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Volume 26
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Relationship Between Insulin Resistance Indicators and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Romania

by
Adela-Gabriela Ştefan
1,†,
Diana Clenciu
2,†,
Ionela-Mihaela Vladu
2,
Adina Mitrea
2,*,
Diana-Cristina Protasiewicz-Timofticiuc
3,
Maria-Magdalena Roşu
3,
Theodora-Claudia Gheonea
2,
Beatrice-Elena Vladu
4,
Ion-Cristian Efrem
5,*,
Delia-Viola Reurean Pintilei
6,7,
Eugen Moţa
8 and
Maria Moţa
8
1
Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Calafat Municipal Hospital, 205200 Calafat, Romania
2
Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
3
Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Midwives and Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
4
Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
5
Department of Internal Medicine—Medical Semiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
6
Department of Medical-Surgical and Complementary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Stefan cel Mare” University, 720229 Suceava, Romania
7
Consultmed Medical Centre, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 700544 Iasi, Romania
8
Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9888; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209888 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 19 August 2025 / Revised: 24 September 2025 / Accepted: 9 October 2025 / Published: 11 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex chronic disease, with a prevalence that has reached alarming proportions in recent decades. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with certain insulin resistance (IR) indicators, according to the gender of the participants enrolled in the PREDATORR study. Biomarkers such as the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index and its derivates, triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c), and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), as well as recent indicators, like cholesterol, HDL, the glucose (CHG) index and its derivates, CHG–body mass index (CHG-BMI), and CHG–waist circumference (CHG-WC), as well as its newly proposed derivates, such as CHG–waist-to-height ratio (CHG-WHtR), CHG–neck circumference (CHG-NC), and CHG–neck-to-height ratio (NHtRs were analyzed in 2080 subjects, divided into two groups, according to gender). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the relationships between IR indicators and T2DM. Regardless of gender, all the analyzed indicators presented statistically significantly higher values in T2DM (+) compared to T2DM (−). For both studied groups, CHG–WHtR had the largest AUROC curve: in males, the AUROC curve was 0.809, the cut-off value being 3.22, with a 70.7% sensitivity and 75.3% specificity; in females, the AUROC curve was 0.840, the cut-off value was 3.20, with a 79.3% sensitivity and 75.5% specificity, respectively. Regardless of gender, the age-adjusted model for multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that TyG and CHG were predictive factors for T2DM.
Keywords: insulin resistance; biomarkers; type 2 diabetes mellitus; PREDATORR study insulin resistance; biomarkers; type 2 diabetes mellitus; PREDATORR study

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ştefan, A.-G.; Clenciu, D.; Vladu, I.-M.; Mitrea, A.; Protasiewicz-Timofticiuc, D.-C.; Roşu, M.-M.; Gheonea, T.-C.; Vladu, B.-E.; Efrem, I.-C.; Pintilei, D.-V.R.; et al. Relationship Between Insulin Resistance Indicators and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Romania. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 9888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209888

AMA Style

Ştefan A-G, Clenciu D, Vladu I-M, Mitrea A, Protasiewicz-Timofticiuc D-C, Roşu M-M, Gheonea T-C, Vladu B-E, Efrem I-C, Pintilei D-VR, et al. Relationship Between Insulin Resistance Indicators and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Romania. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(20):9888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209888

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ştefan, Adela-Gabriela, Diana Clenciu, Ionela-Mihaela Vladu, Adina Mitrea, Diana-Cristina Protasiewicz-Timofticiuc, Maria-Magdalena Roşu, Theodora-Claudia Gheonea, Beatrice-Elena Vladu, Ion-Cristian Efrem, Delia-Viola Reurean Pintilei, and et al. 2025. "Relationship Between Insulin Resistance Indicators and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Romania" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 20: 9888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209888

APA Style

Ştefan, A.-G., Clenciu, D., Vladu, I.-M., Mitrea, A., Protasiewicz-Timofticiuc, D.-C., Roşu, M.-M., Gheonea, T.-C., Vladu, B.-E., Efrem, I.-C., Pintilei, D.-V. R., Moţa, E., & Moţa, M. (2025). Relationship Between Insulin Resistance Indicators and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Romania. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(20), 9888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209888

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