Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information

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Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management, University of Hawaii, 2540 Dole Street, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Interests: epidemiology and prevention of congenital anomalies; psychosis and affective psychosis; cancer epidemiology and prevention; molecular and human genome epidemiology; evidence synthesis related to public health and health services research
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

 

The scale, intensity and prevalence of emergencies and disasters are increasing around the world. Advances in geospatial information can help scientists, citizens, government leaders and industry to understand what is needed, and how to find it, in the event of a crisis. Geomatics engineering and geospatial services can help to save lives, protect the environment and protect key resources and critical infrastructure systems. Geospatial information is critical for all phases of the disaster management cycle, from developing preparedness solutions to supporting command and control. After a disaster, GIS, remote sensing and GPS systems can help to prioritize response and recovery efforts.

 

Prof. Jason K.  Levy
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • disaster management

  • disaster risk

  • geospatial information

  • comprehensive emergency management

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 7294 KiB  
Article
A Robust Early Warning System for Preventing Flash Floods in Mountainous Area in Vietnam
by Thanh Van Hoang, Tien Yin Chou, Ngoc Thach Nguyen, Yao Min Fang, Mei Ling Yeh, Quoc Huy Nguyen and Xuan Linh Nguyen
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(5), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8050228 - 10 May 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6016
Abstract
The early-warning model for flash floods is based on a hydrological and geomorphological concept connected to the river basin, with the principle that flash floods will only occur where there is a high potential risk and when rainfall exceeds the threshold. In the [...] Read more.
The early-warning model for flash floods is based on a hydrological and geomorphological concept connected to the river basin, with the principle that flash floods will only occur where there is a high potential risk and when rainfall exceeds the threshold. In the model used to build flash-floods risk maps, the parameters of the basin are analyzed and evaluated and the weight is determined using Thomas Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The flash-floods early-warning software is built using open source programming tools. With the spatial module and online processing, a predicted precipitation of one to six days in advance for iMETOS (AgriMedia—Vietnam) automatic meteorological stations is interpolated and then processed with the potential risk maps (iMETOS is a weather-environment monitoring system comprising a wide range of equipment and an online platform and can be used in various fields such as agriculture, tourism and services). The results determine the locations of flash floods at several risk levels corresponding to the predicted rainfall values at the meteorological stations. The system was constructed and applied to flash floods disaster early warning for Thuan Chau in Son La province when the rainfall exceeded the 150 mm/d threshold. The system initially supported positive decision-making to prevent and minimize damage caused by flash floods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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16 pages, 6551 KiB  
Article
Applicability of Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Water Content in Modeling Lightning-Caused Forest Fire Occurrences
by Masoud Abdollahi, Ashraf Dewan and Quazi K. Hassan
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030143 - 18 Mar 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4052
Abstract
In this study, our aim was to model forest fire occurrences caused by lightning using the variable of vegetation water content over six fire-dominant forested natural subregions in Northern Alberta, Canada. We used eight-day composites of surface reflectance data at 500-m spatial resolution, [...] Read more.
In this study, our aim was to model forest fire occurrences caused by lightning using the variable of vegetation water content over six fire-dominant forested natural subregions in Northern Alberta, Canada. We used eight-day composites of surface reflectance data at 500-m spatial resolution, along with historical lightning-caused fire occurrences during the 2005–2016 period, derived from a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. First, we calculated the normalized difference water index (NDWI) as an indicator of vegetation/fuel water content over the six natural subregions of interest. Then, we generated the subregion-specific annual dynamic median NDWI during the 2005–2012 period, which was assembled into a distinct pattern every year. We plotted the historical lightning-caused fires onto the generated patterns, and used the concept of cumulative frequency to model lightning-caused fire occurrences. Then, we applied this concept to model the cumulative frequencies of lightning-caused fires using the median NDWI values in each natural subregion. By finding the best subregion-specific function (i.e., R2 values over 0.98 for each subregion), we evaluated their performance using an independent subregion-specific lightning-caused fire dataset acquired during the 2013–2016 period. Our analyses revealed strong relationships (i.e., R2 values in the range of 0.92 to 0.98) between the observed and modeled cumulative frequencies of lightning-caused fires at the natural subregion level throughout the validation years. Finally, our results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in modeling lightning-caused fire occurrences over forested regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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23 pages, 6581 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Statistics-Based Landslide Susceptibility Models: A Case Study of the Region Affected by the Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal
by Sansar Raj Meena, Omid Ghorbanzadeh and Thomas Blaschke
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020094 - 18 Feb 2019
Cited by 75 | Viewed by 7943
Abstract
As a result of the Gorkha earthquake in 2015, about 9000 people lost their lives and many more were injured. Most of these losses were caused by earthquake-induced landslides. Sustainable planning and decision-making are required to reduce the losses caused by earthquakes and [...] Read more.
