall thickness of 0.5 mm. The optimized structure stability was obtained for the slow calcination profile (160 min) then the fast calcination profile (60 min) for temperatures up to 900 °C. In situ X-ray diffraction analysis was also employed to assess the crystal phases of the silicate based material throughout various temperature profiles up to 1200 °C, while scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe micro-scale crack formation. Then, ceramic scaffolds were 3D-printed, adopting a hexagonal and spherical channel structures with channel opening of 2 mm, and subsequently calcined using the optimized slow profile. Finally, the scaffolds were evaluated in terms of biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and differentiation using neural precursor cells (NPCs). These experiments indicated proliferation of NPCs (for 13 days) and differentiation into neurons which remained viable (up to 50 days in culture). In parallel, functionality was verified by expression of pre- (SYN1) and post-synaptic (GRIP1) markers, suggesting that 3D-printed scaffolds are a promising system for biotechnological applications using NPCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Devices)
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26 pages, 3037 KiB  
Review
Targeted EGFR Nanotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
by Andreea Crintea, Anne-Marie Constantin, Alexandru C. Motofelea, Carmen-Bianca Crivii, Maria A. Velescu, Răzvan L. Coșeriu, Tamás Ilyés, Alexandra M. Crăciun and Ciprian N. Silaghi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090466 - 9 Sep 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4890
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The present review explores the potential of targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanotherapy as [...] Read more.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The present review explores the potential of targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanotherapy as an alternative treatment for NSCLC, showing that EGFR-targeted nanoparticles are efficiently taken up by NSCLC cells, leading to a significant reduction in tumor growth in mouse models. Consequently, we suggest that targeted EGFR nanotherapy could be an innovative treatment strategy for NSCLC; however, further studies are needed to optimize the nanoparticles and evaluate their safety and efficacy in clinical settings and human trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanosciences in Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Treatment)
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23 pages, 18194 KiB  
Article
Microporous Hydroxyapatite-Based Ceramics Alter the Physiology of Endothelial Cells through Physical and Chemical Cues
by Julie Usseglio, Adeline Dumur, Esther Pagès, Émeline Renaudie, Alice Abélanet, Joël Brie, Éric Champion and Amandine Magnaudeix
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090460 - 5 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1845
Abstract
Incorporation of silicate ions in calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) and modification of their multiscale architecture are two strategies for improving the vascularization of scaffolds for bone regenerative medicine. The response of endothelial cells, actors for vascularization, to the chemical and physical cues of [...] Read more.
Incorporation of silicate ions in calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) and modification of their multiscale architecture are two strategies for improving the vascularization of scaffolds for bone regenerative medicine. The response of endothelial cells, actors for vascularization, to the chemical and physical cues of biomaterial surfaces is little documented, although essential. We aimed to characterize in vitro the response of an endothelial cell line, C166, cultivated on the surface CPCs varying either in terms of their chemistry (pure versus silicon-doped HA) or their microstructure (dense versus microporous). Adhesion, metabolic activity, and proliferation were significantly altered on microporous ceramics, but the secretion of the pro-angiogenic VEGF-A increased from 262 to 386 pg/mL on porous compared to dense silicon-doped HA ceramics after 168 h. A tubulogenesis assay was set up directly on the ceramics. Two configurations were designed for discriminating the influence of the chemistry from that of the surface physical properties. The formation of tubule-like structures was qualitatively more frequent on dense ceramics. Microporous ceramics induced calcium depletion in the culture medium (from 2 down to 0.5 mmol/L), which is deleterious for C166. Importantly, this effect might be associated with the in vitro static cell culture. No influence of silicon doping of HA on C166 behavior was detected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Development and Application of Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering)
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36 pages, 3810 KiB  
Review
Natural and Synthetic Polymeric Biomaterials for Application in Wound Management
by Sabrina Prete, Marco Dattilo, Francesco Patitucci, Giuseppe Pezzi, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi and Francesco Puoci
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090455 - 3 Sep 2023
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 8011
Abstract
Biomaterials are at the forefront of the future, finding a variety of applications in the biomedical field, especially in wound healing, thanks to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Wounds spontaneously try to heal through a series of interconnected processes involving several initiators and [...] Read more.
Biomaterials are at the forefront of the future, finding a variety of applications in the biomedical field, especially in wound healing, thanks to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Wounds spontaneously try to heal through a series of interconnected processes involving several initiators and mediators such as cytokines, macrophages, and fibroblasts. The combination of biopolymers with wound healing properties may provide opportunities to synthesize matrices that stimulate and trigger target cell responses crucial to the healing process. This review outlines the optimal management and care required for wound treatment with a special focus on biopolymers, drug-delivery systems, and nanotechnologies used for enhanced wound healing applications. Researchers have utilized a range of techniques to produce wound dressings, leading to products with different characteristics. Each method comes with its unique strengths and limitations, which are important to consider. The future trajectory in wound dressing advancement should prioritize economical and eco-friendly methodologies, along with improving the efficacy of constituent materials. The aim of this work is to give researchers the possibility to evaluate the proper materials for wound dressing preparation and to better understand the optimal synthesis conditions as well as the most effective bioactive molecules to load. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Reviews in Biomaterials: Development, Applications and Challenges)
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18 pages, 7902 KiB  
Article
Manganese-Implanted Titanium Modulates the Crosstalk between Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Macrophages to Improve Osteogenesis
by Kuicai Ye, Xianming Zhang, Li Shangguan, Xingdan Liu, Xiaoshuang Nie and Yuqin Qiao
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090456 - 3 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2384
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient in various physiological processes, but its functions in bone metabolism remain undefined. This is partly due to the interplay between immune and bone cells because Mn plays a central role in the immune system. In this study, [...] Read more.
