Research

13 pages, 7829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Air Cooling of Pipe-Type Transmission Cable for Ampacity Enhancement: Simulations and Experiments

by Dong-Kyu Kim, Yeon-Woog Kang, Hye-Rin Jo, Jin Geon Kim and Minwoo Lee

Energies 2024, 17(2), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020478 - 18 Jan 2024

Viewed by 591

Amid the growing demand for energy supply in modern cities, the enhancement of transmission capacity is receiving considerable attention. In this study, we propose a novel method of direct forced cooling in pipe-type transmission lines via an external air supply for reducing the [...] Read more.

Amid the growing demand for energy supply in modern cities, the enhancement of transmission capacity is receiving considerable attention. In this study, we propose a novel method of direct forced cooling in pipe-type transmission lines via an external air supply for reducing the cable temperature and enhancing the ampacity. We conducted numerical simulations using computationally efficient two-dimensional models and a reduced-length three-dimensional model for assessing the cooling efficiency, the distance required for temperature convergence, and the fan/pump capacity required for forced air cooling. We found a 26% increase in ampacity in the case of 5 m/s inlet air velocity into the pipe conduit. We also built and tested the experimental setup equipped with a 300 m length model transmission cable. Results of the forced air cooling experiments show good agreement with numerical simulations. To the best of our knowledge, this study demonstrates the first analysis and validation of direct cooling in pipe-type cables, presenting a promising path for efficient power management in modern metropolitan areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 9960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Financial Hazard Assessment for Electricity Suppliers Due to Power Outages: The Revenue Loss Perspective

by Ikramullah Khosa, Naveed Taimoor, Jahanzeb Akhtar, Khurram Ali, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Mohit Bajaj, Mohamed Elgbaily, Mokhtar Shouran and Salah Kamel

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4327; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124327 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

The electrical power infrastructure of the modern world is advanced, efficient, and robust, yet power outages still occur. In addition to affecting millions of people around the world, these outage events cost billions of dollars to the global economy. In this paper, the [...] Read more.

The electrical power infrastructure of the modern world is advanced, efficient, and robust, yet power outages still occur. In addition to affecting millions of people around the world, these outage events cost billions of dollars to the global economy. In this paper, the revenue loss borne by electricity-supplying companies in the United States due to power outage events is estimated and predicted. Various factors responsible for power outages are considered in order to present an exploratory data analysis at the U.S. level, followed by the top ten affected states, which bear over 85% of the total revenue loss. The loss is computed using historic observational data of electricity usage patterns and the tariff offered by the energy suppliers. The study is supplemented with reliable and publicly available records, including electricity usage patterns, the consumer category distribution, climatological annotations, population density, socio-economic indicators and land area. Machine learning techniques are used to predict the revenue loss for future outage events, as well as to characterize the key parameters for efficient prediction and their partial dependence. The results show that the revenue loss is a function of several parameters, including residential sales, percentage of industrial customer, time-period of the year, and economic indicators. This study may help energy suppliers make risk-informed decisions, while developing revenue generation strategies as well as identifying safer investment avenues for long-term returns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation and Field Measurements for Demand Side Management Control Technique of Smart Air Conditioners located at Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sites

by Bilal Masood, Song Guobing, Jamel Nebhen, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Muhammad Naveed Iqbal, Iftikhar Rasheed, Mohit Bajaj, Muhammad Shafiq and Habib Hamam

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2482; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072482 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1709

Abstract

This paper investigates the response and characteristics of the narrowband power line communication (NB-PLC) technique for the effective control of electric appliances such as smart air conditioners (SACs) for demand side management (DSM) services. The expression for temperature sensitivity by examining the influence [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the response and characteristics of the narrowband power line communication (NB-PLC) technique for the effective control of electric appliances such as smart air conditioners (SACs) for demand side management (DSM) services. The expression for temperature sensitivity by examining the influence of atmospheric temperature variations on power consumption profile of all possible types of loads, i.e., residential, commercial, and industrial loads is derived and analyzed. Comprehensive field measurements on these power consumers are carried out in Lahore, Pakistan. The responses of low voltage channels, medium voltage channels, and transformer bridge for a 3–500 kHz NB-PLC frequency range are presented for DSM services. The master control room transmits control commands for the thermostat settings of SACs over power lines, crossing the transformer bridge to reach the SACs of power consumers by using communication protocol smart energy profile 1.0. The comparison of hourly and daily power consumption profiles under evaluation loads, by analyzing typical and variable frequency air conditioners on setting thermostat temperature at 25 °C and 27 °C conventionally and then by using DSM control technique, is analyzed. A prominent reduction in power consumption is found with the implementation of the DSM control technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of Solar Grid-Based Industrial Virtual Power Plant for Optimal Energy Scheduling: A Case of Indian Power Sector

by Harpreet Sharma, Sachin Mishra, Javed Dhillon, Naveen Kumar Sharma, Mohit Bajaj, Rizwan Tariq, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Muhammad Shafiq and Habib Hamam

Energies 2022, 15(3), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030752 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2413

Abstract

The increased popularity of small-scale DER has replaced the well-established concept of conventional generating plants around the world. In the present energy scenario, a significant share of energy production now comes from the grid integrated DERs installed at various consumer premises. These DERs [...] Read more.

