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“Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Global Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 42908

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Janette Young

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Interests: health promotion; human-animal relationships; salutogenesis; mental health; pets
Dr. Carmel Nottle

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Interests: human-animal relationships and interactions; assistance dogs; leisure and wellbeing; disability and inclusion
Dr. Em Bould

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Occupational Therapy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
Interests: human and animal supports that facilitate social and community inclusion; employment supports

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The first international conference on Health Promotion in 1986 led to the endorsement of the Ottawa Charter. The Charter’s focus on health, as an everyday resource and a right that is accessible and attainable by all peoples, continues to be seen as foundational to the understanding and application of health promotion. Yet, to date, the health promotion field has not connected with the “animal turn” that has impacted so many other fields, including theology (Moore, 2014) [2], human geography (Urbanik, 2012) [4], leisure studies (Young & Carr 2018) [5], history (Ingram & Sethna, 2017) [1] and critical theory (Ryan 2015) [3], to name but a few. In addition, health promotion has yet to engage with the wealth of research exploring the role of human–animal interactions and human health.

This Special Issue calls for papers that rethink and reconceive understandings of the Ottawa Charter core concepts: prerequisites for health, skills needed (advocate, enable, mediate), and action areas in ways that move beyond human centricity to encompass the roles that nonhuman others play in human health and wellbeing. We are seeking papers that begin to envisage what a human–animal relationships inclusive Ottawa Charter could look like for the 21st century, including presenting a diversity of multispecies actions and activities that can be framed as “health promotion” for human and nonhuman beings.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

References

[1] Ingram, D.; Sethna, C. Animal Metropolis: Histories of Human-Animal Relations in Urban Canada, 1st ed.; University of Calgary Press: Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2017.

[2] Moore, S. Divinanimality: animal theory, creaturely theology, 1st ed; Moore, S.D., Ed; Fordham University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780823263226

[3] Ryan, D. Animal theory: a critical introduction; Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2015.

[4] Urbanik, J. Placing animals. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group: Lanham, MA, USA, 2012.

[5] Young, J.; Carr, N. (2018). Domestic Animals, Humans, and Leisure: Rights, welfare, and wellbeing; Young, J., Carr, N., Eds; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2018.

Dr. Janette Young
Dr. Carmel Nottle
Dr. Em Bould
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • human–animal relationship
  • human–animal interaction
  • health promotion
  • salutogenesis
  • multi-species
  • one welfare
  • one health
  • companion animals
  • pets