As a result of the Gorkha earthquake in 2015, about 9000 people lost their lives and many more were injured. Most of these losses were caused by earthquake-induced landslides. Sustainable planning and decision-making are required to reduce the losses caused by earthquakes and related hazards. The use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) for landslide susceptibility mapping can help planning authorities to prepare for and mitigate the consequences of future hazards. In this study, we developed landslide susceptibility maps using GIS-based statistical models at the regional level in central Nepal. Our study area included the districts affected by landslides after the Gorkha earthquake and its aftershocks. We used the 23,439 landslide locations obtained from high-resolution satellite imagery to evaluate the differences in landslide susceptibility using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), frequency ratio (FR) and hybrid spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) models. The nine landslide conditioning factors of lithology, land cover, precipitation, slope, aspect, elevation, distance to roads, distance to drainage and distance to faults were used as the input data for the applied landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) models. The spatial correlation of landslides and these factors were identified using GIS-based statistical models. We divided the inventory into data used for training the statistical models (70%) and data used for validation (30%). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the relative landslide density index (R-index) were used to validate the results. The area under the curve (AUC) values obtained from the ROC approach for AHP, FR and hybrid SMCE were 0.902, 0.905 and 0.91, respectively. The index of relative landslide density, R-index, values in sample datasets of AHP, FR and hybrid SMCE maps were 53%, 58% and 59% for the very high hazard classes. The final susceptibility results will be beneficial for regional planning and sustainable hazard mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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16 pages, 6819 KiB  
Article
Scenario-Based Risk Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Using Slope Displacement, PGA, and Population Density in the Guyuan Region, China
by Jianqi Zhuang, Jianbing Peng, Xinghua Zhu and Weiliang Huang
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020085 - 14 Feb 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4795
Abstract
Mega-earthquakes that occur in mountainous areas of densely populated cities are particularly catastrophic, triggering large landslides, destroying more buildings, and usually resulting in significant death tolls. In this paper, earthquake scenarios in the Guyuan Region of China are used as an example to [...] Read more.
Mega-earthquakes that occur in mountainous areas of densely populated cities are particularly catastrophic, triggering large landslides, destroying more buildings, and usually resulting in significant death tolls. In this paper, earthquake scenarios in the Guyuan Region of China are used as an example to study earthquake disaster risk assessment and a method of assessment is proposed that uses the peak ground acceleration (PGA), landslides triggered by the earthquake, and the effects on the population. The method is used to develop scenarios for earthquake disaster risk assessment along the Haiyuan and Liupanshan Faults for earthquake magnitudes of Ms 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5 triggered by one of the two faults. The quantitative earthquake disaster risk maps in the study area were developed by integrating the values of the at-risk elements for the earthquake factor, population, and landslide hazard. According to the model results, the high-hazard zone was mainly located in the severely affected areas along the faults and on the western side of the faults. These results can be useful for emergency preparation planning, response plans, and resource assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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22 pages, 16957 KiB  
Article
Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Model for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) of Urban Residential Buildings
by Mohsen Alizadeh, Mazlan Hashim, Esmaeil Alizadeh, Himan Shahabi, Mohammad Reza Karami, Amin Beiranvand Pour, Biswajeet Pradhan and Hassan Zabihi
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2018, 7(11), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110444 - 14 Nov 2018
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 8474
Abstract
Earthquakes are among the most catastrophic natural geo-hazards worldwide and endanger numerous lives annually. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate seismic vulnerability beforehand to decrease future fatalities. The aim of this research is to assess the seismic vulnerability of residential houses in an [...] Read more.
Earthquakes are among the most catastrophic natural geo-hazards worldwide and endanger numerous lives annually. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate seismic vulnerability beforehand to decrease future fatalities. The aim of this research is to assess the seismic vulnerability of residential houses in an urban region on the basis of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model, including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Tabriz city located adjacent to the North Tabriz Fault (NTF) in North-West Iran was selected as a case study. The NTF is one of the major seismogenic faults in the north-western part of Iran. First, several parameters such as distance to fault, percent of slope, and geology layers were used to develop a geotechnical map. In addition, the structural construction materials, building materials, size of building blocks, quality of buildings and buildings-floors were used as key factors impacting on the building’s structural vulnerability in residential areas. Subsequently, the AHP technique was adopted to measure the priority ranking, criteria weight (layers), and alternatives (classes) of every criterion through pair-wise comparison at all levels. Lastly, the layers of geotechnical and spatial structures were superimposed to design the seismic vulnerability map of buildings in the residential area of Tabriz city. The results showed that South and Southeast areas of Tabriz city exhibit low to moderate vulnerability, while some regions of the north-eastern area are under severe vulnerability conditions. In conclusion, the suggested approach offers a practical and effective evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) and provides valuable information that could assist urban planners during mitigation and preparatory phases of less examined areas in many other regions around the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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29 pages, 16129 KiB  
Article
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Logistic Regression Analysis along the Jinsha River and Its Tributaries Close to Derong and Deqin County, Southwestern China
by Xiaohui Sun, Jianping Chen, Yiding Bao, Xudong Han, Jiewei Zhan and Wei Peng