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient in various physiological processes, but its functions in bone metabolism remain undefined. This is partly due to the interplay between immune and bone cells because Mn plays a central role in the immune system. In this study, we utilized the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D) technique to introduce Mn onto the titanium surface. The results demonstrated that Mn-implanted surfaces stimulated the shift of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and had minimal effects on the osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) under mono-culture conditions. However, they promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages and improved the osteogenic activities of mBMSCs under co-culture conditions, indicating the importance of the crosstalk between mBMSCs and macrophages mediated by Mn in osteogenic activities. This study provides a positive incentive for the application of Mn in the field of osteoimmunology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)
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28 pages, 18169 KiB  
Review
Catecholamine Derivatives as Novel Crosslinkers for the Synthesis of Versatile Biopolymers
by Manickam Sugumaran and Jason J. Evans
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090449 - 1 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3029
Abstract
Catecholamine metabolites are not only involved in primary metabolism, but also in secondary metabolism, serving a diverse array of physiologically and biochemically important functions. Melanin, which originates from dopa and dopamine, found in the hair, eye, and skin of all animals, is an [...] Read more.
Catecholamine metabolites are not only involved in primary metabolism, but also in secondary metabolism, serving a diverse array of physiologically and biochemically important functions. Melanin, which originates from dopa and dopamine, found in the hair, eye, and skin of all animals, is an important biopolymeric pigment. It provides protection against damaging solar radiation to animals. N-Acetyldopamine and N-β-alanyldopamine play a crucial role in the hardening of the exoskeletons of all insects. In addition, insects and other arthropods utilize the melanogenic process as a key component of their defense systems. Many marine organisms utilize dopyl peptides and proteins as bonding materials to adhere to various substrata. Moreover, the complex dopa derivatives that are precursors to the formation of the exoskeletons of numerous marine organisms also exhibit antibiotic properties. The biochemistry and mechanistic transformations of different catecholamine derivatives to produce various biomaterials with antioxidant, antibiotic, crosslinking, and gluing capabilities are highlighted. These reactivities are exhibited through the transient and highly reactive quinones, quinone methides, and quinone methide imine amide intermediates, as well as chelation to metal ions. A careful consideration of the reactivities summarized in this review will inspire numerous strategies for synthesizing novel biomaterials for future medical and industrial use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)
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19 pages, 4210 KiB  
Article
A Sustainable, Green-Processed, Ag-Nanoparticle-Incorporated Eggshell-Derived Biomaterial for Wound-Healing Applications
by Rosemond A. Mensah, Federico Trotta, Emily Briggs, Nik San Sharifulden, Lady V. Barrios Silva, Zalike Keskin-Erdogan, Seyta Diop, Alvena K. Kureshi and David Y. S. Chau
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090450 - 1 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5364
Abstract
The eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial with unique physical and mechanical properties that make it a promising candidate for wound-healing applications. However, the ESM’s inherent properties can be enhanced through incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have been shown to have [...] Read more.
The eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial with unique physical and mechanical properties that make it a promising candidate for wound-healing applications. However, the ESM’s inherent properties can be enhanced through incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have been shown to have antimicrobial properties. In this study, commercially produced AgNPs and green-processed AgNPs were incorporated into ESM and evaluated for their physical, biological, and antimicrobial properties for potential dermal application. The ESM was extracted using various techniques, and then treated with either commercially produced AgNPs (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) or green-synthesized AgNPs (Metalchemy, London, UK) to produce AgNPs-ESM samples. The physical characteristics of the samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the biological properties were assessed through in vitro studies using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and BJ cells. The SEM analysis of the AgNPs-ESM samples showed localization of AgNPs on the ESM surface, and that the ESM maintained its structural integrity following AgNP incorporation. The FTIR confirmed loading of AgNPs to ESM samples. The biological studies showed that the 5 μg/mL AgNPs-ESM samples were highly biocompatible with both HDFs and BJ cells, and had good viability and proliferation rates. Additionally, the AgNPs-ESM samples demonstrated pro-angiogenic properties in the CAM assay, indicating their potential for promoting new blood vessel growth. Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the enhanced AgNPs/ESMs was validated using the International Standard ISO 16869:2008 methodology and exploited Cladosporium, which is one of the most commonly identified fungi in wounds, as the test microorganism (≥5 × 106 cells/mL). The AgNPs-ESM samples displayed promising antimicrobial efficacy as evidenced by the measured zone of inhibition. Notably, the green-synthesized AgNPs demonstrated greater zones of inhibition (~17 times larger) compared to commercially available AgNPs (Sigma-Aldrich). Although both types of AgNP exhibited long-term stability, the Metalchemy-modified samples demonstrated a slightly stronger inhibitory effect. Overall, the AgNPs-ESM samples developed in this study exhibited desirable physical, biological, and antimicrobial properties for potential dermal wound-dressing applications. The use of green-processed AgNPs in the fabrication of the AgNPs-ESM samples highlights the potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly wound-healing therapies. Further research is required to assess the long-term biocompatibility and effectiveness of these biomaterials in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Evaluation and Biomedical Applications of Novel Biomimetic Systems)
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24 pages, 4887 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Biocompatibility of Multi-Component Collagen-Based Hydrogels Developed by E-Beam Irradiation
by Maria Demeter, Andreea Mariana Negrescu, Ion Calina, Anca Scarisoreanu, Mădălina Albu Kaya, Marin Micutz, Marius Dumitru and Anisoara Cimpean
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090454 - 1 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2590
Abstract
Herein, three different recipes of multi-component hydrogels were synthesized by e-beam irradiation. These hydrogels were obtained from aqueous polymer mixtures in which different proportions of bovine collagen gel, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), chitosan, and poly(ethylene oxide) were used. The cross-linking reaction was carried [...] Read more.