The increased popularity of small-scale DER has replaced the well-established concept of conventional generating plants around the world. In the present energy scenario, a significant share of energy production now comes from the grid integrated DERs installed at various consumer premises. These DERs are being renewable-based generates only intermittent power, which in turn makes the scheduling of electrical dispatch a tough task. The Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a potential solution to this challenge, which coordinates and aggregates the DERs generation into a single controllable profile. In this paper, a modified PSO-based multi-objective optimization is proposed for the VPP scheduling in distribution network applications such as energy cost minimization, peak shaving, and reliability improvement. For feasibility analysis of the VPP, a case study of state power utility is taken, which includes a 90 bus industrial feeder with grid integrated PVs as DER. The optimized results are computed in both grid-connected and autonomous mode reveal that the operating cost, peak demand, and EENS are declined by 31.70%, 23.59%, and 62.30% respectively. The overall results obtained are compared by the results obtained from other well-established optimization techniques and it is found that the proposed technique is comparatively more cost-effective than others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Harmonic Aggregation Cases for Contemporary Loads

by Kamran Daniel, Lauri Kütt, Muhammad Naveed Iqbal, Noman Shabbir, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Muhammad Shafiq and Habib Hamam

Energies 2022, 15(2), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020437 - 08 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1728

Abstract

Power electronic circuits in modern power supplies have improved the conversion efficiency on the one hand but have also increased harmonic emissions. Harmonic currents from the operation of these units affect the voltage waveforms of the network and could compromise the reliability of [...] Read more.

Power electronic circuits in modern power supplies have improved the conversion efficiency on the one hand but have also increased harmonic emissions. Harmonic currents from the operation of these units affect the voltage waveforms of the network and could compromise the reliability of the network. Load and source non-linearity can, therefore, limit the renewable source’s hosting capacity in the grid, as a large number of inverter units may increase the harmonic distortions. As a result, voltage and current distortions could reach unbearable levels in devices connected to the network. Harmonic estimation modelling often relies on measurement data, and differences may appear in mathematical simulations as the harmonic aggregation or cancellation may generate different results due to the inaccuracies and limitations of the measurement device. In this paper, the effect of harmonic currents cancellation on the aggregation of different load currents is evaluated to show its impact in the network by presenting a comparison between the measurement and mathematical aggregation of harmonics. Furthermore, the harmonic cancellation phenomenon is also qualified for multiple loads connected to the power supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Analysis of Bifacial PV Panel-Based Inverters Considering the Effect of Geographical Location

by Sainadh Singh Kshatri, Javed Dhillon, Sachin Mishra, Rizwan Tariq, Naveen Kumar Sharma, Mohit Bajaj, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Muhammad Shafiq and Jin-Ghoo Choi

Energies 2022, 15(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010170 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Recent trends in the photovoltaic (PV) technology industry are moving towards utilizing bifacial PV panels. Unlike traditional PV panels, bifacial PV panels can yield energy from both sides of the panel. Manufacturers specify that bifacial PV panels can harness up to 30% more [...] Read more.

Recent trends in the photovoltaic (PV) technology industry are moving towards utilizing bifacial PV panels. Unlike traditional PV panels, bifacial PV panels can yield energy from both sides of the panel. Manufacturers specify that bifacial PV panels can harness up to 30% more energy than traditional PV panels. Hence, bifacial PV panels are becoming a common approach at low solar irradiance conditions to yield more energy. However, a bifacial PV panel increases PV inverter loading. The PV inverter is the most unreliable component in the entire PV system. This results in a negative impact on PV system reliability and cost. Hence, it is necessary to anticipate the inverter’s reliability when used in bifacial PV panels. This paper analyzes the reliability, i.e., lifetime, of PV inverters, considering both monofacial and bifacial PV panels for the analysis. Results showed that the increase in bifacial energy yield could significantly affect PV inverter reliability performance, especially in locations where the average mission profile is relatively high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Mars-Powered Descent-Based Landing in a Constrained Optimization Control Framework

by Adnan Khalid, Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery, Muhammad Yaqoob Javed, Adnan Yousaf, Jehangir Arshad, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Aun Haider, Maha M. Althobaiti, Muhammad Shafiq and Habib Hamam

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8493; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248493 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

It is imperative to find new places other than Earth for the survival of human beings. Mars could be the alternative to Earth in the future for us to live. In this context, many missions have been performed to examine the planet Mars. [...] Read more.