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 2701 KiB  
Article
Developing and Planning a Protocol for Implementing Health Promoting Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) in a Tertiary Health Setting
by M. Anne Hamilton-Bruce, Janette Young, Carmel Nottle, Susan J. Hazel, Austin G. Milton, Sonya McDowall, Ben Mani and Simon Koblar
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(18), 6780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186780 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2793
Abstract
The Ottawa Charter identifies that multiple levels of government, non-government, community, and other organizations should work together to facilitate health promotion, including in acute settings such as hospitals. We outline a method and protocol to achieve this, namely an Action Research (AR) framework [...] Read more.
The Ottawa Charter identifies that multiple levels of government, non-government, community, and other organizations should work together to facilitate health promotion, including in acute settings such as hospitals. We outline a method and protocol to achieve this, namely an Action Research (AR) framework for an Animal Assisted Intervention (AAI) in a tertiary health setting. Dogs Offering Support after Stroke (DOgSS) is an AR study at a major tertiary referral hospital. AAI has been reported to improve mood and quality of life for patients in hospitals. Our project objectives included applying for funding, developing a hospital dog visiting Action Research project, and, subsequent to ethics and governance approvals and finance, undertaking and reporting on the Action Research findings. The Action Research project aimed to investigate whether AAI (dog-visiting) makes a difference to the expressed mood of stroke patients and their informal supports (visiting carers/family/friends), and also the impact these visits have on hospital staff and volunteers, as well as the dog handler and dog involved. We provide our protocol for project management and operations, setting out how the project is conducted from conception to assess human and animal wellbeing and assist subsequent decision-making about introducing dog-visiting to the Stroke Unit. The protocol can be used or adapted by other organizations to try to avoid pitfalls and support health promotion in one of the five important action areas of the Ottawa Charter, namely that of reorienting health services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)
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12 pages, 327 KiB  
Article
Reimagining Healthcare: Human–Animal Bond Support as a Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Public Health Intervention
by Janet Hoy-Gerlach and Lisa Townsend
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(7), 5272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075272 - 27 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3739
Abstract
The emergence of human–animal support services (HASS)—services provided to help keep people and their companion animals together—in the United States has been driven by two global public health crises. Despite such impetuses and an increasing recognition of One Health approaches, HASS are generally [...] Read more.
The emergence of human–animal support services (HASS)—services provided to help keep people and their companion animals together—in the United States has been driven by two global public health crises. Despite such impetuses and an increasing recognition of One Health approaches, HASS are generally not recognized as public health interventions. The Ottawa Charter, defining health as well-being and resources for living and calling for cross-sector action to advance such, provides a clear rationale for locating HASS within a public health framework. Drawing from Ottawa Charter tenets and using the United States as a case study, we: (1) recognize and explicate HASS as public health resources for human and animal well-being and (2) delineate examples of HASS within the three-tiered public health intervention framework. HASS examples situated in the three-tier framework reveal a public health continuum for symbiotic well-being and health. Humans and their respective companion animals may need different levels of intervention to optimize mutual well-being. Tenets of the Ottawa Charter provide a clear rationale for recognizing and promoting HASS as One Health public health interventions; doing so enables cross-sector leveraging of resources and offers a symbiotic strategy for human and animal well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)
13 pages, 361 KiB  
Article
Family Bonds with Pets and Mental Health during COVID-19 in Australia: A Complex Picture
by Shannon K. Bennetts, Tiffani Howell, Sharinne Crawford, Fiona Burgemeister, Kylie Burke and Jan M. Nicholson
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(7), 5245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075245 - 23 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3424
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the health-promoting features of human-animal relationships, particularly for families with children. Despite this, the World Health Organization’s (1986) Ottawa Charter remains human-centric. Given the reciprocal health impacts of human-animal relationships, this paper aims to (i) describe [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the health-promoting features of human-animal relationships, particularly for families with children. Despite this, the World Health Organization’s (1986) Ottawa Charter remains human-centric. Given the reciprocal health impacts of human-animal relationships, this paper aims to (i) describe perceived pet-related benefits, worries, and family activities; and to (ii) examine differences in perceived benefits, worries, and activities for parents and children with and without clinical mental health symptoms. We recruited 1034 Australian parents with a child < 18 years and a cat or dog via a national online survey between July and October 2020. Most parents reported their pet was helpful for their own (78%) and their child’s mental health (80%). Adjusted logistic regression revealed parents with clinical psychological distress were 2.5 times more likely to be worried about their pet’s care, well-being, and behaviour (OR = 2.56, p < 0.001). Clinically anxious children were almost twice as likely to live in a family who engages frequently in pet-related activities (e.g., cooked treats, taught tricks, OR = 1.82, p < 0.01). Mental health and perceived benefits of having a pet were not strongly associated. Data support re-framing the Ottawa Charter to encompass human-animal relationships, which is an often-neglected aspect of a socioecological approach to health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)
14 pages, 363 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Campus-Based Therapy Dogs on the Mood and Affect of University Students
by Nicole Peel, Kathy Nguyen and Caterina Tannous
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(6), 4759; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064759 - 8 Mar 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8989
Abstract
