Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (3rd Edition)

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 July 2026 | Viewed by 4495

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We sincerely thank all authors, reviewers, and readers for their contributions to the second edition of this Special Issue, entitled “Biopolymer Gel-Assisted Synthesis of Particles for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition)”, available at the following link: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/gels/special_issues/biopolymer_gel_II.

Biopolymer gels, as cross-linked systems, are now widely used in various areas of biomedicine and pharmacotherapy. Depending on their chemical structure and polarity, biomacromolecular gels typically contain functional domains that can act as reactive sites for ion interactions, enabling the generation of functional hybrid particles. In biomedical research, these particles have broad relevance, including in bone and tissue engineering, surgical instruments and medical devices, neural engineering, cancer therapy, biomechanics, and medical imaging.

As versatile model systems, biopolymer gels can also modulate particle morphology, shape, and biofunctionality. Drug-loaded biocompatible gels, for instance, are extensively explored for the synthesis of particles that can lead to cancer therapy and gradual drug release in different organs. Another interesting approach is implementing biopolymer-loaded hybrid nanoparticles in the bioimaging and molecular diagnostics of diseases due to excellent optical properties.
The investigation of the role of biopolymer-based gels in the synthesis of inorganic particles and crystals is, therefore, important for introducing cost-effective, simple, and convenient strategies regarding biomedical products. In this Special Issue, we welcome original research papers as well as review articles on the synthesis of biopolymer–inorganic hybrid particles. The main objective is to gather contributions on preparation methods, pharmaceutical applications, bioimaging potential, and toxicity assessments related to their biomedical use.

We hope that this Special Issue will continue to provide the scientific community with a thorough overview of the current research on particle synthesis, characterization, and applications in the biomedical area.

Dr. Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • biopolymer gels in synthesis of hierarchical and self-assembled structures
  • biopolymer hybrid particles for cell encapsulation and biofabrication
  • biopolymer hybrid particles for micropatterning and bio sensing in microfluidic devices
  • injectable biopolymer hybrid particles in biomedical applications
  • biopolymer hybrid particles for drug delivery
  • biopolymer hybrid particles in cosmetic, hygiene, and personal care products

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 3217 KB  
Article
Design and In Vitro Evaluation of Cross-Linked Poly(HEMA)-Pectin Nano-Composites for Targeted Delivery of Potassium Channel Blockers in Cancer Therapy
by Gizem Ozkurnaz Civir, Fatemeh Bahadori, Ozgur Ozay, Gamze Ergin Kızılçay, Seyma Atesoglu, Ebru Haciosmanoglu Aldogan and Burak Celik
Gels 2026, 12(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010013 - 24 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Potassium (K+) channel blockers are promising anticancer agents but suffer from off-target toxicities. We designed cross-linked poly-2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)–pectin nanogels (HPN) to deliver two model blockers—dofetilide (Dof) and azimilide (Azi)—and evaluated their physicochemical properties, release behavior, and in vitro anticancer activity. [...] Read more.
Potassium (K+) channel blockers are promising anticancer agents but suffer from off-target toxicities. We designed cross-linked poly-2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)–pectin nanogels (HPN) to deliver two model blockers—dofetilide (Dof) and azimilide (Azi)—and evaluated their physicochemical properties, release behavior, and in vitro anticancer activity. HPN was synthesized by surfactant-assisted aqueous nanogel polymerization and comprehensively characterized (FTIR, DLS, TEM/SEM, XRD, BET). The particles were monodispersed with a mean diameter ~230 nm, compatible with tumor accumulation via the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect, and exhibited a microporous matrix suitable for controlled release. Drug loading was higher for Dof than for Azi, with DL% values of 82.30 ± 3.1% and 17.84 ± 2.9%, respectively. Release kinetics diverged: Azi-HPN followed primarily first-order diffusion with a rapid burst, whereas Dof-HPN showed mixed zero/first-order behavior. Cytotoxicity was assessed in A549 lung cancer and BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. Both free and nano-formulated blockers were selectively toxic to A549 with minimal effects on BEAS-2B. Notably, a hormesis-like pattern (low-dose stimulation/high-dose inhibition in MTT) was evident for free Dof and Azi; encapsulation attenuated this effect for Dof but not for Azi. Co-administration with paclitaxel (Ptx) potentiated Dof-HPN cytotoxicity in A549 but did not enhance Azi-HPN, suggesting mechanism-dependent drug-drug interactions. Overall, HPN provides a biocompatible platform that improves K+ blocker delivery. Full article
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Review

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43 pages, 2154 KB  
Review
Click Chemistry-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
by Soheil Sojdeh, Amirhosein Panjipour, Amal Yaghmour, Zohreh Arabpour and Ali R. Djalilian
Gels 2025, 11(9), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11090724 - 11 Sep 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3888
Abstract
Click chemistry has become a powerful and flexible approach for designing hydrogels used in tissue engineering thanks to its high specificity, fast reaction rates, and compatibility with biological systems. In this review, we introduce the core principles of click chemistry, including efficiency, orthogonality, [...] Read more.
Click chemistry has become a powerful and flexible approach for designing hydrogels used in tissue engineering thanks to its high specificity, fast reaction rates, and compatibility with biological systems. In this review, we introduce the core principles of click chemistry, including efficiency, orthogonality, and modularity, and highlight the main types of reactions commonly used in hydrogel formation, such as azide-alkyne c-cloadditions, thiol-ene/yne reactions, Diels–Alder cycloadditions, and tetrazine–norbornene couplings. These chemistries allow researchers to create covalently crosslinked hydrogels that are injectable, responsive to environmental stimuli, biodegradable, or multifunctional. We also explore strategies to enhance bioactivity, such as incorporating peptides, growth factors, or extracellular matrix components, and enabling precise spatial and temporal control over biological cues. Click-based hydrogels have shown promise across a wide range of tissue engineering applications, from cartilage and skin repair to neural regeneration, corneal healing, and cardiovascular scaffolds, as well as in 3D bioprinting technologies. Despite the many advantages of click chemistry such as mild reaction conditions and customizable material properties, some challenges remain, including concerns around copper toxicity, the cost of specialized reagents, and scalability. Finally, we discuss the status of clinical translation, regulatory considerations, and future directions, including integration with advanced bio fabrication methods, the design of dual-click systems, and the emerging role of in vivo click chemistry in creating next-generation biomaterials. Full article
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