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2018, 7(11), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110438 - 8 Nov 2018
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 7527
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the areas that are most susceptible to landslide occurrence, and to find the key factors associated with landslides along Jinsha River and its tributaries close to Derong and Deqin County. Thirteen influencing factors, including (a) [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to identify the areas that are most susceptible to landslide occurrence, and to find the key factors associated with landslides along Jinsha River and its tributaries close to Derong and Deqin County. Thirteen influencing factors, including (a) lithology, (b) slope angle, (c) slope aspect, (d) TWI, (e) curvature, (f) SPI, (g) STI, (h) topographic relief, (i) rainfall, (j) vegetation, (k) NDVI, (l) distance-to-river, (m) and distance-to-fault, were selected as the landslide conditioning factors in landslide susceptibility mapping. These factors were mainly obtained from the field survey, digital elevation model (DEM), and Landsat 4–5 imagery using ArcGIS software. A total of 40 landslides were identified in the study area from field survey and aerial photos’ interpretation. First, the frequency ratio (FR) method was used to clarify the relationship between the landslide occurrence and the influencing factors. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to eliminate multiple collinearities between the 13 influencing factors and to reduce the dimension of the influencing factors. Subsequently, the factors that were reselected using the PCA were introduced into the logistic regression analysis to produce the landslide susceptibility map. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of the logistic regression analysis model. The landslide susceptibility map was divided into the following five classes: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The results showed that the ratios of the areas of the five susceptibility classes were 23.14%, 22.49%, 18.00%, 19.08%, and 17.28%, respectively. And the prediction accuracy of the model was 83.4%. The results were also compared with the FR method (79.9%) and the AHP method (76.9%), which meant that the susceptibility model was reasonable. Finally, the key factors of the landslide occurrence were determined based on the above results. Consequently, this study could serve as an effective guide for further land use planning and for the implementation of development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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15 pages, 5851 KiB  
Article
Geospatial Assessment of the Post-Earthquake Hazard of the 2017 Pohang Earthquake Considering Seismic Site Effects
by Han-Saem Kim, Chang-Guk Sun and Hyung-Ik Cho
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2018, 7(9), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7090375 - 10 Sep 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5416 | Correction
Abstract
The 2017 Pohang earthquake (moment magnitude scale: 5.4) was South Korea’s second strongest earthquake in decades, and caused the maximum amount of damage in terms of infrastructure and human injuries. As the epicenters were located in regions with Quaternary sediments, which involve distributions [...] Read more.
The 2017 Pohang earthquake (moment magnitude scale: 5.4) was South Korea’s second strongest earthquake in decades, and caused the maximum amount of damage in terms of infrastructure and human injuries. As the epicenters were located in regions with Quaternary sediments, which involve distributions of thick fill and alluvial geo-layers, the induced damages were more severe owing to seismic amplification and liquefaction. Thus, to identify the influence of site-specific seismic effects, a post-earthquake survey framework for rapid earthquake damage estimation, correlated with seismic site effects, was proposed and applied in the region of the Pohang earthquake epicenter. Seismic zones were determined on the basis of ground motion by classifying sites using the multivariate site classification system. Low-rise structures with slight and moderate earthquake damage were noted to be concentrated in softer sites owing to the low focal depth of the site, topographical effects, and high frequency range of the mainshocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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22 pages, 13591 KiB  
Article
Shaking Maps Based on Cumulative Absolute Velocity and Arias Intensity: The Cases of the Two Strongest Earthquakes of the 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence
by Antonio Costanzo
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2018, 7(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7070244 - 22 Jun 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4444
Abstract
By referring to the two strongest earthquakes of the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, this paper presents a procedure to make shaking maps through empirical relationships between macroseismic intensity and ground-motion parameters. Hundreds of waveforms were processed to obtain instrumental ground-motion features which [...] Read more.
By referring to the two strongest earthquakes of the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, this paper presents a procedure to make shaking maps through empirical relationships between macroseismic intensity and ground-motion parameters. Hundreds of waveforms were processed to obtain instrumental ground-motion features which could be correlated with the potential damage intensities. To take into account peak value, frequency, duration, and energy content, which all contribute to damage, cumulative absolute velocity and Arias intensity were used to quantify the features of the ground motion. Once these parameters had been calculated at the recording sites, they were interpolated through geostatistical techniques on the whole struck area. Finally, empirical relationships were used for mapping intensities, i.e., potential effects on the built environment. The results referred to both earthquake scenarios that were analyzed and were also used for assessing the influence of the spatial coverage of the instrumental network. In fact, after the first events, the Italian seismic network was subjected to the addition and thickening of sensors in the epicentral area, especially. The results obtained by models only dependent on ground-motion parameters or even on the epicentral distance were compared with the official ShakeMaps and the observed intensities for assessing their reliability. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to improve the procedure that could be used for rapidly assessing ground shaking and mapping damage potential producing useful information for non-expert audience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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Review