Herein, three different recipes of multi-component hydrogels were synthesized by e-beam irradiation. These hydrogels were obtained from aqueous polymer mixtures in which different proportions of bovine collagen gel, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), chitosan, and poly(ethylene oxide) were used. The cross-linking reaction was carried out exclusively by e-beam cross-linking at 25 kGy, a dose of irradiation sufficient both to complete the cross-linking reaction and effective for hydrogel sterilization. The hydrogels developed in this study were tested in terms of physical and chemical stability, mechanical, structural, morphological, and biological properties. They are transparent, maintain their structure, are non-adhesive when handling, and most importantly, especially from the application point of view, have an elastic structure. Likewise, these hydrogels possessed different swelling degrees and expressed rheological behavior characteristic of soft solids with permanent macromolecular network. Morphologically, collagen- and CMC based-hydrogels showed porous structures with homogeneously distributed pores assuring a good loading capacity with drugs. These hydrogels were investigated by indirect and direct contact studies with Vero cell line (CCL-81™, ATCC), demonstrating that they are well tolerated by normal cells and, therefore, showed promising potential for further use in the development of drug delivery systems based on hydrogels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multifunctional Hydrogels for Biomedical Application)
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27 pages, 10103 KiB  
Article
Exploring CVD Method for Synthesizing Carbon–Carbon Composites as Materials to Contact with Nerve Tissue
by Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta, Natalia Kondracka, Marcel Zambrzycki, Maciej Gubernat, Pawel Czaja, Miroslawa Pawlyta, Piotr Jelen, Ryszard Wielowski and Danuta Jantas
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090443 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3512
Abstract
The main purpose of these studies was to obtain carbon–carbon composites with a core built of carbon fibers and a matrix in the form of pyrolytic carbon (PyC), obtained by using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method with direct electrical heating of a [...] Read more.
The main purpose of these studies was to obtain carbon–carbon composites with a core built of carbon fibers and a matrix in the form of pyrolytic carbon (PyC), obtained by using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method with direct electrical heating of a bundle of carbon fibers as a potential electrode material for nerve tissue stimulation. The methods used for the synthesis of PyC proposed in this paper allow us, with the appropriate selection of parameters, to obtain reproducible composites in the form of rods with diameters of about 300 µm in 120 s (CF_PyC_120). To evaluate the materials, various methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and tensiometer techniques were used to study their microstructural, structural, chemical composition, surface morphology, and surface wettability. Assessing their applicability for contact with nervous tissue cells, the evaluation of cytotoxicity and biocompatibility using the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line was performed. Viability and cytotoxicity tests (WST-1 and LDH release) along with cell morphology examination demonstrated that the CF_PyC_120 composites showed high biocompatibility compared to the reference sample (Pt wire), and the best adhesion of cells to the surface among all tested materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Procedures of Biomaterials in Medical Applications)
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16 pages, 2470 KiB  
Article
Role of the Lactide:Glycolide Ratio in PLGA Nanoparticle Stability and Release under Lysosomal Conditions for Enzyme Replacement Therapy of Lysosomal Storage Disorders
by Maria del Moral, Maximilian Loeck, Eameema Muntimadugu, Guillem Vives, Vy Pham, Peter Pfeifer, Giuseppe Battaglia and Silvia Muro
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090440 - 25 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced the delivery of enzymes used for replacement therapy (ERT) of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). This study examined how the copolymer lactide:glycolide ratio impacts encapsulation, physicochemical characteristics, stability, and release under lysosomal [...] Read more.
Prior studies demonstrated that encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced the delivery of enzymes used for replacement therapy (ERT) of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). This study examined how the copolymer lactide:glycolide ratio impacts encapsulation, physicochemical characteristics, stability, and release under lysosomal conditions. Hyaluronidase, deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis IX, was encapsulated in NPs synthesized using 50:50, 60:40, or 75:25 lactide:glycolide copolymers. All NPs had diameters compatible with cellular transport (≤168 nm) and polydispersity indexes (≤0.16) and ζ-potentials (≤−35 mV) compatible with colloidal stability. Yet, their encapsulation efficiency varied, with 75:25 NPs and 60:40 NPs having the lowest and highest EE, respectively (15% vs. 28%). Under lysosomal conditions, the 50:50 copolymer degraded fastest (41% in 1 week), as expected, and the presence of a targeting antibody coat did not alter this result. Additionally, 60:40 NPs destabilized fastest (<1 week) because of their smaller diameter, and 75:25 NPs did not destabilize in 4 weeks. All formulations presented burst release under lysosomal conditions (56–78% of the original load within 30 min), with 50:50 and 60:40 NPs releasing an additional small fraction after week 1. This provided 4 weeks of sustained catalytic activity, sufficient to fully degrade a substrate. Altogether, the 60:40 NP formulation is preferred given its higher EE, and 50:50 NPs represent a valid alternative, while the highest stability of 75:25 NPs may impair lysosomes. These results can guide future studies aiming to translate PLGA NP-based ERT for this and other LSDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Polymers for the Delivery of Vaccines and Therapeutics)
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34 pages, 2665 KiB  
Review
Factors Influencing Properties of Spider Silk Coatings and Their Interactions within a Biological Environment
by Vanessa T. Trossmann, Sarah Lentz and Thomas Scheibel
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080434 - 19 Aug 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3458
Abstract
Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for [...] Read more.
Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for various applications since they are biocompatible, non-toxic and anti-inflammatory. Nevertheless, the biological response toward a spider silk coating cannot be generalized. The properties of spider silk coatings are influenced by many factors, including silk source, solvent, the substrate to be coated, pre- and post-treatments and the processing technique. All these factors consequently affect the biological response of the environment and the putative application of the appropriate silk coating. Here, we summarize recently identified factors to be considered before spider silk processing as well as physicochemical characterization methods. Furthermore, we highlight important results of biological evaluations to emphasize the importance of adjustability and adaption to a specific application. Finally, we provide an experimental matrix of parameters to be considered for a specific application and a guided biological response as exemplarily tested with two different fibroblast cell lines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Polymeric Biomaterials: Design and Applications)
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15 pages, 4481 KiB  
Article
Promising Materials in the Fight against Healthcare-Associated Infections: Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Hybrid Hydrogels
by Antonio Laganà, Alessio Facciolà, Daniela Iannazzo, Consuelo Celesti, Evelina Polimeni, Carmelo Biondo, Angela Di Pietro and Giuseppa Visalli
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080428 - 17 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
New technologies and materials could help in this fight against healthcare-associated infections. As the majority of these infections are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the development of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties is a promising field of research. We combined chitosan (CS), with antibacterial [...] Read more.
New technologies and materials could help in this fight against healthcare-associated infections. As the majority of these infections are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the development of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties is a promising field of research. We combined chitosan (CS), with antibacterial properties, with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), a biocompatible polymer with physico-chemical, mechanical, and rheological properties, creating a hydrogel using cross-linking agent genipin. The antibacterial properties of CS and CS-POSS hydrogels were investigated against nosocomial Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria both in terms of membrane damage and surface charge variations, and finally, the anti-biofilm property was studied through confocal microscopy. Both materials showed a good antibacterial capacity against all analyzed strains, both in suspension, with % decreases between 36.36 and 73.58 for CS and 29.86 and 66.04 for CS-POSS, and in plates with % decreases between 55.29 and 78.32 and 17.00 and 53.99 for CS and CS-POSS, respectively. The treated strains compared to the baseline condition showed an important membrane damage, which also determined a variation of surface charges, and finally, for both hydrogels, a remarkable anti-biofilm property was highlighted. Our findings showed a possible future use of these biocompatible materials in the manufacture of medical and surgical devices with intrinsic antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications)
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15 pages, 1200 KiB  
Review
Clinical Applications and Mechanical Properties of CAD-CAM Materials in Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry: A Systematic Review
by Imena Rexhepi, Manlio Santilli, Gianmaria D’Addazio, Giuseppe Tafuri, Eugenio Manciocchi, Sergio Caputi and Bruna Sinjari
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080431 - 17 Aug 2023
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 8770
Abstract
Clinical outcomes of dental restorations depend primarily on the choice of materials used, and nowadays, dental CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing) materials have strongly changed daily clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze CAD-CAM dental materials according to their [...] Read more.
Clinical outcomes of dental restorations depend primarily on the choice of materials used, and nowadays, dental CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing) materials have strongly changed daily clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze CAD-CAM dental materials according to their mechanical properties and in relation to their clinical applications. A literature review was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library. Articles addressing at least one of the following topics regarding dental materials for CAD-CAM systems: manufacturers, mechanical features, materials’ composition, optical properties, clinical indications, and/or outcomes were included in the review. A flowchart was performed as described in the PRISMA guidelines. Among the 564 articles found, 63 were analyzed and evaluated. Within the limitations of this systematic review, it can be concluded that CAD-CAM materials present a wide range of clinical applications due to their improved mechanical properties. Specifically, in addition to materials that have been in use for a long time (such as feldspathic ceramics), resin block composites can also be used for permanent restorations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CAD–CAM and Bioactive Glass for Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry)
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23 pages, 8622 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Functional Improvement of β-TCP Scaffolds for Use in Bone Tissue Engineering
by Felix Umrath, Lukas-Frank Schmitt, Sophie-Maria Kliesch, Christine Schille, Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer, Elina Gurewitsch, Kathleen Bahrini, Fabian Peters, Siegmar Reinert and Dorothea Alexander
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080427 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2808
Abstract
Autologous bone transplantation is still considered as the gold standard therapeutic option for bone defect repair. The alternative tissue engineering approaches have to combine good hardiness of biomaterials whilst allowing good stem cell functionality. To become more useful for load-bearing applications, mechanical properties [...] Read more.
Autologous bone transplantation is still considered as the gold standard therapeutic option for bone defect repair. The alternative tissue engineering approaches have to combine good hardiness of biomaterials whilst allowing good stem cell functionality. To become more useful for load-bearing applications, mechanical properties of calcium phosphate materials have to be improved. In the present study, we aimed to reduce the brittleness of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). For this purpose, we used three polymers (PDL-02, -02a, -04) for coatings and compared resulting mechanical and degradation properties as well as their impact on seeded periosteal stem cells. Mechanical properties of coated and uncoated β-TCP scaffolds were analyzed. In addition, degradation kinetics analyses of the polymers employed and of the polymer-coated scaffolds were performed. For bioactivity assessment, the scaffolds were seeded with jaw periosteal cells (JPCs) and cultured under untreated and osteogenic conditions. JPC adhesion/proliferation, gene and protein expression by immunofluorescent staining of embedded scaffolds were analyzed. Raman spectroscopy measurements gave an insight into material properties and cell mineralization. PDL-coated β-TCP scaffolds showed a significantly higher flexural strength in comparison to that of uncoated scaffolds. Degradation kinetics showed considerable differences in pH and electrical conductivity of the three different polymer types, while the core material β-TCP was able to stabilize pH and conductivity. Material differences seemed to have an impact on JPC proliferation and differentiation potential, as reflected by the expression of osteogenic marker genes. A homogenous cell colonialization of coated and uncoated scaffolds was detected. Most interesting from a bone engineer’s point of view, the PDL-04 coating enabled detection of cell matrix mineralization by Raman spectroscopy. This was not feasible with uncoated scaffolds, due to intercalating effects of the β-TCP material and the JPC-formed calcium phosphate. In conclusion, the use of PDL-04 coating improved the mechanical properties of the β-TCP scaffold and promoted cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation, whilst allowing detection of cell mineralization within the ceramic core material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering: Material Design and Applications)
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32 pages, 3404 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Magnesium-Phosphate-Based Cements as Bone Repair Materials
by Rita Gelli and Francesca Ridi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080424 - 14 Aug 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4027
Abstract
In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are nowadays gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. The goal of this review [...] Read more.
