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Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus: 2nd Edition

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 April 2026 | Viewed by 844

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Guest Editor
Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
Interests: pancreatic disorders; polymorphism; genotype; VEGFR-2; vitamin C; ascorbic acid; diabetes mellitus; periodontal disease; antigens; monoclonal antibody; NLRP3; citokines; pro-angiogenic factors; chronic periodontitis; case-control; matrix metalloproteinase; periodontal pa-rameters
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, several studies conducted among different populations, as well as on mice, have revealed new knowledge about the role of neurotransmission and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that is not currently included in protocols.

Thus, a more solid functional link between these neurotransmitters and markers of inflammation must be established. To better understand and describe this complex association, further large-scale studies among different patient groups are needed.

Epidemiological studies have established an association between inflammatory molecular biomarkers and the occurrence of T2DM and its complications. Because fat cells, macrophages, and other immune cells in the expanding adipose tissue interact with each other, it seems that adipose tissue is a major source of these molecular biomarkers. The identification of key molecular triggers of inflammation in T2DM is still poorly understood. The inflammatory response probably plays a part in the development of T2DM by making insulin less effective. This is made worse when hyperglycemia is present, which makes diabetes complications worse over time. Targeting inflammatory molecular pathways could be a component of strategies to prevent and control diabetes and its associated complications.

Serotonin, released by intestinal enterochromaffin cells, appears to regulate energy homeostasis through peripheral mechanisms. Serotonergic effects on energy balance lead to secondary effects on glucose homeostasis, based on a well-established link between obesity and insulin resistance.

This Special Issue invites research papers that highlight the involved DM molecular markers and pathways and outline perspectives for personalized DM diagnosis and treatment. Systemizing reviews on these topics are also welcome.

Dr. Mihail Virgil Boldeanu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • metabolic disorders
  • diabetes mellitus
  • inflammation
  • neurotransmitter
  • inflammatory biomarkers
  • molecular target
  • molecular diagnostics
  • therapeutics
  • insulin resistance

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 239 KB  
Article
Improvement in Glucometric Outcomes After Control-IQ Initiation in Pediatric and Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes Patients: The Impact of Basal Time in Range
by Ana Gómez-Perea, Alfonso Lendínez-Jurado, Silvia Gallego-Gutiérrez, Fuensanta Guerrero-Del-Cueto, Ana García-Ruiz, Cristina López-De La Torre, Fernando Cardona-Díaz and Isabel Leiva-Gea
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199638 - 2 Oct 2025
Abstract
The development of closed-loop systems represents an evolutionary advance in the management of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study aimed to analyze the impact of the Control-IQ advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system on glucometric outcomes in a pediatric and adolescent population [...] Read more.
The development of closed-loop systems represents an evolutionary advance in the management of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study aimed to analyze the impact of the Control-IQ advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system on glucometric outcomes in a pediatric and adolescent population with T1D, comparing results with baseline values and assessing the influence of baseline Time in Range (TIR) on glycemic control in children under 6 years old over a 12-month period. A 12-month prospective analysis was conducted in 26 patients with T1D (aged 2–15 years) initiating the Control-IQ system. Glucometric variables were assessed at baseline (before system implementation) and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-implementation. A subgroup analysis was performed in patients under 6 years old (n = 13), to evaluate the relationship between basal TIR and glucometric outcomes during the follow-up. TIR increased significantly from 62.04% at baseline to 72.50% at one month (from 57.58% to 66.18% in patients under 6 years), with this improvement sustained throughout follow-up. Time in hyperglycemia 180–250 mg/dL (TAR1) also showed significant improvement (26.84% to 17.40% at one month; 28.66% to 20.09% in patients under 6 years), with significant reductions maintained at all timepoints. Stratification according to the proportion of patients meeting consensus targets revealed significant improvements in TIR and TAR2 at 1 and 12 months in the overall cohort, though not in the under-6 subgroup. Significant differences in TIR and coefficient of variation (CV) were observed based on baseline TIR categorization (<70% vs. ≥70%). Our study revealed a significant enhancement in TIR and time spent in hyperglycemia from the first month after the implementation of the closed-loop system, which was maintained at 12 months, in both the overall cohort and the subgroup under 6 years old. In this younger subgroup, baseline TIR predicted subsequent glycemic control, with higher baseline TIR associated with better long-term outcomes in both TIR and CV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus: 2nd Edition)
12 pages, 1831 KB  
Article
Serum Vitamin D Levels as Predictors of Response to Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy in Diabetic Macular Edema: A Clinical Correlation Study
by Nejla Dervis, Sanda Jurja, Tatiana Chisnoiu, Cristina Maria Mihai and Ana Maria Stoica
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178481 - 1 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Our study explored the role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels as an indicator of response to intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), highlighting functional and anatomical outcomes linked to systemic biomarker profiles. In a [...] Read more.
Our study explored the role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels as an indicator of response to intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), highlighting functional and anatomical outcomes linked to systemic biomarker profiles. In a cohort of treatment-naive diabetic patients, vitamin D status was correlated with post-treatment changes in central macular thickness (CMT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), illustrating layered therapeutic responses among deficient, insufficient, and sufficient vitamin D groups. Functional gains, measured as improvements in decimal BCVA, and anatomical improvements, defined by CMT reduction via spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), were primarily detected in patients with sufficient vitamin D levels. Remarkably, patients with serum 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL revealed complete dual-response rates, while those in the deficient group manifested partial therapeutic efficacy, supporting the immunoangiogenic modulatory role of vitamin D. Statistical associations exposed a tight linear connection between baseline and final visual acuity and a pronounced inverse relationship between CMT and final vision, suggesting that vitamin D may play a role in treatment-mediated structural recovery. These results may imply that low vitamin D levels lead to subclinical endothelial dysfunction and impaired retinal barrier repair, possibly through dysregulated anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) signaling, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Our findings underscore the need for and importance of further research of vitamin D status as an adjunctive biomarker in the clinical approach of personalized DME and validates the potential of circulating vitamin D evaluation in therapeutic classification and predictive eye care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus: 2nd Edition)
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