University students experience a high level of stress, which could potentially affect how they manage stressful situations beyond university, such as when entering the workforce. Although universities offer counseling services and various health promotion programs, there is reluctance and negative perceptions about utilizing [...] Read more.
University students experience a high level of stress, which could potentially affect how they manage stressful situations beyond university, such as when entering the workforce. Although universities offer counseling services and various health promotion programs, there is reluctance and negative perceptions about utilizing these from students. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of therapy dog interventions in human interactions that is quantifiable and embraces the elements of health promotion. This study aimed to investigate the impact of therapy dog interventions on students’ moods across a multi-campus university during a 2-week final examination period. Two hundred and sixty-five students participated in the study involving a multi-campus university. The intervention group and control group completed a questionnaire involving the positive affect negative affect schedule (PANAS), a 20-item scale that measures a person’s affect at the time. The intervention group (n = 170) had a higher average of total PANAS scores (mean = 77.63, standard deviation = 10.975) compared to the control group (n = 95) (mean = 69.41, standard deviation = 13.442). The results were statistically significant (mean difference = 8.219, 95% CI = 5.213–11.224, p < 0.05) with a t-score of 5.385. Students who engaged with therapy dogs on campus during the examination period were more likely to have a more positive affect. The results suggest that universities should include therapy dog programs within their health promotion programs for students, as these may help improve their mood and reduce the stress associated with university examinations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)
14 pages, 758 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Operation K9 Assistance Dogs on Suicidality in Australian Veterans with PTSD: A 12-Month Mixed-Methods Follow-Up Study
by Melissa Sherman, Amanda D. Hutchinson, Henry Bowen, Marie Iannos and Miranda Van Hooff
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043607 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5566
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a pervasive disorder among both current and ex-serving Australian Defence Force (ADF) members. Studies have shown current psychological and pharmacological treatments for PTSD are suboptimal in veterans, with high dropout rates and poor adherence to treatment protocols. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a pervasive disorder among both current and ex-serving Australian Defence Force (ADF) members. Studies have shown current psychological and pharmacological treatments for PTSD are suboptimal in veterans, with high dropout rates and poor adherence to treatment protocols. Therefore, evaluating complementary interventions, such as assistance dogs, is needed for veterans who may not receive the ultimate benefit from traditional therapies. The present longitudinal mixed-method study examined the effectiveness of Operation K9 assistance dogs among sixteen veterans with PTSD, specifically, their effects on suicidality, PTSD, depression, and anxiety from baseline to 12 months post-matching. Self-reported measures were completed prior to receiving their dog (baseline) and at three time points (3, 6, and 12 months) following matching. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 was used to assess the severity of every PTSD case. Veterans participated in a semi-structured interview 3 months post-matching. Whilst there was a reduction in the proportion of veterans reporting any suicidality, there was no significant change in the probability of veterans reporting suicidality between time points. There was a significant effect of time on PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Three major themes emerged from qualitative data analysis: life changer, constant companion, and social engagement. Qualitative data suggest assistance dogs can have a positive impact on important areas of daily life and support veterans in achieving some of the prerequisites for health, including access to services, transport, education, employment, and development of new and diverse social and community connections. Connections were key in improving health and wellbeing. This study exemplifies the power of human–animal relationships and adds emphasis to the need to take these seriously and create supportive healthy environments for veterans with PTSD. Our findings could be used to inform public health policy and service delivery, in line with the Ottawa Charter action areas and indicate that for veterans with PTSD, assistance dogs may be a feasible adjunct intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)
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15 pages, 341 KiB  
Article
A Qualitative Analysis of Management Perspectives on Seeking to Implement the Foster Cat Project in Residential Aged Care in the Context of COVID-19
by Kellie-Ann Armitt, Janette Young and Rose Boucaut
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010752 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3576
Abstract
This study explores the challenges facing a pilot project aiming to foster homeless cats in an Australian residential aged care facility. The global COVID-19 pandemic stalled the project but also presented an opportunity to gain reflective insights into the perceived barriers, enablers and [...] Read more.
This study explores the challenges facing a pilot project aiming to foster homeless cats in an Australian residential aged care facility. The global COVID-19 pandemic stalled the project but also presented an opportunity to gain reflective insights into the perceived barriers, enablers and tensions involved in seeking to implement pet animal inclusion in residential aged care. Perspectives from aged care management, animal welfare services and researchers/project managers were all sought using semi-structured interviews, and themes developed using a qualitative descriptive analysis. Perceived barriers to the project before and after the pandemic were not dissimilar with four key themes emerging: competing priorities, risk and safety, resources, and timing. All existed differently across stakeholder groups creating tensions to be negotiated. These themes are then mapped to the competencies established by the International Union of Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) for undertaking health promotion, demonstrating that this skill base can be drawn on when seeking to implement human–animal inclusive projects. Creating supportive healthful environments for frail older persons is a moral imperative of extended lives. Health Promotion skills as outlined in the Ottawa Charter and IUHPE competencies for health promotion workers need to be extended to include animal services, agendas and cultures to promote multi-species health promotion into the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)