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23 pages, 366 KiB  
Review
Review of Big Data and Processing Frameworks for Disaster Response Applications
by Silvino Pedro Cumbane and Győző Gidófalvi
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(9), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090387 - 3 Sep 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6750
Abstract
Natural hazards result in devastating losses in human life, environmental assets and personal, and regional and national economies. The availability of different big data such as satellite imageries, Global Positioning System (GPS) traces, mobile Call Detail Records (CDRs), social media posts, etc., in [...] Read more.
Natural hazards result in devastating losses in human life, environmental assets and personal, and regional and national economies. The availability of different big data such as satellite imageries, Global Positioning System (GPS) traces, mobile Call Detail Records (CDRs), social media posts, etc., in conjunction with advances in data analytic techniques (e.g., data mining and big data processing, machine learning and deep learning) can facilitate the extraction of geospatial information that is critical for rapid and effective disaster response. However, disaster response systems development usually requires the integration of data from different sources (streaming data sources and data sources at rest) with different characteristics and types, which consequently have different processing needs. Deciding which processing framework to use for a specific big data to perform a given task is usually a challenge for researchers from the disaster management field. Therefore, this paper contributes in four aspects. Firstly, potential big data sources are described and characterized. Secondly, the big data processing frameworks are characterized and grouped based on the sources of data they handle. Then, a short description of each big data processing framework is provided and a comparison of processing frameworks in each group is carried out considering the main aspects such as computing cluster architecture, data flow, data processing model, fault-tolerance, scalability, latency, back-pressure mechanism, programming languages, and support for machine learning libraries, which are related to specific processing needs. Finally, a link between big data and processing frameworks is established, based on the processing provisioning for essential tasks in the response phase of disaster management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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17 pages, 4944 KiB  
Review
Visualizations Out of Context: Addressing Pitfalls of Real-Time Realistic Hazard Visualizations
by Peter Stempel and Austin Becker
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(8), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080318 - 24 Jul 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4351
Abstract
Realistic 3D hazard visualizations based on advanced Geographic Information Systems (GIS) may be directly driven by hydrodynamic and wind model outputs (e.g., ADCIRC, the ADvanced CIRCulation Model) and hazard impact modeling (e.g., predicting damage to structures and infrastructure). These methods create new possibilities [...] Read more.
Realistic 3D hazard visualizations based on advanced Geographic Information Systems (GIS) may be directly driven by hydrodynamic and wind model outputs (e.g., ADCIRC, the ADvanced CIRCulation Model) and hazard impact modeling (e.g., predicting damage to structures and infrastructure). These methods create new possibilities for representing hazard impacts and support the development of near-real-time hazard forecasting and communication tools. This paper considers the wider implications of using these storm visualizations in light of current frameworks in the context of landscape and urban planning and cartography that have addressed the use of realistic 3D visualizations. Visualizations used outside of engagement processes organized by experts risk misleading the public and may have consequences in terms of feelings of individual self-efficacy or perception of scientists behind the visualizations. In addition to summarizing the implications of using these visualizations outside of recommended practices, a research agenda is proposed to guide the development of real-time realistic and semi-realistic visualizations for future use in hazard communication. Development of a clearer use-case for real-time visualization capabilities is an essential first step if such work is to continue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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21 pages, 950 KiB  
Review
Shoreline Detection using Optical Remote Sensing: A Review
by Seynabou Toure, Oumar Diop, Kidiyo Kpalma and Amadou Seidou Maiga
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020075 - 5 Feb 2019
Cited by 145 | Viewed by 12829
Abstract
With coastal erosion and the increased interest in beach monitoring, there is a greater need for evaluation of the shoreline detection methods. Some studies have been conducted to produce state of the art reviews on shoreline definition and detection. It should be noted [...] Read more.
With coastal erosion and the increased interest in beach monitoring, there is a greater need for evaluation of the shoreline detection methods. Some studies have been conducted to produce state of the art reviews on shoreline definition and detection. It should be noted that with the development of remote sensing, shoreline detection is mainly achieved by image processing. Thus, it is important to evaluate the different image processing approaches used for shoreline detection. This paper presents a state of the art review on image processing methods used for shoreline detection in remote sensing. It starts with a review of different key concepts that can be used for shoreline detection. Then, the applied fundamental image processing methods are shown before a comparative analysis of these methods. A significant outcome of this study will provide practical insights into shoreline detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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Other