In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are nowadays gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. The goal of this review was to highlight the main properties and applications of MPCs in the orthopedic field, focusing on the different types of formulations that have been described in the literature, their main features, and the in vivo and in vitro response towards them. The presented results will be useful to showcase the potential of MPCs in the orthopedic field and will suggest novel strategies to further boost their clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Functional Biomaterials)
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14 pages, 5396 KiB  
Article
In-Vitro Comparison of Fracture Strength of Endocrowns and Overlays in Endodontically Treated Teeth Manufactured with Monolithic Lithium Disilicate and Zirconia
by Maya Veselinova, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Chariklia Paximada and Efstratios Papazoglou
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080422 - 11 Aug 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4439
Abstract
To evaluate the fracture strength and the failure mode of endodontically treated molars restored with monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia endocrowns and overlays. A total of 48 extracted mandibular molars were endodontically treated, decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into [...] Read more.
To evaluate the fracture strength and the failure mode of endodontically treated molars restored with monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia endocrowns and overlays. A total of 48 extracted mandibular molars were endodontically treated, decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into four 12-specimen groups. Group ELD: lithium disilicate endocrowns. Group EZ: monolithic zirconia endocrowns. Group OLD: lithium disilicate overlays. Group OZ: monolithic zirconia overlays. Overlays did not extend in the pulp chamber and endocrowns extended in the pulp chamber 2 mm. After adhesive bonding of the restorations, the specimens were subjected to thermocycling (×5000 cycles) and then to fracture resistance testing at lateral static loading (1 mm/min) at a universal testing machine. The failure mode of the specimens was qualitatively evaluated. Differences in means were compared using with t-tests for independent samples or Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05). Weibull distribution analysis was also performed. Group ELD showed significantly higher fracture strength than all other groups (p = 0.001), and the highest Weibull modulus. Conclusions: Lithium disilicate endocrowns exhibit higher fracture strength and are more reliable compared to the other types of restorations examined. Endocrowns had more catastrophic failures compared to overlays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics)
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13 pages, 3933 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Polymethyl Methacrylate Prostheses for Cranioplasty with Ti mesh Inlays
by Gargi Shankar Nayak, Heinz Palkowski and Adele Carradò
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080420 - 10 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1527
Abstract
Biocompatible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), despite fulfilling biomedical aspects, lack the mechanical strength needed for hard-tissue implant applications. This gap can be closed by using composites with metallic reinforcements, as their adaptable mechanical properties can overcome this problem. Keeping this in [...] Read more.
Biocompatible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), despite fulfilling biomedical aspects, lack the mechanical strength needed for hard-tissue implant applications. This gap can be closed by using composites with metallic reinforcements, as their adaptable mechanical properties can overcome this problem. Keeping this in mind, novel Ti-mesh-reinforced PMMA composites were developed. The influence of the orientation and volume fraction of the mesh on the mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The composites were prepared by adding Ti meshes between PMMA layers, cured by hot-pressing above the glass transition temperature of PMMA, where the interdiffusion of PMMA through the spaces in the Ti mesh provided sufficient mechanical clamping and adhesion between the layers. The increase in the volume fraction of Ti led to a tremendous improvement in the mechanical properties of the composites. A significant anisotropic behaviour was analysed depending on the direction of the mesh. Furthermore, the shaping possibilities of these composites were investigated via four-point bending tests. High shaping possibility was found for these composites when they were shaped at elevated temperature. These promising results show the potential of these materials to be used for patient-specific implant applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Biomechanics in Implant Design and Bone Tissue Engineering)
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18 pages, 5361 KiB  
Article
Liver dECM–Gelatin Composite Bioink for Precise 3D Printing of Highly Functional Liver Tissues
by Min Kyeong Kim, Wonwoo Jeong and Hyun-Wook Kang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080417 - 9 Aug 2023
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3295
Abstract
In recent studies, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have gained significant attention for their excellent compatibility with hepatocytes. However, their low printability limits the fabrication of highly functional liver tissue. In this study, a new liver dECM–gelatin composite bioink (dECM gBioink) was [...] Read more.
In recent studies, liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have gained significant attention for their excellent compatibility with hepatocytes. However, their low printability limits the fabrication of highly functional liver tissue. In this study, a new liver dECM–gelatin composite bioink (dECM gBioink) was developed to overcome this limitation. The dECM gBioink was prepared by incorporating a viscous gelatin mixture into the liver dECM material. The novel dECM gBioink showed 2.44 and 10.71 times higher bioprinting resolution and compressive modulus, respectively, than a traditional dECM bioink. In addition, the new bioink enabled stable stacking with 20 or more layers, whereas a structure printed with the traditional dECM bioink collapsed. Moreover, the proposed dECM gBioink exhibited excellent hepatocyte and endothelial cell compatibility. At last, the liver lobule mimetic structure was successfully fabricated with a precisely patterned endothelial cell cord-like pattern and primary hepatocytes using the dECM gBioink. The fabricated lobule structure exhibited excellent hepatic functionalities and dose-dependent responses to hepatotoxic drugs. These results demonstrated that the gelatin mixture can significantly improve the printability and mechanical properties of the liver dECM materials while maintaining good cytocompatibility. This novel liver dECM gBioink with enhanced 3D printability and resolution can be used as an advanced tool for engineering highly functional liver tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Devices)
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14 pages, 13901 KiB  
Article
Fit and Retention of Cobalt–Chromium Removable Partial Denture Frameworks Fabricated with Selective Laser Melting
by Stefan Rues, Akinori Tasaka, Isabella Fleckenstein, Shuichiro Yamashita, Peter Rammelsberg, Sophia Boehm and Franz Sebastian Schwindling
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080416 - 8 Aug 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3463
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate fit and retention of cobalt–chromium removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM). Methods: Three types of framework for clasp-retained RPDs were virtually designed and fabricated using SLM (n = 30). For comparison, 30 additional frameworks were [...] Read more.
