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The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on Supply Network and Energy Market

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F2: Distributed Energy System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 6487

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ryszard Sroka

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Guest Editor

Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: measurements of physical quantities; phase angle measurements; WIM systems and measurement of road traffic parameters; modeling and simulations of measurement systems; signal processing and data fusion in measurement systems; energy harvesting systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Hanzelka

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Department of Power Electronics and Automation of Energy Transformation Systems, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: power quality; smart grids; distributed energy resources; energy control systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ryszard Klempka

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Guest Editor

Department of Power Electronics and Automation of Energy Conversion Systems, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: power quality; automation; intelligent optimization methods; power theory; modelling and simulation; programming CAD-type systems

Dr. Jerzy Dzieża

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Applied Mathematics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: fixed income securities; exotic options; energy and commodity derivatives; risk management; real options

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In liberalized energy markets, a conﬂict of interests between owners/investors of distributed energy resources (DERs) and distribution system operators (DSOs) has emerged. The former expect increasing numbers and capacity of DERs without restrictions, while network operators fear problems related to their excessive dissemination due to the technical limitations of networks and the rationalization of their operating costs. To resolve this conﬂict, knowledge and tools are needed that will allow for the analysis of the impact of DERs on the network, make decisions on the acceptance or rejection of applications for the connection of another energy source, and use effective methods of increasing hosting capacity.

DERs are also elements of the energy markets in which they operate and are thus affected by existing legislation. They also influence the shapes of these markets, both locally and globally.

The purpose of the proposed Special Issue is to present various technical aspects of cooperation of DERs with supply networks and the impacts of DERs on energy markets and applicable legislation. The Editors are particularly (but not exclusively) interested in submissions on the following topics:

The integration of distributed generation and transmission in a power system: modelling and ﬁeld measurements, the study of penetration scenarios, flexible interconnection frameworks and case studies, energy management in distribution systems;
Aspects of cooperation of various types of energy sources and storage in a power system;
Energy transformation issues;
Energy efficiency optimization;
Energy harvesting;
Hosting capacity of the power grid for renewable electricity production: tools and methods for distribution networks’ hosting capacity calculation, optimal placement and sizing of DERs in distribution networks, the advanced planning of DER distribution networks;
DERs versus power quality.

Prof. Dr. Ryszard Sroka
Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Hanzelka
Prof. Dr. Ryszard Klempka
Dr. Jerzy Dzieża
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

distributed energy resources (DERs)
renewable/citizen energy communities
power quality
DER integration
energy harvesting systems
powering of autonomous IoT nodes

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Related Special Issue

Integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): 2nd Edition in Energies (2 articles)

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4018 KB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of the Filtration Efficiency of a Group of Single-Tuned Passive Harmonic Filters

by Ryszard Klempka and Chamberlin Stéphane Azebaze Mboving

Energies 2026, 19(5), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051227 - 1 Mar 2026

Viewed by 425

Abstract

Currently, the installation of distributed energy sources is growing rapidly, especially renewable sources, for which the goal is to increase energy self-sufficiency across certain parts of the distribution network. The optimization of electricity production and distribution is key to achieving this goal. To optimize the energy distribution system, filters are increasingly being installed to compensate for reactive power, mitigate voltage unbalance, and reduce higher harmonics in small parts of the electrical system and even for single loads. This article verifies the filtration efficiency of a group of single-tuned passive harmonic filters. Two groups are investigated: a group of real filters and a designed optimal filter. This investigation was performed in three important parts: Firstly, measurements of the power quality parameters were taken in a real system (laboratory measurements). Secondly, the configuration of the optimal filter group was calculated, assuming the same reactive power and tuning frequencies as in a real system. In the group structure of such filters, the biggest problem is properly sharing the total reactive power between the filter branches. Thirdly, both filter structures (real and optimal) are compared based on harmonic reduction indexes and the filter efficiency index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on Supply Network and Energy Market)

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23 pages, 9799 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inertia Estimation of Regional Power Systems Using Band-Pass Filtering of PMU Ambient Data

by Kyeong-Yeong Lee, Sung-Guk Yoon and Jin Kwon Hwang

Energies 2026, 19(2), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020424 - 15 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1137

Abstract

This paper proposes a regional inertia estimation method in power systems using ambient data measured by phasor measurement units (PMUs). The proposed method employs band-pass filtering to suppress the low-frequency influence of mechanical power and to attenuate high-frequency noise and discrepancies between rotor speed and electrical frequency. By utilizing a simple first-order AutoRegressive Moving Average with eXogenous input (ARMAX) model, this process allows the inertia constant to be directly identified. This method requires no prior model order selection, rotor speed estimation, or computation of the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). The proposed method was validated through simulation on three benchmark systems: the Kundur two-area system, the IEEE Australian simplified 14-generator system, and the IEEE 39-bus system. The method achieved area-level inertia estimates within approximately ±5% error across all test cases, exhibiting consistent performance despite variations in disturbance models and system configurations. The estimation also maintained stable performance with short data windows of a few minutes, demonstrating its suitability for near real-time monitoring applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on Supply Network and Energy Market)