It is imperative to find new places other than Earth for the survival of human beings. Mars could be the alternative to Earth in the future for us to live. In this context, many missions have been performed to examine the planet Mars. For such missions, planetary precision landing is a major challenge for the precise landing on Mars. Mars landing consists of different phases (hypersonic entry, parachute descent, terminal descent comprising gravity turn, and powered descent). However, the focus of this work is the powered descent phase of landing. Firstly, the main objective of this study is to minimize the landing error during the powered descend landing phase. The second objective involves constrained optimization in a predictive control framework for landing at non-cooperative sites. Different control algorithms like PID and LQR have been developed for the stated problem; however, the predictive control algorithm with constraint handling’s ability has not been explored much. This research discusses the Model Predictive Control algorithm for the powered descent phase of landing. Model Predictive Control (MPC) considers input/output constraints in the calculation of the control law and thus it is very useful for the stated problem as shown in the results. The main novelty of this work is the implementation of Explicit MPC, which gives comparatively less computational time than MPC. A comparison is done among MPC variants in terms of feasibility, constraints handling, and computational time. Moreover, other conventional control algorithms like PID and LQR are compared with the proposed predictive algorithm. These control algorithms are implemented on quadrotor UAV (which emulates the dynamics of a planetary lander) to verify the feasibility through simulations in MATLAB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 13983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonic Profile Enhancement of Grid Connected Fuel Cell through Cascaded H-Bridge Multi-Level Inverter and Improved Squirrel Search Optimization Technique

by Subhashree Choudhury, Shiba Kumar Acharya, Rajendra Kumar Khadanga, Satyajit Mohanty, Jehangir Arshad, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Muhammad Shafiq and Jin-Ghoo Choi

Energies 2021, 14(23), 7947; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237947 - 27 Nov 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

The generation of energy by conventional systems leads to several environmental issues. Fuel Cell (FC), being a new renewable energy source, has emerged as one of the promising alternatives to obtain clean and efficient energy generation. This paper highlights the power quality enhancement [...] Read more.

The generation of energy by conventional systems leads to several environmental issues. Fuel Cell (FC), being a new renewable energy source, has emerged as one of the promising alternatives to obtain clean and efficient energy generation. This paper highlights the power quality enhancement of the grid connected FC through a boost converter and 25 level Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) Multi-Level Inverter (MLI) using the classical PID controller. To drive the MLI connected to the grid for governing the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) voltage between the FC and the grid, two PID controllers have been utilized. The conventional evolutionary techniques such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA) are implemented to tune the PID controllers for dynamic operations. To further enhance the convergence speed of computation and precision of the classical techniques used, an Improved Squirrel Search Algorithm (ISSA) has been proposed in this work. The grid connected power network considered for study here is designed using MATLAB/Simulink environment. Moreover, the system is led to various rigorous voltage sag and swell conditions to test the effectiveness of the proposed controller. A detailed comparison between the conventional PID, PSO, SSA, and proposed ISSA techniques in voltage profile improvement, power quality enhancement, and reduced execution time has been featured. The results obtained highlight the proposed technique’s superiority over the classical methods in terms of improved dynamic voltage response, enhanced power quality, and reduced harmonics. The power quality indices are found out using Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) analysis. The values found out are well within the IEEE-547 indices for the proposed controller, thus justifying its real-time implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 6289 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Temperature and Electric Field Distribution Characteristics of a DC-GIL Basin-Type Spacer with 3D Modelling and Simulation

by Xiaolong Li, Mingde Wan, Shouyi Yan and Xin Lin

Energies 2021, 14(23), 7889; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237889 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1591

Abstract

The temperature properties of real-type direct-current gas-insulated transmission lines (DC-GIL) with a basin-type spacer were investigated by the finite element method in this paper. A horizontally installed model was established and the temperature distribution was obtained with a 3D model. The specific heat [...] Read more.

The temperature properties of real-type direct-current gas-insulated transmission lines (DC-GIL) with a basin-type spacer were investigated by the finite element method in this paper. A horizontally installed model was established and the temperature distribution was obtained with a 3D model. The specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the spacer were measured and applied in the simulation. The results show that the temperature of the convex surface was slightly higher than that of the concave surface. With an increase in the SF₆ pressure, the temperature of the spacer decreased, which can be attributed to the improvement of convection due to increases in the heat capacity per unit volume. With an increase in the ambient temperature, the temperature of the spacer increased linearly. The temperature difference between the inner and outer parts of the spacer increased with increases in the load current. Besides, an obvious increase in the surface electric field strength appeared under the influence of the thermal gradient compared to the results without the thermal gradient. Thus, special attention should be paid to the insulation properties of the spacer considering the influence of temperature distribution. This study evaluates both the thermal and insulation characteristics of the GIL along with the spacer under various conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (9 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI