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Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation
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Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2025 | Viewed by 6734

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shengzhao Pang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
Interests: advanced control, stability studies, and energy management of microgrids, especially incorporating renewable energy systems such as fuel cells
Dr. Bo Cheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: electric machines and drives; wireless power transfer
Dr. Wenlong Tian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
Interests: tidal/wind energy; modelling and simulation; autonomous underwater vehicles; underwater propulsion systems and battery heat management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the face of greenhouse gas emission and resource scarcity, modern transportation is on the verge of a significant paradigm shift, witnessed by the proactive implementation of electrified cars, ships, rail, underwater vehicles and aircraft. With the increasing use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and fuel cells and energy storage systems, modern transportation systems have witnessed a considerable increase in electrification. Microgrids are considered as a viable solution for integrating various renewable energy sources to provide an efficient and reliable energy supply, as well as a potentially reliable carrier for transportation system performance improvements.

The main objective of this Special Issue is to propose innovative solutions to improve the overall performance of transportation systems based on ensuring safety and reliability through the application of microgrids coupled with renewable energy sources. We welcome original research and review articles with a special focus on stability, resilience, and control technologies related to electrified transportation microgrids, energy efficiency improvements in electrified transportation systems, and the application of artificial intelligence in microgrids and transportation electrification. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Optimal and efficient energy management strategy for microgrids;
  • Large-signal and small-signal stability studies of microgrids;
  • Fault diagnosis, protection and fault-tolerant control for microgrids;
  • Application of digital twin technology for microgrids;
  • Emerging fuel cell technologies and applications;
  • Modeling, analysis, control and management of batteries and supercapacitors;
  • The estimation of battery states, such as SOC, SOH, SOF and SOP;
  • Failure prediction, thermal management, risk warning and safety control of batteries and fuel cells;
  • Advanced control and topology design for power converters in microgrids;
  • Techno-economic analysis and optimal planning with EV charging stations;
  • Resilient distribution systems using networked microgrids;
  • Emerging large-scale energy storage technology;
  • Electrification of sea, undersea, air, and space vehicles
  • Wind, solar and ocean energy installations for microgrids;
  • Wireless charging/fast charging and charging optimization methods;
  • Overall design and control of electric propulsion systems;
  • Design and application of electric unmanned transportation systems.

Dr. Shengzhao Pang
Dr. Bo Cheng
Dr. Wenlong Tian
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microgrid
  • transportation electrification
  • renewable energy
  • advanced control
  • energy management
  • power conversion
  • electric vehicle
  • aircraft
  • underwater vehicle
  • ship

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 14025 KiB  
Article
Impact of Weather Conditions on Energy Consumption Modeling for Electric Vehicles
by Maksymilian Mądziel
Energies 2025, 18(8), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081994 - 13 Apr 2025
Viewed by 395
Abstract
This study presents a methodology for developing an energy consumption model for electric vehicles based on dynamic vehicle and environmental data. Particular attention is given to analyzing the impact of ambient temperature on the energy consumption modeling. The approach leverages a large dataset [...] Read more.
This study presents a methodology for developing an energy consumption model for electric vehicles based on dynamic vehicle and environmental data. Particular attention is given to analyzing the impact of ambient temperature on the energy consumption modeling. The approach leverages a large dataset to enhance model robustness while acknowledging the constraints imposed by the selected explanatory variables—vehicle speed and acceleration. To improve the model’s accuracy, temperature and acceleration data were clustered using the K-Means method, resulting in four distinct energy consumption models tailored to specific data clusters. Despite the inherent limitations of using only speed and acceleration as predictors, the proposed models achieved strong validation results, with an R2 value of 0.84 and a MAE ranging from 0.75 to 1.23 Wh. This approach enables microscale energy consumption prediction while ensuring broad applicability across various driving scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation)
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15 pages, 5405 KiB  
Article
Off-Grid Smoothing Control Strategy for Dual Active Bridge Energy Storage System Based on Voltage Droop Control
by Chunhui Liu, Cai Xu, Yinfu Bao, Haoran Chen, Xiaolu Chen, Min Chen, Feng Jiang and Zhaopei Liang
Energies 2025, 18(7), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071585 - 22 Mar 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
Energy storage systems based on dual active bridge (DAB) converters are a critical component of DC microgrid systems. To address power oscillations and system stability issues caused by power deficits during the off-grid operation of DC microgrids, a control strategy for DAB energy [...] Read more.
Energy storage systems based on dual active bridge (DAB) converters are a critical component of DC microgrid systems. To address power oscillations and system stability issues caused by power deficits during the off-grid operation of DC microgrids, a control strategy for DAB energy storage systems based on voltage droop control is proposed. By analyzing the internal operational mechanisms of DAB power electronic converters and integrating voltage droop equations, a small-signal model is constructed to deeply investigate the dynamic characteristics of DAB energy storage systems under off-grid conditions. Using the Nyquist stability criterion, appropriate voltage droop coefficients are selected to enhance system stability. Finally, a DC microgrid model is built on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform. Through the rational design of the droop coefficients, the overshoot of the power response is reduced from 28.87% to 4.27%, and settling time is effectively shortened while oscillations are suppressed. The simulation results validate the correctness and effectiveness of the theoretical framework proposed in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation)
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15 pages, 701 KiB  
Article
An Improved Multimodal Framework-Based Fault Classification Method for Distribution Systems Using LSTM Fusion and Cross-Attention
by Yifei Li, Hao Ma, Cheng Gong, Jing Shen, Qiao Zhao, Jun Gu, Yuhang Guo and Bin Yang
Energies 2025, 18(6), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061442 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 397
Abstract
Accurate and rapid diagnosis of fault causes is crucial for ensuring the stability and safety of power distribution systems, which are frequently subjected to a variety of fault-inducing events. This study proposes a novel multimodal data fusion approach that effectively integrates external environmental [...] Read more.
Accurate and rapid diagnosis of fault causes is crucial for ensuring the stability and safety of power distribution systems, which are frequently subjected to a variety of fault-inducing events. This study proposes a novel multimodal data fusion approach that effectively integrates external environmental information with internal electrical signals associated with faults. Initially, the TabTransformer and embedding techniques are employed to construct a unified representation of categorical fault information across multiple dimensions. Subsequently, an LSTM-based fusion module is introduced to aggregate continuous signals from multiple dimensions. Furthermore, a cross-attention module is designed to integrate both continuous and categorical fault information, thereby enhancing the model’s capability to capture complex relationships among data from diverse sources. Additionally, to address challenges such as a limited data scale, class imbalance, and potential mislabeling, this study introduces a loss function that combines soft label loss with focal loss. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multimodal data fusion algorithm significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of fault identification accuracy, thereby highlighting its potential for rapid and precise fault classification in real-world power grids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation)
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18 pages, 3145 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Combined Aging Effects for Battery Operated Trains: A Benchmark Case Study on the Line Between Reggio Calabria and Catanzaro
by Luca Pugi, Tommaso Elios Povolato and Nico Tiezzi
Energies 2025, 18(5), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051143 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 531
Abstract
The expected life and reliability of components is a critical aspect for railway applications where the expected life and maintenance intervals of rolling stock are quite demanding issues both in terms of equivalent mileage and duration. For these reasons, when the mileage of [...] Read more.
The expected life and reliability of components is a critical aspect for railway applications where the expected life and maintenance intervals of rolling stock are quite demanding issues both in terms of equivalent mileage and duration. For these reasons, when the mileage of the mission is within 100 km, adopted accumulators are based on lithium titanate chemistry, which, despite a relatively low density, ensures a very long operational life both in terms of cycle and time aging. In this work, the authors introduce a benchmark test case, an Italian line between Reggio Calabria and Catanzaro, in which the required autonomy, more than 170 km, involves the usage of high-energy batteries such as LiNMC or LiFePO4 derived from corresponding automotive applications. In this work, the authors propose a simulation model based on IEC 62864-1:2016 to investigate how the combined effect of cycle and time aging should influence in different ways the design of the system and how relatively small interventions such as the partial electrification of a small intermediate section of the line should improve the overall stability and reliability of the performed engineering analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation)
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11 pages, 6589 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Hamiltonian-Based Energy Control with Built-In Integrator for PEMFC Hybrid Power Conversion Architecture
by Yuansheng Li, Bo Cheng, Kaifu Zhang, Xiao Li, Shengzhao Pang and Zhaoyong Mao
Energies 2023, 16(23), 7855; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237855 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 988
Abstract
In this article, an Adaptive Hamiltonian-Based Energy Control (AHBEC) with a built-in integrator is introduced for the Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) hybrid power-conversion system. The presented additional built-in integrator is based on the Lyapunov and Hamiltonian functions. Unlike previous works, the control [...] Read more.
In this article, an Adaptive Hamiltonian-Based Energy Control (AHBEC) with a built-in integrator is introduced for the Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) hybrid power-conversion system. The presented additional built-in integrator is based on the Lyapunov and Hamiltonian functions. Unlike previous works, the control strategy proposed in this article aims to regulate the output current of the PEMFC stack, i.e., to provide sufficient power support to the load, and the integrator is built into the control loop in order to eliminate the steady-state current error caused by external disturbances and model parameter uncertainties. The large-signal stability of the whole system is demonstrated by selecting a suitable Lyapunov-candidate function. An experimental setup is constructed in the laboratory to verify the proposed control strategy. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the designed energy-control approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation)
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11 pages, 2821 KiB  
Article
Design Principles and Calculation Criteria for Skewed Notches in PM Motors
by Siwei Ji, Yukai Li, Huanyu Ou and Wenlong Tian
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093783 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3310
Abstract
The stator structure is one of the main factors affecting the electromagnetic performance of permanent magnet (PM) motors. In this paper, an in-depth study and analysis of how to reduce the cogging torque is carried out from the perspective of the stator structure. [...] Read more.
The stator structure is one of the main factors affecting the electromagnetic performance of permanent magnet (PM) motors. In this paper, an in-depth study and analysis of how to reduce the cogging torque is carried out from the perspective of the stator structure. According to the theory of cogging torque synthesis, this paper presents a unified calculation formula for different PM motor skewed notch designs. This theory is verified with a 20-pole, 60-slot motor and a 20-pole, 24-slot motor, respectively. The formula worked out proved to be highly applicable. The formula is intended to address how to quickly obtain key data (skew angle, notch depth) in a skewed notch study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies of Microgrids for Electrified Transportation)
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