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12 pages, 1822 KB

Open AccessArticle

Compensation for Rapid Voltage Fluctuations in the Grid Using a Wind Turbine with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator

by Tomasz Lerch and Raluca-Elena Necula

Energies 2026, 19(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010105 - 24 Dec 2025

Viewed by 591

Abstract

The growing share of distributed energy resources in the power system increases the number of power quality issues. The variable nature of their generation contributes to voltage fluctuations. This paper proposes a method for compensating voltage fluctuations utilising reactive power generated by a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The proposed method was first evaluated using a simulation model developed in the Matlab Simulink R2025a environment and subsequently validated experimentally under laboratory conditions. The results obtained are highly satisfactory, with the compensation time in laboratory tests not exceeding 500 ms. Since DFIGs are used in approximately 50% of wind power plants and the implementation of the proposed approach does not require additional hardware—only modifications to the generator control software—the method appears highly promising. It offers the possibility of rapid deployment without incurring significant costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on Supply Network and Energy Market)

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16 pages, 1930 KB

Open AccessArticle

Disturbances in Parallelly Operating PV Inverters While Islanding State Detection

by Szymon Barczentewicz, Tomasz Lerch and Andrzej Wetula

Energies 2025, 18(21), 5556; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215556 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 874

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) inverters are key elements in modern distributed generation systems. One of the critical requirements for their reliable operation is islanding detection, as defined by IEEE 1547.1-2020 and PN-EN 62116 standards. This study investigates the performance of 28 commercially available, low-voltage, prosumer-dedicated PV inverters under unintentional islanding conditions, analyzing detection time, voltage amplitude, frequency deviations, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). Experimental results confirm that while most units comply with the 2 s disconnection limit, significant variability in reaction times was observed, with some units exceeding standard thresholds. Moreover, deviations in voltage and frequency indicate that in many cases, power quality standards were not maintained, potentially leading to safety and stability concerns. In the second stage of tests, a parallel operation of inverters was examined, revealing additional disturbances, such as voltage swells and beat phenomena caused by phase-locked loop (PLL) desynchronization. A simplified theoretical model confirmed the possibility of resonance and oscillatory interactions between parallel inverters during islanding. These findings highlight the need for improved coordination and control strategies for distributed generation based on inverters, particularly in microgrid applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on Supply Network and Energy Market)

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15 pages, 767 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Sensor Placement for Contactless Medium- or High-Voltage Measurement

by Andrzej Bień, Szymon Barczentewicz and Andrzej Wetula

Energies 2025, 18(18), 4982; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184982 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 733

Abstract

The paper presents a method for selecting the locations of field sensors under a medium- or high-voltage line or substation busbars, in a contactless voltage measurement system. The proposed method uses the condition number of a distance matrix, correlated with the capacitance matrix of a system, as an optimization criterion. As a robust optimization algorithm was expected to be necessary for this task, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm have been tested, both in regular and hybrid versions. The proposed method was tested in simulations, using four power line geometries based on real-life pylons. Optimization results were juxtaposed with reference values coming from a sensor placement that would most probably be selected by a human operator when not using optimization. The proposed method offers significantly better (although still not good) conditioning of a system equation compared to reference placements. The results also provide an interesting insight into the influence of popular line geometries on numerical properties (and thus one component of uncertainty) of a contactless measurement system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on Supply Network and Energy Market)

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27 pages, 3320 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting Power Quality Parameters Using Decision Tree and KNN Algorithms in a Small-Scale Off-Grid Platform

by Ibrahim Jahan, Vojtech Blazek, Wojciech Walendziuk, Vaclav Snasel, Lukas Prokop and Stanislav Misak

Energies 2025, 18(17), 4611; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174611 - 30 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1959

Abstract

This article presents the results of a performance comparison of four forecasting methods for prediction of electric power quality parameters (PQPs) in small-scale off-grid environments. Forecasting PQPs is crucial in supporting smart grid control and planning strategies by enabling better management, enhancing system reliability, and optimizing the integration of distributed energy resources. The following methods were compared: Bagging Decision Tree (BGDT), Boosting Decision Tree (BODT), and the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm with

k - 5

and

k - 10

nearest neighbors considered by the algorithm when making a prediction. The main goal of this study is to find a relation between the input variables (weather conditions, first and second back steps of PQPs, and consumed power of home appliances) and the power quality parameters as target outputs. The studied PQPs are the amplitude of power voltage (U), Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (

T H D_{u}

), Current Total Harmonic Distortion (

T H D_{i}

), Power Factor (

P F

), and Power Load (

P L

). The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used to evaluate the forecasting results. BGDT accomplished better forecasting results for

T H D_{u}

T H D_{i}

, and

P F

. Only BODT obtained a good forecasting result for

P L

. The KNN (k = 5) algorithm obtained a good result for

P F

prediction. The KNN (k = 10) algorithm predicted acceptable results for U and

P F

. The computation time was considered, and the KNN algorithm took a shorter time than ensemble decision trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on Supply Network and Energy Market)

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