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Fluids
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Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Flows
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Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Flows

A special issue of Fluids (ISSN 2311-5521). This special issue belongs to the section "Non-Newtonian and Complex Fluids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 4172

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eduardo Divo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering Department, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA
Interests: biofluid mechanics; mathematical modeling; boundary element method; mesh reduction method; reduced-order modeling; volume of fluid; optimization schemes; numerical algorithms; multiphysics modeling; in silico and in vitro modeling techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Alain Kassab

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
Interests: biofluid mechanics; mathematical modeling; boundary element method; mesh reduction method; reduced-order modeling; volume of fluid; optimization schemes; numerical algorithms; in silico and in vitro modeling techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Arka Das

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering Department, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA
Interests: in vitro modeling; biofluid mechanics; experimental flow visualization and tracking techniques; 3D printing techniques; computer vision; instrumentation and controls; machine learning algorithms; multiphysics modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ray Prather

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering Department, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA
Interests: in silico modeling; computational fluid dynamics; large-eddy simulation; fluid–structure interaction; volume of fluid; biofluid mechanics; cardiovascular, congenital heart defects; multiscale modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent advances in cardiovascular flows have revolutionized our understanding of the complex hemodynamics associated with the cardiovascular system. These advancements, made possible by advanced computational modeling and experimental techniques, have provided unprecedented insights into the intricate flow patterns within the heart and blood vessels. This newfound knowledge has significant implications for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases, as well as developing more effective therapies. In addition to in-silico techniques, advancements in imaging and data acquisition technologies have greatly enhanced our ability to visualize and measure cardiovascular flows. Techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Doppler ultrasound, and particle image velocimetry (PIV) provide non-invasive means to capture high-resolution images and quantify the flow field. These imaging and data acquisition modalities have enabled researchers to map flow patterns, identify pathological flow conditions, and assess the efficacy of various interventions such as stents or bypass grafts on flow dynamics. This Special Issue of Fluids is dedicated to the recent advances of cardiovascular flows. This volume is intended to present groundbreaking research techniques and the latest advances in the realm of cardiovascular flows at the microscopic and macroscopic levels, under various degrees and typologies of pathologies. This issue will comprise original research as well as review articles.

Prof. Dr. Eduardo Divo
Prof. Dr. Alain Kassab
Dr. Arka Das
Dr. Ray Prather
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fluids is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cardiovascular system
  • biofluid mechanics
  • hemodynamics
  • in-silico modeling
  • computational fluid dynamics
  • in-vitro modeling
  • flow visualization and tracking

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2967 KB  
Article
Effects of the Left Ventricular Mechanics on Left Ventricular-Aortic Interaction: Insights from Ex Vivo Beating Rat Heart Experiments
by Chenghan Cai, Ge He and Lei Fan
Fluids 2025, 10(9), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10090234 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
The interaction between the left ventricle (LV) and aorta is critical for cardiovascular performance, particularly under pathophysiological conditions. However, how changes in LV mechanics, including preload and afterload, affect aortic function via LV–aorta interactions remains poorly understood due to the challenges associated with [...] Read more.
The interaction between the left ventricle (LV) and aorta is critical for cardiovascular performance, particularly under pathophysiological conditions. However, how changes in LV mechanics, including preload and afterload, affect aortic function via LV–aorta interactions remains poorly understood due to the challenges associated with varying loading conditions in vivo. To overcome these limitations, the effects of varying LV preload or afterload on LV and aortic functions via LV–aorta interactions are quantified using ex vivo beating rat heart experiments in this study. In five healthy rat hearts under retrograde Langendorff and antegrade working heart perfusion, LV pressure, volume, aortic pressure, and aortic blood flow were measured. Key findings include the following: (1) under Langendorff perfusion, aortic flow increased linearly with LV developed pressure (DP), with a slope of 4.04 mmHg·min/mL; under working heart constant-pressure perfusion (2) a 12.4% increase in afterload decreased aortic flow by 58.8%, indicating that elevated aortic pressure significantly impedes aortic flow; (3) a 10.4% increase in preload enhanced aortic flow by 44.2%, driven primarily by an increase in LV DP that promoted forward flow. These results suggest that aortic pressure predominantly influences aortic flow under varying afterload conditions, whereas LV DP plays the dominant role in regulating aortic flow under different preload conditions. These findings demonstrate that the heart’s loading conditions strongly impact aortic blood flow. Specifically, elevated LV afterload can severely limit forward blood flow, while increased LV filling with increased LV preload can enhance blood flow, highlighting the importance of managing both afterload and preload in conditions such as hypertension and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This pilot study also established the feasibility of experimental platforms for coronary and ventricular function analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Flows)
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17 pages, 3458 KB  
Article
Investigation of Heart Valve Dynamics: A Fluid-Structure Interaction Approach
by Muhammad Adnan Anwar, Mudassar Razzaq, Muhammad Owais, Kainat Jahangir and Marcel Gurris
Fluids 2025, 10(8), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080215 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 469
Abstract
This study presents a numerical investigation into the heart valve through a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) framework using a two-dimensional, steady-state, Newtonian flow assumption. While simplified, this approach captures core biomechanical effects and provides a baseline for future extension toward non-Newtonian, pulsatile, and three-dimensional [...] Read more.
This study presents a numerical investigation into the heart valve through a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) framework using a two-dimensional, steady-state, Newtonian flow assumption. While simplified, this approach captures core biomechanical effects and provides a baseline for future extension toward non-Newtonian, pulsatile, and three-dimensional models. The analysis focuses on the influence of magnetic field intensity characterized by the Hartmann number (Ha) and flow regime defined by the Reynolds number (Re) on critical hemodynamic parameters, including wall shear stress (WSS), velocity profiles, and pressure gradients in the valve region. The results demonstrate that stronger magnetic fields significantly stabilize intravalvular flow by suppressing recirculation zones and reducing flow separation distal to valve constrictions, offering protective hemodynamic benefits and serving as a non-invasive method to modulate vascular behavior and reduce the risk of cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Flows)
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15 pages, 3667 KB  
Article
Investigation of the Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Using an Ad Hoc OpenFOAM CFD Solver
by Francesco Duronio and Paola Marchetti
Fluids 2025, 10(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10010006 - 29 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1330
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels, representing a leading cause of death worldwide. With the help of computational fluid dynamics, it is possible to study the hemodynamics of the pulmonary arteries in detail and simulate [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels, representing a leading cause of death worldwide. With the help of computational fluid dynamics, it is possible to study the hemodynamics of the pulmonary arteries in detail and simulate various physiological conditions, thus offering numerous advantages over invasive analyses in the phases of diagnosis and surgical planning. Specifically, the aim of this study is the fluid dynamic analysis of the pulmonary artery, comparing the characteristics of the blood flow in a healthy subject with that of a patient affected by pulmonary arterial hypertension. We performed CFD simulations with the OpenFOAM C++ library using a purposely developed solver that features the Windkessel model as a pressure boundary condition. This methodology, scarcely applied in the past for this problem, allows for a proficient analysis and the detailed quantification of the most important fluid-dynamic parameters (flow velocity, pressure distribution, and wall shear stress (WSS)) with improved accuracy and resolution when compared with classical simulation and diagnostic techniques. We verified the validity of the adopted methodology in reproducing the blood flow by relying on experimental data. A detailed comparative analysis highlights the differences between healthy and pathological cases in hemodynamic terms. The outcomes of this work contribute to enlarging the knowledge of the blood flow characteristics in the human pulmonary artery, revealing substantial differences between the two clinical scenarios investigated and highlighting how arterial hypertension drastically changes the blood flow. The analysis of the data confirmed the importance of CFD as a supportive tool in understanding, diagnosing, and monitoring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases, proving to be a powerful means for personalizing surgical treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Flows)
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13 pages, 1725 KB  
Article
Intra-Cardiac Kinetic Energy and Ventricular Flow Analysis in Bicuspid Aortic Valve: Impact on Left Ventricular Function, Dilation Severity, and Surgical Referral
by Ali Fatehi Hassanabad and Julio Garcia
Fluids 2025, 10(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10010005 - 27 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1042
Abstract
Intra-cardiac kinetic energy (KE) and ventricular flow analysis (VFA), as derived from 4D-flow MRI, can be used to understand the physiological burden placed on the left ventricle (LV) due to bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Our hypothesis was that the KE of each VFA [...] Read more.
Intra-cardiac kinetic energy (KE) and ventricular flow analysis (VFA), as derived from 4D-flow MRI, can be used to understand the physiological burden placed on the left ventricle (LV) due to bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Our hypothesis was that the KE of each VFA component would impact the surgical referral outcome depending on LV function decrement, BAV phenotype, and aortic dilation severity. A total of 11 healthy controls and 49 BAV patients were recruited. All subjects underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. The LV mass was inferior in the controls than in the BAV patients (90 ± 26 g vs. 45 ± 17 g, p = 0.025), as well as the inferior ascending aorta diameter indexed (15.8 ± 2.5 mm/m2 vs. 19.3 ± 3.5 mm/m2, p = 0.005). The VFA KE was higher in the BAV group; significant increments were found for the maximum KE and mean KE in the VFA components (p < 0.05). A total of 14 BAV subjects underwent surgery after the scans. When comparing BAV nonsurgery vs. surgery-referred cohorts, the maximum KE and mean KE were elevated (p < 0.05). The maximum and mean KE were also associated with surgical referral (r = 0.438, p = 0.002 and r = 0.371, p = 0.009, respectively). In conclusion, the KE from VFA components significantly increased in BAV patients, including in BAV patients undergoing surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Flows)
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