Purpose: To evaluate fit and retention of cobalt–chromium removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM). Methods: Three types of framework for clasp-retained RPDs were virtually designed and fabricated using SLM (n = 30). For comparison, 30 additional frameworks were produced using conventional lost-wax casting. A biomechanical model was created, incorporating extracted teeth mounted on flexible metal posts. Using this model, horizontal constraint forces resulting from a misfit were measured using strain gauges, while vertical forces were not recorded. The constraint force components and resultant forces were determined for all abutment teeth, and the maximum retention force during RPD removal from the model was also assessed. For statistical evaluation, the two fabrication methods were analyzed by calculating the means and standard deviations. Results: The average horizontal constraint forces showed similar values for both fabrication methods (SLM: 3.5 ± 1.0 N, casting: 3.4 ± 1.6 N). The overall scatter of data for cast RPDs was greater compared to those fabricated using SLM, indicating a better reproducibility of the SLM process. With regard to retention, the intended retention force of 5–10 N per abutment tooth was not attained in one of the cast groups, while it was consistently achieved in all SLM groups. Conclusions: This in vitro study found that SLM is a promising option for the manufacture of cobalt–chromium RPD frameworks in terms of fit and retention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Dental Materials)
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16 pages, 7431 KiB  
Article
Antifouling Behavior of Copper-Modified Titania Nanotube Surfaces
by Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar, Amit H. Munshi, Paulo Soares and Ketul C. Popat
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080413 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2055
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these [...] Read more.
Titanium and its alloys are commonly used to fabricate orthopedic implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In recent years, orthopedic implant surgeries have considerably increased. This has also resulted in an increase in infection-associated revision surgeries for these implants. To combat this, various approaches are being investigated in the literature. One of the approaches is modifying the surface topography of implants and creating surfaces that are not only antifouling but also encourage osteointegration. Titania nanotube surfaces have demonstrated a moderate decrease in bacterial adhesion while encouraging mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and hence were used in this study. In this work, titania nanotube surfaces were fabricated using a simple anodization technique. These surfaces were further modified with copper using a physical vapor deposition technique, since copper is known to be potent against bacteria once in contact. In this study, scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate surface topography; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to evaluate surface chemistry; contact angle goniometry was used to evaluate surface wettability; and X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate surface crystallinity. Antifouling behavior against a gram-positive and a gram-negative bacterium was also investigated. The results indicate that copper-modified titania nanotube surfaces display enhanced antifouling behavior when compared to other surfaces, and this may be a potential way to prevent infection in orthopedic implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)
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17 pages, 4111 KiB  
Article
Anti-Tumor Activity of Novel Nimotuzumab-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as a Potential Immunotherapeutic Agent against Skin and Lung Cancers
by Mohammad Anisuzzman, Varsha Komalla, Mariam Abdulaziz M. Tarkistani and Veysel Kayser
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080407 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2842
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is vital for many different types of cancer. Nimotuzumab (NmAb), an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb), is used against some of EGFR-overexpressed cancers in various countries. It targets malignant cells and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We hypothesized [...] Read more.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is vital for many different types of cancer. Nimotuzumab (NmAb), an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb), is used against some of EGFR-overexpressed cancers in various countries. It targets malignant cells and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We hypothesized that mAb-nanoparticle conjugation would provide an enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and hence we conjugated NmAb with 27 nm spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form AuNP-NmAb nanoconjugates. Using biophysical and spectroscopic methods, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the AuNP-NmAb complex was characterized. Furthermore, in vitro studies were performed using a medium-level EGFR-expressing skin cancer cell (A431, EGFRmedium) and low-level EGFR-expressing lung cancer cell (A549, EGFRlow) to evaluate anti-tumor and cellular uptake efficiency via MTT assay and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS), respectively. In comparison to NmAb monotherapy, the AuNP-NmAb treatment drastically reduced cancer cell survivability: for A431 cells, the IC50 value of AuNP-NmAb conjugate was 142.7 µg/mL, while the IC50 value of free NmAb was 561.3 µg/mL. For A549 cells, the IC50 value of the AuNP-NmAb conjugate was 163.6 µg/mL, while the IC50 value of free NmAb was 1,082.0 µg/mL. Therefore, this study highlights the unique therapeutic potential of AuNP-NmAb in EGFR+ cancers and shows the potential to develop other mAb nanoparticle complexes for a superior therapeutic efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Properties and Biomedical Application)
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13 pages, 6764 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Loading with Newly Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Equisetum sylvaticum on the Antibacterial Activity and Surface Hardness of a Composite Resin
by Ionuț Tărăboanță, Ana Flavia Burlec, Simona Stoleriu, Andreia Corciovă, Adrian Fifere, Denisa Batir-Marin, Monica Hăncianu, Cornelia Mircea, Irina Nica, Andra Claudia Tărăboanță-Gamen and Sorin Andrian
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080402 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1729
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and surface hardness of a light-activated microhybrid composite resin modified with green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were synthesized using an Equisetum sylvaticum extract and characterized through different methods such as UV-Vis, EDX, [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and surface hardness of a light-activated microhybrid composite resin modified with green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were synthesized using an Equisetum sylvaticum extract and characterized through different methods such as UV-Vis, EDX, and FTIR. The obtained AgNPs were mixed with a microhybrid composite resin (Herculite XRV, Kerr Corp., Orange, CA, USA) in different concentrations: 0% (group A-control); 0.5% (group B); 1% (group C); and 1.5% (group D). A total of 120 composite resin disk-shaped samples were obtained and divided into 4 groups (n = 30) according to AgNP concentration. Each group was then divided into 2 subgroups: subgroup 1—samples were not soaked in 0.01 M NaOH solution; and subgroup 2—samples were soaked in 0.01 M NaOH solution. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was determined using a direct contact test. A digital electronic hardness tester was used to determine the composite resin’s Vickers surface hardness (VH). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests with a confidence level of 95%. Groups C and D showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded between VH values (p > 0.05). The use of AgNPs synthesized from Equisetum sylvaticum as a composite resin filler in 1% wt. and 1.5% wt. reduced the activity of Streptococcus mutans. Soaking of the experimental composite resin decreased the antibacterial efficacy. The loading of a microhybrid composite resin with AgNPs in concentrations of 0.5% wt., 1% wt., and 1.5% wt. did not influence the surface hardness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)
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16 pages, 2343 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles for Stimuli-Triggered Antileukemic Drug Release
by Andra-Sorina Tatar, Timea Nagy-Simon, Adrian Bogdan Tigu, Ciprian Tomuleasa and Sanda Boca
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080399 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1956
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is gaining attraction in advanced cancer therapeutics due to the ubiquity of kinases in cell survival and differentiation. Great progress was made in the past years in identifying tyrosine kinases that can function as valuable molecular targets and [...] Read more.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is gaining attraction in advanced cancer therapeutics due to the ubiquity of kinases in cell survival and differentiation. Great progress was made in the past years in identifying tyrosine kinases that can function as valuable molecular targets and for the entrapment of their corresponding inhibitors in delivery compounds for triggered release. Herein we present a class of drug-delivery nanocompounds based on TKI Midostaurin-loaded gold nanoparticles that have the potential to be used as theranostic agents for the targeting of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) in acute myeloid leukemia. We optimized the nanocompounds’ formulation with loading efficiency in the 84–94% range and studied the drug release behavior in the presence of stimuli-responsive polymers. The therapeutic activity of MDS-loaded particles, superior to that of the free drug, was confirmed with toxicities depending on specific dosage ranges. No effect was observed on FLT3-negative cells or for the unloaded particles. Beyond druggability, we can track this type of nanocarrier inside biological structures as demonstrated via dark field microscopy. These properties might contribute to the facilitation of personalized drug dosage administration, critical for attaining a maximal therapeutic effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theranostic Nanocompounds: Synthesis and Applications in Personalized Medicine)
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11 pages, 1960 KiB  
Brief Report
Corrosion Products from Metallic Implants Induce ROS and Cell Death in Human Motoneurons In Vitro
by Hannes Glaß, Anika Jonitz-Heincke, Janine Petters, Jan Lukas, Rainer Bader and Andreas Hermann
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080392 - 25 Jul 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1853
Abstract
Due to advances in surgical procedures and the biocompatibility of materials used in total joint replacement, more and younger patients are undergoing these procedures. Although state-of-the-art joint replacements can last 20 years or longer, wear and corrosion is still a major risk for [...] Read more.
Due to advances in surgical procedures and the biocompatibility of materials used in total joint replacement, more and younger patients are undergoing these procedures. Although state-of-the-art joint replacements can last 20 years or longer, wear and corrosion is still a major risk for implant failure, and patients with these implants are exposed for longer to these corrosive products. It is therefore important to investigate the potential effects on the whole organism. Released nanoparticles and ions derived from commonly used metal implants consist, among others, of cobalt, nickel, and chromium. The effect of these metallic products in the process of osteolysis and aseptic implant loosening has already been studied; however, the systemic effect on other cell types, including neurons, remains elusive. To this end, we used human iPSC-derived motoneurons to investigate the effects of metal ions on human neurons. We treated human motoneurons with ion concentrations regularly found in patients, stained them with MitoSOX and propidium iodide, and analyzed them with fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS). We found that upon treatment human motoneurons suffered from the formation of ROS and subsequently died. These effects were most prominent in motoneurons treated with 500 μM of cobalt or nickel, in which we observed significant cell death, whereas chromium showed fewer ROS and no apparent impairment of motoneurons. Our results show that the wear and corrosive products of metal implants at concentrations readily available in peri-implant tissues induced ROS and subsequently cell death in an iPSC-derived motoneuron cell model. We therefore conclude that monitoring of neuronal impairment is important in patients undergoing total joint replacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Application)
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17 pages, 3974 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Investigation of Chemical Decontamination Methods for In-Situ Cleaning of Dental Implant Surfaces
by Badra Hussain, Sadia Khan, Anne Eriksson Agger, Jan Eirik Ellingsen, Ståle Petter Lyngstadaas, Jaime Bueno and Håvard J. Haugen
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(8), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080394 - 25 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2529
Abstract
Surface chemistry evaluation is crucial in assessing the efficacy of chemical decontamination products for titanium implants. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of chemical decontamination solutions in cleaning a contaminated dental implant surface and to evaluate the potential of combining Pluronic gel [...] Read more.