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21 pages, 1820 KiB  
Creative
Dynamic Wildfire Navigation System
by Mitsuhiro Ozaki, Jagannath Aryal and Paul Fox-Hughes
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(4), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040194 - 23 Apr 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3650
Abstract
Wildfire, a natural part of many ecosystems, has also resulted in significant disasters impacting ecology and human life in Australia. This study proposes a prototype of fire propagation prediction as an extension of preceding research; this system is called “Cloud computing based bushfire [...] Read more.
Wildfire, a natural part of many ecosystems, has also resulted in significant disasters impacting ecology and human life in Australia. This study proposes a prototype of fire propagation prediction as an extension of preceding research; this system is called “Cloud computing based bushfire prediction”, the computational performance of which is expected to be about twice that of the traditional client-server (CS) model. As the first step in the modelling approach, this prototype focuses on the prediction of fire propagation. The direction of fire is limited in regular grid approaches, such as cellular automata, due to the shape of the uniformed grid, while irregular grids are freed from this constraint. In this prototype, fire propagation is computed from a centroid regardless of grid shape to remove the above constraint. Additionally, the prototype employs existing fire indices, including the Grassland Fire Danger Index (GFDI), Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) and Button Grass Moorland Fire Index (BGML). A number of parameters, such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and forecast weather data, are prepared for use in the calculation of the indices above. The fire study area is located around Lake Mackenzie in the central north of Tasmania where a fire burnt approximately 247.11 km 2 in January 2016. The prototype produces nine different prediction results with three polygon configurations, including Delaunay Triangulation, Square and Voronoi, using three different resolutions: fine, medium and coarse. The Delaunay Triangulation, which has the greatest number of adjacent grids among three shapes of polygon, shows the shortest elapsed time for spread of fire compared to other shapes. The medium grid performs the best trade-off between cost and time among the three grain sizes of prediction polygons, and the coarse size shows the best cost-effectiveness. A staging approach where coarse size prediction is released initially, followed by a medium size one, can be a pragmatic solution for the purpose of providing timely evacuation guidance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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7 pages, 13540 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Kim, H.; et al. Geospatial Assessment of the Post-Earthquake Hazard of the 2017 Pohang Earthquake Considering Seismic Site Effects. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2018, 7, 375
by Han-Saem Kim, Chang-Guk Sun and Hyung-Ik Cho
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020062 - 29 Jan 2019
Viewed by 2760
Abstract
We have recently been made aware of errata and omissions in the introduction section for describing the seismological characteristics of the 2017 Pohang earthquake as stated in the title of this article, which was recently published in ISPRS [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Geospatial Information)
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