Review

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11 pages, 355 KiB  
Review
Companion Animal Fostering as Health Promotion: A Literature Review
by Christine Roseveare, Mary Breheny, Juliana Mansvelt, Linda Murray, Marg Wilkie and M. Carolyn Gates
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(13), 6199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136199 - 21 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4169
Abstract
There is growing interest in the health-promoting potential of human-companion animal relationships from a broad public health perspective while acknowledging barriers to ownership, particularly for older adults. Companion animal fostering is an alternative to pet ownership that aligns with the Ottawa Charter health [...] Read more.
There is growing interest in the health-promoting potential of human-companion animal relationships from a broad public health perspective while acknowledging barriers to ownership, particularly for older adults. Companion animal fostering is an alternative to pet ownership that aligns with the Ottawa Charter health promotion principle that caring for others in everyday settings promotes health. This narrative review of the literature on companion animal fostering draws on Te Whare Tapa Whā (the four-sided house), an indigenous model of health that is influential in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and the Ottawa Charter. We found that companion animal fostering can be considered health-promoting for human and non-human animals, using a broad and multidimensional understanding of health. As well as improving the long-term outcomes for homeless animals, companion animal fostering has the potential to promote the health of the individuals, families, and communities who provide foster homes. Our review highlights the importance of health promoters considering the reciprocal relationship between human and animal health. Future research should explore different aspects of human and non-human health, perspectives of different types of fosterers in different settings and communities, barriers to fostering, and methods that explore the role of caring for a wider range of companion animals in creating and sustaining wellbeing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)
11 pages, 351 KiB  
Review
Understanding the Role of Therapy Dogs in Human Health Promotion
by Sonya McDowall, Susan J. Hazel, Mia Cobb and Anne Hamilton-Bruce
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(10), 5801; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105801 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8886
Abstract
Dogs may provide humans with a range of physical, mental and social benefits. Whilst there is growing scientific evidence of benefits to humans, there has been less focus on the impact to canine health, welfare and ethical considerations for the dogs. The importance [...] Read more.
Dogs may provide humans with a range of physical, mental and social benefits. Whilst there is growing scientific evidence of benefits to humans, there has been less focus on the impact to canine health, welfare and ethical considerations for the dogs. The importance of animal welfare is increasingly acknowledged, indicating that the Ottawa Charter should be extended to include the welfare of non-human animals supporting the promotion of human health. Therapy dog programmes are delivered across a variety of settings including hospitals, aged care facilities and mental health services, highlighting the important role they play in human health outcomes. Research has shown that that there are biomarkers for stress in humans and other animals engaged in human–animal interactions. This review aims to assess the impact of human–animal interactions on therapy dogs engaged in providing support to human health. While challenging, it is paramount to ensure that, within the framework of One Welfare, the welfare of therapy dogs is included, as it is a key factor for future sustainability. We identified a range of concerns due to the lack of guidelines and standards to protect the wellbeing of the dogs engaged in these programmes. Extension of the Ottawa Charter to include the welfare of non-human animals with leveraging through a One Welfare approach would promote animal and human health beyond current boundaries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue “Moving into the Future”: Reconceiving (WHO) Health Promotion to Encompass Human-Animal Relationships)
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