Surface chemistry evaluation is crucial in assessing the efficacy of chemical decontamination products for titanium implants. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of chemical decontamination solutions in cleaning a contaminated dental implant surface and to evaluate the potential of combining Pluronic gel with hydrogen peroxide (NuBone®Clean) by evaluating pellicle disruption and re-formation on implant surfaces. In addition, ensuring safety with in vitro and human testing protocols. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was utilised for surface analysis. All the tested gels had some effect on the surface cleanness except for PrefGel®. Among the tested chemical decontamination candidates, NuBone®Clean demonstrated effectiveness in providing a cleaner titanium surface. Furthermore, none of the tested chemical agents exhibited cytotoxic effects, and the safety assessment showed no adverse events. The results of this study highlight the significance of conducting comprehensive evaluations, encompassing safety and efficacy, before introducing new chemical agents for dental treatments. The findings suggest that NuBone®Clean shows potential as a chemical decontamination solution for implant surfaces. However, further investigation through randomised clinical trials is necessary. By adhering to rigorous testing protocols, the development of safe and efficient chemical decontamination strategies can be advanced, benefiting patients and promoting progress in implant dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry)
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14 pages, 3372 KiB  
Article
Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Satraplatin to Overcome Cisplatin Drug Resistance
by Xiaohan Jiang, Qiang Yang, Ruogu Qi and Lesan Yan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070387 - 22 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2079
Abstract
Drug resistance and cancer metastasis are the major obstacles for widely used platinum-based chemotherapy. It is acknowledgement that the decreasing intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs and increasing sulfur-binding detoxification are two major mechanisms related to drug resistance. Herein, we developed a practical and [...] Read more.
Drug resistance and cancer metastasis are the major obstacles for widely used platinum-based chemotherapy. It is acknowledgement that the decreasing intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs and increasing sulfur-binding detoxification are two major mechanisms related to drug resistance. Herein, we developed a practical and straightforward method for formulating the clinically used anticancer drug satraplatin (JM-216) with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS)-based polymers to create satraplatin-loaded nanoparticles (SatPt-NPs). The experimental results demonstrate that SatPt-NPs exhibited comparable efficacy to A2780 in treating the A2780 cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (A2780DDP), indicating their significant potential in overcoming drug resistance. Additionally, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is capable of depleting intracellular glutathione (GSH), resulting in reduced detoxification. After BSO treatment, the IC50 value of SatPt-NPs changed from 0.178 to 0.133 μM, which remained relatively unchanged compared to cisplatin. This suggests that SatPt-NPs can overcome drug resistance by evading GSH detoxification. Therefore, SatPt-NPs have the ability to inhibit drug resistance in tumor cells and hold tremendous potential in cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)
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8 pages, 1181 KiB  
Opinion
Comparative Evaluation of Mineralized Bone Allografts for Spinal Fusion Surgery
by Paul J. Hubbell, Brandon Roth and Jon E. Block
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070384 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1872
Abstract
The primary objective of this review is to evaluate whether the degree of processing and the clinical utility of commercially available mineralized bone allografts for spine surgery meet the 2020 US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guideline definitions for minimal manipulation and homologous [...] Read more.
The primary objective of this review is to evaluate whether the degree of processing and the clinical utility of commercially available mineralized bone allografts for spine surgery meet the 2020 US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guideline definitions for minimal manipulation and homologous use, respectively. We also assessed the consistency of performance of these products by examining the comparative postoperative radiographic fusion rates following spine surgery. Based on the FDA’s criteria for determining whether a structural allograft averts regulatory oversight and classification as a drug/device/biologic, mineralized bone allografts were judged to meet the Agency’s definitional descriptions for minimal manipulation and homologous use when complying with the American Association of Tissue Banks’ (AATB) accredited guidelines for bone allograft harvesting, processing, storing and transplanting. Thus, these products do not require FDA medical device clearance. Radiographic fusion rates achieved with mineralized bone allografts were uniformly high (>85%) across three published systematic reviews. Little variation was found in the fusion rates irrespective of anatomical location, allograft geometry, dimensions or indication, and in most cases, the rates were similar to those for autologous bone alone. Continued utilization of mineralized bone allografts should be encouraged across all spine surgery applications where supplemental grafts and/or segmental stability are required to support mechanically solid arthrodeses. Full article
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20 pages, 3550 KiB  
Article
Immobilisation of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Laccase on Chitosan Particles as a Multi-Enzymatic System for the Synthesis of Lactobionic Acid
by Justyna Sulej, Wiktoria Piątek-Gołda, Marcin Grąz, Katarzyna Szałapata, Piotr Waśko, Ewa Janik-Zabrotowicz and Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk
J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070383 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2134
Abstract
Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive compound that has become increasingly popular in medicine in recent years due to its unique properties. This chemical can be formed via the enzymatic oxidation of lactose using fungal oxidoreductive enzymes. This study aimed to intensify the [...] Read more.
Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive compound that has become increasingly popular in medicine in recent years due to its unique properties. This chemical can be formed via the enzymatic oxidation of lactose using fungal oxidoreductive enzymes. This study aimed to intensify the synthesis of LBA using immobilised enzymes (cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PchCDH) and laccase from Cerrena unicolor (CuLAC)) on chitosan microspheres. We used three different crosslinking agents: genipin, glutaraldehyde, and polyethyleneimine to activate the chitosan. The FTIR and CellDrop techniques were used to characterise the activated microspheres. Quantitative (HPLC) and qualitative (TLC) methods were used to determine the obtained LBA. The results show that the type of activator used influences the efficiency of the binding of the enzyme to the matrix. Furthermore, the amount of LBA formed depends on the type of system used. The use of a system in which one of the enzymes is immobilised on a PEI-activated carrier (PchCDH) and the other is free (CuLAC) proved to be the most optimal, as it yielded almost 100% conversion of lactose to lactobionic acid. Summarising the data obtained the following: lactobionic acid immobilised on chitosan microspheres has great potential for medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications)
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